Top Banner
Osmolarity & pH in Solution พว. วิมลวัลย์ วโรฬาร, RN, MSN คณะพยาบาลสาสตร์ ม. รังสิต ประธานชมรมเครือข่ายพยาบาลผู้ให้สารน้าแห่งประเทศไทย
91

Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

May 25, 2018

Download

Documents

vuongkhue
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Osmolarity & pH in Solution

พว. วมลวลย วโรฬาร, RN, MSN คณะพยาบาลสาสตร ม. รงสต

ประธานชมรมเครอขายพยาบาลผใหสารน าแหงประเทศไทย

Page 2: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Body Fluid

Page 3: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Fluid in Body

Page 4: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of
Page 5: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Plasma (blood) pH Osmolarity

Page 6: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Human blood

• osmolarity 290 mOsm/L

• ( 285-310 mOsm/L) • pH 7.35-7.45

Page 7: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Osmolarity is defined as the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution

Page 8: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

osmolarity

Page 9: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Osmolarity & Tonicity

Page 10: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Tonicity Crystalloid solution มโมเลกลเลก ซมเขาออกcell ได isotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solution Colloid solution มโมเลกลใหญซมเขาออกcell ไมได

albumin

Page 11: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of
Page 12: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of
Page 13: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

pH pH (positive potential of the hydrogen ion) In chemistry pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity

of an aqueous solution ranges from 0 to 14

Page 14: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

คาสมดล pH ของเลอด: (blood gas)

Page 15: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

ตวอยาง คา pH

Page 16: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of
Page 17: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

solution (drugs,cytotoxic drugs, TPN, PPN) into blood circulation effect to blood vessel wall : phlebitis extravasation

Page 18: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Solution irritation blood vessel wall: Phlebitis

osmolarity & pH

Page 19: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Solutions in-through blood vessel via catheters

Page 20: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

ความแตกตาง ผนงเสนเลอดแดง และด า

Page 21: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Line of IV: peripheral, midline, central

Page 22: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Device Selection

PIV 1-3 days 2-3 cm

Midline 1-29 days 8-20 cm

Central line > 30 days 45 cm

Page 23: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

acidity

increases the phlebitis potential irritates venous endothelial cells over a longer

distance from the catheter tip

Page 24: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

What pH damages cells pH 2.3 and 11 have been shown to kill cell on contact pH moderates, the cell survive for a long time period Cell culture at pH 4 survives for 10 minutes same for pH 9 pH 5 to 8 safer

Page 25: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

INS Standard To prevent or reduce vascular complications,

INS standards recommend that Infusions with a pH outside the range of 5 to 9 an osmolarity greater than 600 be administered through an access device that

delivers the infusate into a blood vessel with a high rate of flow

Page 26: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Why concern phlebitis

Patients pain risk to sepsis comfortable satisfaction

Nurses independent role prevent 100%

Hospital cost quality of care

Page 27: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis in vivo Animal data isolates traumatic effect of pH and

osmolarity 6 hr infusions through peripheral vessels pH 4.5 = 100% severe phlebitis changes pH 5.9 = 50% mild to moderate phlebitis pH 6.3 = 20% mild damage pH 6.5 = No significant damage

Page 28: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis in vivo Animal data isolates traumatic effect of pH

and osmolality Tolerance osmolarity of peripheral vessels in

animals 820 mOsm for 8 hr 690 mOsm for 12 hr 550 mOsm for 24 hr

Page 29: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis in humans The most cited human study of osmolarity induced

phlebitis found: the lowest risk of phlebitis occurred with solution under

450 mOsm/L moderate risk at 450-600 mOsm/L highest risk over 600 mOsm/L

Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of peripheral vein tolerance

Page 30: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis in humans

The INS pH range of 5-9 for peripheral veins Others factors blood flow infusion rate patient variability

Page 31: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis : was universal

Low risk less than 10% Dextrose less than 5% Protein Osmolarity <500 Medication pH 5-9 Not vesicant or caustic

Page 32: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis

Osmolarity : Low risk =< 450 mOsm/L Moderate risk = 450-600 mOsm/L High risk = > 600 mOsm/L

Page 33: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

PH in living systems compartment PH gastric acid 1 human skin 5.5 urine 6 pure H2O at 37OC 6.5 CSF 7.5 blood 7.35-7.45 pancreas secretions 8.1

Page 34: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Drug know to have extreme pH pH

Amikacin 3.5 - 5.5 Ampicillin 8.0 – 10.0 Bactrim 10.0 Dopamine 2.5 – 4.5 Gentamycin 3.5 – 5.5 Morphine 2.5 – 6.0 Vancomycin 2.5 – 4.5

Page 35: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Drug know to have extreme pH pH

Acyclovia 10.5 - 11.6 Cefotaxine 5.0 – 7.5 Ceftriaxone 6.7 Clindamycin 5.5 – 7.0 Levofloxacin 3.8 – 5.8 Meropenem 7.3 – 5.8 Metronidazole 4.5 – 7.0

Page 36: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Osmolarity Calcium chloride

Calcium gluconate

Magnesium sulfate

Potassium chloride

Sodium bicarbonate

1 gm/10 ml = 2053 mOsm/L

1 gm/10 ml = 697 mOsm/L

0.5 gm/1 ml = 4057 mOsm/L

149 mg/1 ml = 4000 mOsm/L

1 meq/1 ml = 2000 mOsm/L

Page 37: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Osmolarity of various sugar

Type Sucrose Glucose Sorbital dextrin

mOsm 345 637 643 70

Page 38: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

pH & Osmolarity

Solution / L pH mOsm/L D5W 4.3 - 4.5 250 – 253 D10W 4.3 – 4.5 505 D20W 4.0 – 4.6 1010 D50W 4.0 – 4.2 2520-2526

Page 39: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

pH & Osmolarity Solution /L pH mOsm/L D5LR 4.7 – 5.0 525 – 530 LR 6.2 – 6.5 273 – 275 0.9NS 5.0 – 5.6 308 – 310 D5 .9NS 4.0 – 4.4 560 – 561 3%NaCl 5 1030 Sterile water 4.5 – 7.0 0

Page 40: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

pH & Osmolarity

Solution /L pH mOsm/L 10%manital 5.7 549 15%manital 5.7 823 20%manital 5.7 1098

Page 41: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

pH & Osmolarity Solution /L pH mOsm/L 5%D/N/2 3.2-6.5 406 5% D/N/3 3.2-6.5 355 5% D/N/5 3.2-6.5 314 0.45% NSS 4.5-7 157 5%D/NSS 3.2-6.5 560 10%D/NSS 3.2-6.5 813

Page 42: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

PPN Peripheral line maximum glucose < 12-12.5 % amino acids < 2% osmolarity < 900 mOsm/L

Page 43: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Safety for Solution Administration

No complications

Page 44: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

complications Local Complications

Bruising Hematoma Catheter Occlusion Cellulitis Thrombosis Infiltration extravasation Phlebitis Cellulitis

Systemic Complications Embolism

Air embolism

Fluid overload and pulmonary edema

Systemic infection

Page 45: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Local Complications

Page 46: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Bruising

Page 47: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Hematomas

เปนภาวะทมเลอดรวออกจากหลอดเลอดไปยงเนอเยอบรเวณรอบ ๆ

สาเหต ปลายเขมทใชมความยาวมาก ท าให

ระคายเคองหลอดเลอดเสยหาย

Page 48: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Hematomas A hematoma forms under the skin adjacent to the

puncture site - release the tourniquet immediately and withdraw the needle. Apply firm pressure.

Hematoma formation is a problem in older patients.

Page 49: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Catheter Occlusion

การเกด “ลมเลอด” หรอภาวะตกตะกอนจากการผสมกนของยาบางชนดทใหในเวลาเดยวกน ทปลายสายสวนหลอดเลอด

Page 50: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Catheter Occlusion

การแกไข ดงสายสวนใหสารน าทอดตนออก ในกรณทเปน Central line อาจตองใชยาละลายลมเลอด เพอใหใชไดอก

Page 51: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Catheter Occlusion

การปองกน ถามการใหสารน าแบบเปนระยะ ควรกระตนใหมการ flush สายสวนใหสารน า อยางมประสทธภาพ ดแลใหสารน าไหลอยางตอเนอง อาจใชอปกรณชวย เชน infusion pump มคมอในการบรหารใหสารน า/สารละลาย/ยา เกยวกบ (drug incompatibility)

Page 52: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot blocks one or more of

veins, typically in legs. Rarely, in arms or neck. The affected vein may be near the surface of

skin, or deep, causing deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Thrombophlebitis can be caused by trauma, surgery or prolonged inactivity. Superficial thrombophlebitis may occur in people with varicose veins.

Page 53: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Thrombosis

Page 54: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Treatment Low molecular weight heparin(LMWH)

Page 55: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Cellulitis: Aseptic Technique

เปนการอกเสบของผวหนงและเนอเยอชน subcutaneous tissue เฉพาะท ณ ต าแหนงทใหสารละลาย

Page 56: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Infiltration

Page 57: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Extravasation

Page 58: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Infiltration & Extravasation อาการ สารน าไหลชาลง หรอหยด โดยไมมการหกพบ งอ หรอกดทบ บรเวณทแทงเขมจะมอาการบวม และปวด ถาสารนามตวทระคายเคองตอเนอเยอ จะท าใหเนอเยอตายได

การแกไข หยดใหสารน าทนท เปลยนต าแหนงแทงใหม ถาสารน าไมมตวยาทระคายเคอง ประคบรอนเพอใหสารน าซมเขาสระบบ

ไหลเวยนเรวขน และยบบวม ถาสารน ามตวยาทระคายเคอง รายงานแพทย เพอพจารณาให anti-dose

Page 59: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Infiltration & Extravasation การปองกน เลอกขนาดของเขม/ชดการใหสารน าทเหมาะกบขนาดของหลอดเลอดและชนด

ของสารน า หลกเลยงการแทงเขมบรเวณทมการหก พบ งอ หรอมการเคลอนไหวมาก มการยดตรงจดใหสารน าอยางเหมาะสม มความรเกยวกบสารนาหรอยาทใหอยางถกตอง ทงในสวนการผสม การบรหาร

ยา ระยะเวลา ผลขางเคยง มความระมดระวงในการประเมนสภาพผปวย (รางกาย/ผวหนง)

Page 61: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis การอกเสบของหลอดเลอดด า

Page 62: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis: Dopamine

Page 63: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Phlebitis scale

Page 64: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Why concern phlebitis? Clinical indicator Patients

pain risk to sepsis comfortable satisfaction

Nurses independent role prevent 100%

Hospital cost quality of care

Page 65: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Systemic Complications

Page 66: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Embolism

Air embolism Pulmonary embolism

Page 67: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

air embolism

Page 68: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Pulmonary embolism

Page 69: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Pulmonary edema

Page 70: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Systemic infection: CABSI=catheter associate blood steam infection

Clinical indicator Cause of death

Page 71: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of
Page 72: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

peripheral line preparation: scrub

dressing; sterile , transparent, (CDC: Category 1A)

Page 73: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Central line; CHG: Chlorhexidine Gluconate IV Securement Dressing

Page 74: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

CDC; Needleless Intravascular Catheter Systems

Page 75: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Needleless Intravascular Catheter Hubs; scrub the hub 15 sec (add on devices; Systems)

needle-less system (needle-Free Connector)

needle system

Page 76: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Scrub the hub before injection : 15 sec alcohol swab, site-scrub

Page 77: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Scrub the Hub! Catheter Needle-less Port Decontamination

applied commercially available fluoresceine-impregnated powder (Brevis Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT)

to CVC hubs and subsequently scrubbed the hubs with 70% isopropyl alcohol pads for

0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 s. Using ultraviolet light, we exposed residual fluorescent powder on the CVC hub.

Page 78: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of
Page 79: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Risk

Page 80: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Risk

Page 81: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Risk for infection

Page 82: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Risk

Page 83: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

WHO & CDC

Hand hygiene: the chief culprit (ผทาความผด, ผกอเหต) ◦ No factor is more important in prevent HAI than hand hygiene

- Do you wash your hands follow guideline? - Why?

Page 84: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

WHO; how to hand-wash, hand-rub 2009

Page 85: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

World Health Organization (WHO)

hand washing: 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene

Page 86: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

CDC

Global Hand-washing Day, October 15th, 2013 (since 2008)

Global Hand washing Day was originally created for children and schools, but can be celebrated by anyone promoting hand washing with soap. Each year, over 200 million people are involved in celebrations in over 100 countries around the world.

Page 87: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Incidence; Severity ความรนแรง ระดบตน A เหตการณซงมโอกาสทจะกอใหเกดความคลาดเคลอน B เกดความคลาดเคลอนขน แตยงไมถงผปวย C เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย แตไมท าใหผปวยไดรบอนตราย ระดบกลาง D เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหตองมการเฝาระวงเพอให มนใจวาไมเกดอนตรายตอผปวย E เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหเกดอนตรายชวคราวและตองมการ บ าบดรกษา F เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหเกดอนตรายชวคราว และตองนอน โรงพยาบาลหรออยโรงพยาบาลนานขน

Near miss

Page 88: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Severity

ระดบรนแรง G เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหเกดอนตรายถาวรแกผปวย H เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวย สงผลใหตองท าการชวยชวต I เกดความคลาดเคลอนกบผปวยซงอาจเปนสาเหตของการเสยชวต

Page 89: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

สรป

เสนเลอดเปรยบเสมอนเสนชวตของผปวย เสนเลอดตดตอกระจายทวรางกาย เปดเสนเลอดเปรยบดงเปดประตเชอโรคสรางกาย

Page 90: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Patients on IV

Outcomes: no complications

- pH, osmolarity

- compatibility

- type of drugs

- IV Nurses

Page 91: Osmolarity & pH in Solution - t U & pH in Solution พว. ... PPN) into blood circulation ... Helped establish 600 mOsm/L as the outer limit of

Thanks You