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Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
รองศาสตราจารยสตยา โรจนเสถยร
คานา โรคหวกระดกสะโพกตาย (osteonecrosis of the femoral head, avascular necrosis of the femoral
ตารางท@1 Clinical conditions associated with avascular necrosis Use of corticosteroids Gaucher disease For systemic lupus erythematosus Myelo-proliferative disorders For rheumatoid arthritis Coagulation deficiencies After renal transplantation Trauma For asthma Chronic pancreatitis Use of alcohol Caisson disease Sickle-cell and other anemias
Steinberg และคณะ ในป ค.ศ. 199535 ไดขยายระยะตาง ๆ ออกเปน 6 ระยะ โดยอาศยการเปล@ยนแปลงของภาพเอกซเรย bone scan และ MRI และมการแบงยอยเปน subtypeใน stage I ถง IV โดยแบงเปน subtype A, B, และC ตามขนาด necrotic area Steinberg ถอวา classification ของเขาเปนการแบงระยะของโรคโดยปรมาณ (quantitative classification) แสดงในตารางท 3
ตารางท@ 3 Staging System ของ Steinberg Stage Radiologic Features Stage Radiologic Features
I Normal x-ray ; abnormal bone scan and/or MRI II Cystic and sclerotic changes in the femoral head III Subchondral collapse (crescent sign) without
flattening Subtype :
A: Mild (<15% of femoral head affected) B: Moderate (15% - 30% of femoral head affected) C: Severe (>30% of femoral head affected)
IV Flattening of femoral head IVA: Mild (<15% of surface and <2 mm depression) IVB: Moderate (15% - 30% of surface or 2- 4 mm depression) IVC: Severe (30% of surface)
V Joint narrowing and/or acetabular changes (this stage can be graded according to severity) VI Advanced degenerative changes
Stage I ลกษณะเอกซเรยปกต แตมมประวต หรออาการท@สงสย osteonecrosis
Stage II หวสะโพกดกลมด แตกระดกมลกษณะ sclerosis , cystic หรอ radiolucent area
Stage III ม subchondral bone collapse บางสวน และ หวสะโพกไมกลม
Stage IV มการแคบลงของชองขอ และเกดความเส@อมของขอสะโพกแบบทตยภม
Koo และ Kim42 ในป ค.ศ. 1995 ไดนาเสนอวธคาดการณการยบของหวสะโพกซ@ งอยในระยะตน ๆ และทาการวด necrotic area ใน midcoronal และ midsagittal section จากน6นคานวณหา “ index of
necrosis ”โดยใชสตร Index of necrosis =
โดย A เปน arc ของสวนหวสะโพกท@ตาย ใน midcoronal plane รายงานเปนองศา และ B เปน arc ของสวนหวสะโพกท@ตาย ใน midsaggittal plane แลวแบงเปน grade โดย Grade A : small มคา index of necrosis นอยกวา 33 Grade B : medium มคา index of necrosis 34-66 Grade C : large มคา index of necrosis 67-100
เซลลตาย และพบ hot uptake ซ@ งเกดจากการเพ@มข6นของ bone turnover ซ@ งพบไดชดเจนในตาแหนงรอยตอของ necrotic area และ reactive bone เรยกภาวะน6 วา “ cold in hot ” ซ@ งเปนลกษณะเฉพาะในโรค osteonecrosis และ ถอเปน pathognomonic sign จากการตรวจดวย bone scan (ภาพท 9) ลกษณะ“ cold in hot ” น6มกจะพบไดเฉพาะชวง 3-4 สปดาหแรกของโรคเทาน6น เม@อเวลาผานไป hot uptake จะเดนชดข6นจนบดบง cold uptake ทาใหดเหมอนมเฉพาะ hot uptake ในหวสะโพก
flexor hallucis longus รอยละ 12.3 และหลอดเลอดดาลกอดตน รอยละ 9.285 การทา vascularized fibular graft น6 ควรเลอกทาเฉพาะในผปวย severe stage II และ early stage
III ซ@ งไมสามารถทา rotational osteotomy หรอม area of necrosis ใหญเกนไปจนไมสามารถหายไดจากการทา bone graft ประโยชนของการทา vascularized bone graft ท@มเหนอกวา bone graft ธรรมดา ยงไม
ชดเจน85
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สรป ควรทา bone grafting ในผปวย stage II ท@ม lesion ขนาดใหญ แตหวยงไมยบ หรอใน stage III ท@
หวเพ@งยบไมนาน ในอนาคต หากมการพฒนา สารบางชนด เชน cytokines หรอมการพฒนา electrical stimulation ท@ดข6น อาจทาให bone healing เกดข6นไดเรว และทาใหการรกษาโดยวธ bone grafting ไดผลดข6นดวย
Total hip arthroplasty หลงจากท@หวสะโพกยบแลว หากผปวยมอาการเจบสะโพกจากภาวะขอสะโพกเส@อม และอาการ
ปวดไมดข6นดวยวธอนรกษ ควรไดรบการรกษาโดยการผาตดเปล@ยนขอสะโพกเทยม ดวยวธ total hip arthroplasty หรอ total hip resurfacing arthroplasty การผาตดเปล@ยนขอสะโพกเทยมในผปวยวยหนมสาวน6น
< 50 Active Good None Absent Core decompression Electrical simulation or both
Mild 15-30 Type B Intermittent or prednisolone < 20mg./day
Osteotomy Vascularized or non-vascularized bone graft
Severe > 30 Type C Cyst > 50 Inactive Poor Present Total hip replacement
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