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Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Jul 06, 2018

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Page 1: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

OSMOTIC POWER

Page 2: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

AvailabilityThe globally available power has been estimated to be between 1.4 and 2.6TWMi i   f  i     i h  f        K Mixing 1m3 of river water with 1m3 of sea water at 293K gives 1.4MJBut mixing 1m3 of river water with ”infinite” m3 of sea But mixing 1m3 of river water with  infinite  m3 of sea water gives 2.3MJMississippi with an average discharge of 17000 m3/s Mississippi with an average discharge of 17000 m /s has a potential of 40 GW of which 9.8GW is technically possible to convert to electricity 

[2]

Page 3: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

HistoryOne first mentions of this was done in 1954 by R.E. Pattle [8]D i   h     i     d       h  During the 1970s osmotic power made progress as the membrane technology was developed by Loeb S. [6]Has again become more popular as the price of energy Has again become more popular as the price of energy has gone up and the demand for green energy has increasedThe properties of the membrane has been and still are the problem for a successful deployment of the concept

[2]

Page 4: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Work from a salt power plantWork from a salt power plantThe mixing of sea water ith f h t   i    with fresh water gives a 

(mixing) exergy effectthat can be exploitedOsmosis leads to transport of water across the membraneacross the membranefrom the fresh to salt side solution

[7]

Page 5: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Work from a salt power plantThis gives a hydrostatic pressure differenceI t lli   b t  

Work from a salt power plant

Installing a membrane system at 120‐150 m below fresh water intake allows for a significant

    h d   ffextra    hydro power effect

[7]

Page 6: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Work from a salt power plantThe fresh water will go through the membrane, 

i t    diff  

Work from a salt power plant

against a pressure difference; the pressure on the sea water side is not high enough to prevent to fresh water movement.

[7]

Page 7: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Work from a salt power plantIn reality, only part of the potential energy is recovered;  the 

it ’t b    l   6    b l

Work from a salt power plant

unit can’t be as low as 163 m belowthe fresh water intake. Entropy production in the py pmembrane (combined heat and mass transfer) is important

[7]

Page 8: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

A schematic view of a membrane[5]

Time evolution of solution pressure in a rigid container [1]An ideal membrane is compared to a membrane with a small leakage. t1 can be of the order of a 

l   f  i t  t    f  d

•The membrane consists of a support structure  and of the “active component”, the skin.  The concentration difference between C4 and C3 drives the system•The membrane material can be biological or 

couple of minutes to a few daysg

synthetic, cellulose acetate has been for instance used

Page 9: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Efficiency of the membrane [1]

Page 10: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

The power efficiency of the membrane

The efficiency has increased from y0.1W/m2 to 3 during the research at Statkraft [4]

Page 11: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Schematic view of a osmotic powerosmotic power plant [3]•This plant can be run at the surface of the earth due to the surface of the earth due to the pressure exchanger•The pressure exchanger uses 2/3 of the pressurized water•The pressure exchanger  could be The pressure exchanger  could be swapped for a pump but that is even a worse of an idea•How to run the pressure exchanger  is important for the production of electricity•An average 25 MW plant is calculated to need 5 million m2 of membranes

Page 12: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

Prototype by Statkraft

•Was started the 24 of November in Tofte outside Oslo, Norway•The plant is equipped with 2000m2 of membranes•The design capacity is 10kW, but that is not yet the production

Page 13: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

The development of the concept of osmotic power at Statkraft [6]p p p [ ]

Page 14: Osmotic power - Åbo Akademi | Startsidausers.abo.fi/tlonnrot/Falt-Osmotic-power.pdf · Schematic view of a osmotic power plant [3] •This plant can be run at the surface of the

References:[1] Thermodynamic studies of osmotic flows and their applications to energy conversion 

systems, Seppälä A., (2007), Doctoral dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, pp.46

[2] Blue Energy: Electricity production from salinity gradients by reverse electrodialysis, Post J. W., (2009) , Doctoral dissertation,  Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL, pp. Post J. W., (2009) , Doctoral dissertation,  Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL, pp. 224

[3] Unleashing renewable energies from the ocean: Statkraft’s experience in developing business opportunities in imature technologies and markets, The force of  osmosis and Tidal Curents, Sandvik Ø. S., Herslecht P., Seelos K.,(2009) HYDRO2009, pp.9

[ ]St t   f t h l i  f  h i  S li it  P   d th   t O ti    [4]Status of technologies for harnessing Salinity Power and the current Osmotic power activities, Sandvik Ø. S., Skillhagen S. E., (2008), Annual Report of the IEA‐OES, pp.4

[5]Power Production based on Osmotic Pressure, Sandvik Ø. S., Skillhagen S. E., Nielsen W. K., (2009), Waterpower XVI, pp.9

[6]Osmotic Power brought 9.2.2009 from  [6]Osmotic Power brought 9.2.2009 from  http://www.statkraft.com/Images/Osmotic%2009%20ENG_tcm9‐4591.pdf, pp 2

[7] Process engineering thermodynamics , Zevehoven R., 2008, course 424304, Chapter 4[8] Production of Electric Power by mixing Fresh and Salt Water in the Hydroelectric Pile, 

Pattle R.E., 1954, Nature 174, 660 (2 October 1954)