Ottoman Empire

• Home Work • Ottoman Turks• Read Pages 460-463• Pg 463 # 1&3

I. By 1700, Europe had eight major powers.

Ottoman Empire, Spain, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Papacy,

Russia and France.

Jack Garrity

Jack Garrity

• Since the 7th Century, Muslims had built a large empire, including parts of Asia, Africa and Europe.

• The Osman (Ottoman) Turks lived as nomads in Asia Minor.

• They fought excellently as cavalry.

• As China built the Great Wall, the Mongols attacked from the West.

• The Christian Byzantine Empire attacked from the East.

• The Ottoman Turks helped defeat the Byzantine army.

Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

So, the rulers of the empire gave land to the Osman Turks as a reward for helping them against the invaders.

Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

As the Muslim Empire declined, the Osman Turks expanded, beginning the Ottoman Empire.

Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

Its’ success based on technology, nicknamed a “gunpowder Empire”.

• They took over most of the Muslim They began mastering the arts of cannon making and gunpowder.

• In the fourteenth century, the Ottoman Turks expanded into the Balkans.

• They took over most of the Muslim• By 1390, they took Serbia and

Bulgaria from the Byzantine Empire.

Janissaries

• The Ottomans recruited local Christians that converted to Islam, becoming elite guards and administrators called janissaries.

• However, the Ottomans could not take the important city of Constantinople.

. Constantinople

Constantinople (Capital of the Byzantine Empire)

remained the center of international trade.

Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire in 1265

* Constantinople

“Golden Horn” from space

Byzantine Empire (330-1453)

• The Christian emperor Constantine (306-337) founded the capital city Constantinople. He made Christianity legal by the Edict of Milan in 313.

Geography

• After Rome fell, Emperor Theodosius built It had impregnable walls, which protected the city for over 1100 years from the Muslim Empire.

Mehmet II: 1444--1481(“The Conqueror”)

Under the leadership of Mehmet II, the Ottomans moved to end theByzantine Empire and take Constantinople.

The Fall of Constantinople May 29, 1453

The beginning of modern warfare, gunpowder, guns and artillery.

• “What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction”

1453 The Fall of Constantinople

• This ended the East Roman or Byzantine Empire.

• Constantine 11th died defending the city, but his daughter Sophia escaped the city.

• She married Ivan the Great of Moscow.

Moscow becomes the 3rd Rome

• The kings of Russia become Caesar or Czar.

The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople

The Ottoman Capital -- Istanbul

Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire in 1265

* Istambul

The Ottomans now controlled and closed international trade to Europe.

Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520

Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520

• From 1514 to 1517, he took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the middle east and Arabia.

Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)

Suleiman’s Signature

Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)

• He led to new Ottoman attacks on Europe, expanding along the Danube River.

• They conquered most of Hungary, and moved into Austria.

• Suleiman advanced on Vienna, but met defeat in 1529. Mostly due to an early winter and bad supplies.

• They conquered many island of the Mediterranean Sea including Crete and Rhodes.

Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)

He had his most talented sons

executed.

The Great Turkish War 1533-1683

Ottoman Empire1533-1683

1533-1683

Holy League

Pope

Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs of Austria)

Kingdom of Spain

Czar of Russia

Republic of Venice

Poland

The Great Turkish War 1533-1683

The Ottoman Empire’s use of cannons and guns led to the first arms race in modern history.

• arms race: building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy.

The Great Turkish War 1533-1683

Soon all the major powers of Europe developed firearms, which ended the invincibility of knights and castles.

The Ottomans built a navy and controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea.

Spain built a navy with cannons and met the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571

LepantoOctober 7, 1571

Strategic ContextIn response to the Ottoman invasion of Venetian-held Cyprus, Pope Pius V proclaims the Holy League, comprising the Papacy, Spain, Venice, Genoa, Tuscany, Savoy, Urbino, Parma and the Knights of Malta. The Holy League’s purpose is to resist Ottoman Empire’s aspirations in the Mediterranean Sea. Two weeks after the Ottomans crush the last resistance on Cyprus, this mutually suspicious alliance finally assembles a fleet under Don Juan of Austria and seeks out the Ottoman fleet. Ottoman scouts report the Holy League fleet’s arrival in the Gulf of Patras to Müezzinzade Ali Pasha, commander of the Ottoman fleet, who orders an attack. This decision is against the advice of his peers who argue for a defensive position.

Stakes+ A Holy League victory would halt – at least temporarily – Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean.

+ An Ottoman victory would splinter the Holy League alliance and encourage Ottoman dominance of the Mediterranean.

By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©

Lepanto, 1571Strength

Holy League

Well

Ottomans

Well

Don Juan

216 galleys 202 galleys

Müezzinzade Ali Pasha

By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©

6 galeasses

64 galiots

Müezzinzade Pasha deploys his fleet in five divisions, three being pre-committed to fight at his dense center. His left wing has the most room to maneuver and thus equipped with many with smaller, more agile galiots. He plans to preserve his center while one or both of his wings defeat their opposition and envelop the Holy League line. Juan deploys his fleet in four divisions, one being a reserve. Juan strengthens his center with both quantity and quality of galleys and allows his lethal galeasses to sail ahead of the main line to thin out the Ottoman ranks. He plans to crush the Ottoman center while his wings prevent his own center from being outflanked. Overall, the Holy League galleys are larger and boast more firepower but are slower than their Ottoman counterparts. Both Müezzinzade and Juan command from the center of their lines. Ottomans

(Müezzinzade Pasha)

Holy League

(Juan)

NN

Mehmet Suluk

As both fleets sail towards each other, Barbarigo’s galeasses pulverize Mehmet Suluk’s galleys and disrupt their formation. Mehmet Suluk adapts by sending the galleys on his extreme right to round the inshore flank of Barbarigo’s galleys, knowing the Holy League captains are less accustomed to the area and more fearful of running ashore. The rest of the Ottoman right wing follows and is able to concentrate against only half of the Holy League left wing.

DoriaBazan

BarbarigoJuan

Müezzinzade Pasha

Uluj Ali

Mehmet Suluk is punishing the Holy League left wing until its other half swings around to engage in battle and Bazan sends reinforcements from the reserve. Barbarigo is mortally wounded and must cede command to Contarini who is then killed and succeeded by Nani. Juan’s center galeasses decimate the Ottoman galleys with a murderous fire before close combat. Meanwhile, Uluj Ali is straining the Holy League right by deploying his surplus of ships in line, forcing Doria to stretch his own line to match the length of the Ottoman line. This inevitably creates gaps.

In the north, Nani turns the tide by killing Mehmet Suluk and trapping the Ottoman galleys against the shore. In the center, the heftier Holy League galleys are inflicting heavy losses while a duel between the two flagships develops; both commanders funnel all available men into this battle. Bazan sends reinforcements from the reserve to ensure steady pressure against the Ottoman flagship. In the south, Uluj Ali continues to deploy ships and force Doria to strain his line; the Holy League right wing is drifting dangerously further from the center.

Trapped against the shore and without a leader, the Ottoman right wing is in the process of annihilation. The Ottoman center continues to suffer grievous losses but remains intact. Fifteen captains of Doria’s extreme left believe he is betraying the Holy League by ignoring the fierce engagement in the center so they break formation to join the fray, creating a sizeable gap in the Holy League right wing. Uluj Ali seizes this opportunity to charge the gap, destroying most of the wandering galleys on the way. Juan’s right flank is suddenly threatened but Bazan sends the last of the reserve to try and contain the gap. Doria meanwhile rushes to engage the rest of his division but cannot fully do so.

The remainder of the Ottoman right wing runs aground and the crews abandon their galleys for land. Meanwhile, Müezzinzade Pasha is finally killed and his flagship overrun just as Doria engages the Ottoman left wing. Uluj Ali realizes the situation is futile and escapes westward with thirty galleys. The remaining Ottoman galleys flee in small contingents.

Holy League

(Don Juan of Spain)

202 galleys

6 galeasses

Ottomans

(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)

216 galleys

64 galiots

ContariniNani

Holy League Reserve

(Don Álvaro de Bazan)

38 galleys

Ottoman Right Wing

(Mehmet Suluk Pasha)

60 galleys 2 galiots

Holy League Center

(Don Juan of Austria)

62 galleys 2 galeasses

Holy League Left Wing

(Agostin Barbarigo)

53 galleys 2 galeasses

Holy League Right Wing

(Gian Andrea Doria)

54 galleys 2 galeasses

Ottoman Center

(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)

95 galleys 30 galiots

Ottoman Left Wing

(Uluj Ali Pasha)

61 galleys 32 galiots

Holy League Left Wing

(Frederigo Nani)

53 galleys 2 galeasses

Galeasse

Galeasses are designed to carry guns whereas typical galleys carry soldiers. The six Venetian galeasses at Lepanto are relatively experimental but pack ample firepower: they carry fourty heavy guns whereas flagship galleys carry only five. However, galeasses must be towed into battle by two galleys and so this firepower comes at the expense of speed.

Lepanto, 1571Casualties & Aftermath

Holy League: Ottomans:

16 ships

or

8%

214 ships

or

76%

By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©

• By 1572, the Ottomans rebuild their fleet, but could not replace the experienced crews and naval soldiers lost at Lepanto for decades.

• So, the Ottomans would not risk another battle with the Spanish fleet.

• Internal problems occupied the Ottomans for the next several decades.

Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha he siege itself began on 14 July

1683,

• Led the next major Ottoman attack during the 1680’s.

The Great Turkish War 1533-1683

• Again, they marched through Hungary and laid siege to Vienna.

The siege of Vienna 14 July 1683

Ottoman Empire1533-1683

1533-1683

Holy League

Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs of Austria)

Poland

Hungary

The siege of Vienna 14 July 1683

Ottoman Empire1533-1683

1533-1683

Holy League

Holy Roman Empire (Hapsburgs of Austria)

Poland

Hungary

The siege of Vienna 14 July 1683.

. siege itself began on 14 July 1683,

• The Hapsburg army pushed the Ottomans out of Hungary. They would never again be a threat to central Europe.

• Legend has it that the bakers of Vienna invented the croissant to celebrate the victory over the Turks. Croissants are banned today in some Islamic countries.

• Over the next sixteen years, the Habsburgs of Austria occupied and dominated Hungary and Transylvania.

So by 1700, the Ottoman Empire began to decline.

2. Ottoman Society

• The Ottoman Sultan was an absolute monarch.

Absolute monarchy

• absolutism a political system in which a ruler holds total power.

• The Sultan owned all the land and possessions.• His word was law.• He controlled the army, economy, culture, and

religion.

• The position of the sultan was hereditary one of his sons became the next Sultan.

• When the Sultan died, the sons all fought over the throne.

• The losers executed.

• The Sultan’s power centered in the Topkapi (“iron gate”) Palace in Istanbul.

• The private rooms called the harem (“sacred place”).

• Here, the sultan, his 4 wives, sons, and thousands of concubines lived.

• As the Empire grew, Sultans became increasingly isolated in their palace.

• They sat behind a screen, letting advisors run the empire.

The Ottoman Bureaucracy

SULTAN

Viziers

Social / MilitaryHeads of Individual

Religious Millets

Local Administrators& Military

Landowners / Tax Collectors

Muslims Jews

Christians

Grand Vizier

pashas

pashas

• The Ottoman Empire divided people into classes by occupation; the ruling class, merchants, artisans, peasants, pastoral peoples, and slaves.

Slaves

theOttoman Sultans held the title Caliph, leading the Sunni Muslim’s religion.

Islam religion

Muslim a follower of Islam

Arab a person from the ArabianPeninsula.

• Usually, the sultans gave their religious duties to a group of religious advisers known as the ulema.

Muhammad (570-633)

• A successful caravan merchant who married the rich Khadija.

Muhammad (570-633)

• Began to meditate in the desert after became troubled over the growing gap between rich and poor.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

Muhammad (570-633)

Traditionally, received his revelations from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

• Most early Arabs had been polytheistic, tracing their ancestry back to Abraham.

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

Islam An Abraham Religion

Islam An Abraham Religion

Mohammed changed to Monotheism.

Same God as Jews and Christians, yet Muslims call him Allah.

Muslims accept the Torah, Bible, and Qur’an as the word of God.

Kaaba

• Traditionally, the place where Adam came out of Eden.

• Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba at Mecca.

A house of worship whose cornerstone has a sacred stone, called the Black Stone.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

Muhammad (570-633)

His wife Khadja and friend Abu Baker believed him, yet he had only 30 followers by 622.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’anThe rich merchants did not like his

preaching and they drove him out of Mecca.

622 Hijrah Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

The people of Medina and desert tribes (bedoins) joined him.

In 630 Muhammad conquered Mecca with an army of 10,000.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

He declared the Kaaba the most sacred shrine to Islam.

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an

Two years later he died in Mecca, then rose to heaven from Jerusalem.

The Caliph Othman compiled Muhammad’s revelations into the Qur’an.

• Mohammed preached equality of all believers, men and women.

• Muslims paid no taxes, and divided the treasury (later conquered lands) among the followers of Islam.

The Prophet Tradition

The Prophet Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

Written in Arabic.

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims memorize the whole book, which spread literacy.

Sharia LawSharia Law Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.

Sharia is based on the Quran and the Hadith, a collection of Muhammad’s saying.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada

11

The testimony.

The declaration of faith:There is no god except Allah,

and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].

There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

33

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

About 2.5% of your income.

Christians 20%

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

No eating or drinking from

sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

Yet, they eat huge meals at night.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The Worldof Islam

The Worldof Islam

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.

• One of Sinan’s masterpieces was the• Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Up to four wives allowed at once, Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5 at a time.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

He married his favorite wife Aisha at age 6, and consummated it at age 9.

The daughter of Abu Bakr, she led armies against his first convert.

Aisha Aisha

After Mohammed’s death, she delivered public speeches, became directly involved in war and even battles.

She memorized the quran, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.

Veiling became the norm.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Up to four wives allowed at once, Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5 at a time.

No alcohol, gambling, or pork.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Men should have face hair, women should be covered (Arab tradition).

Muslims should bury the dead within 24 hours.

Sufism

• Like the Janis, individuals find salvation through fasting and prayer. Developed in Baghdad in the 8th Century and spread to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

No taxes, land grants, and treasury money Muslims.

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam

Early Islam tolerated other Non-Muslims, “Peoples of the Book,” Christians and Jews paid extra taxes so allowed religious freedom.

Calligraphy

Blue Mosque

Blue Mosque - interior

Prayer Rug,16c Ottoman Empire

Illuminated Qur’an Page

Time before writing.So, we have to rely on archeology to understand what happened.

A first-hand, or eyewitness, account of an event.

A second-hand source of information.Ex: Textbook, Encyclopedia, Wikie article.

History The study of the past by written artifacts.

Ex: Artifacts, skeleton, diary, newspaper from the time

Illuminated Qur’an Page

Qur’an Page:Abraham’s Sacrifice of

Isaac

Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel

Visits Muhammad

Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court

Conversations Between Muslims & Christians

Scholars at the Galata Observatory

(Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557

Janissaries

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

The Ottoman Empire During the 16c

Byzantine Empire (330-1453)

• The Christian emperor Constantine (306-337) founded the capital city Constantinople. He made Christianity legal by the Edict of Milan in 313.

Geography

• After Rome fell, Emperor Theodosius built impregnable walls, which protected the city until the Ottoman Turks took them down with cannons in 1453.

Geography

• Constantinople’s location not as good as Rome’s location for a Mediterranean empire. It took 2 weeks to sail to Alexandria, but 3 months to reach Spain.

The Golden Age of the Ottomans

Tamerlane (1336-1405)or “Timur, the Lame”

Mehmet I: 1413-1421

• the Ottomans• defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo

in 1389.• During the 1390s, they advanced

northward and annexed Bulgaria

• Over the next three hundred years, Ottoman rule

• expanded to include large areas of Western Asia, as

• well as North Africa and additional lands in Europe

The fall of Constantinople

• They fought desperately for almost two• months to save their city. Finally, on May

29, the• walls were breached, and Ottoman soldiers

poured• into the cit

“Golden Horn” – 15c map

“Golden Horn” from space

“Golden Horn”

Sunset on the “Golden Horn”

The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

Europeans vs. Turks

The Ottomans built a navy and controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea.

Siege of Constantinople, 1453

Faith Mosque

Qur’an Page:Arabic Calligraphy

The study of past societies through the examination of artifacts.

anything that people modify or use.

Tools and Weapons Art and Sculpture Pottery

Jewelry Human Remains Ancient Ruins

The remains of plants and animals.

Carbon dating can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that lived.

All living things get Carbon 14 from the sun.

Carbon 14 disintegrates by half in 5730 years (±40 years).

Scientists can measure how much Carbon 14 an artifact has today.

So, they can tell how old it is + 40 years.

Time before writing.So, we have to rely on archeology to understand what happened.

A first-hand, or eyewitness, account of an event.

.

History The study of the past by written artifacts.

Ex: Artifacts, skeleton, diary, newspaper from the time