Oscilloscopes in A&D Applications · Radar Pulse Analysis Radar Signal in Time Domain ıCarrier is an RF signal, typically modulated L-Band (1-2GHz): Long Range Air Traffic Control

Oscilloscopes in A&D Applications

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A&D Market Segments, Technologies and Services

Scope Application Fields

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• General Purpose HW Design

Electronic Design

Engineering

Embedded Design

RF Design & Verification

EMC LabsService &

Maintenance

Design verification, Serial Protocol Testing, Power Analysis, EMI Debugging, Pulse Analysis, …

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Particular Application Examples

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ı Analysis of Pulsed Radar &

Signals

ı Analysis of Frequency

Hopping and OFDM Signals

in Military SATCOM

ı Debugging & Verification of

Aircraft Data Networks (ADN)

Scope

Analysis Bandwidth

FFT

And I/QSerial Protocol Testing

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Signals



in Military SATCOM



Scope

Analysis Bandwidth

FFT

and I/QSerial Protocol Testing

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Radar Pulse Analysis

Radar Signal in Time Domainı Carrier is an RF signal, typically modulated

L-Band (1-2GHz): Long Range Air Traffic Control & Surveillance

S-Band (2-4GHz): Moderate Range Surveillance

3 GHz (BW 1GHz): Ultra-Wideband Synthetic Aperture Radar

ı Complex Modulation is often used within a pulse

ı Frequency Hopping is a common technique in modern radar systems

ı Variable Pulse Repetion Intervals (PRI)

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Long-range radar to

track space objects and

ballistic missiles

Aircraft Detection Radar

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Radar Pulse Analysis

Pulse Parameters to be measuredı Timing

Timestamp (within capture buffer)

Pulse Width (On), Off-Time, PRI (and PRF)

Rise / Fall / Settling Time

Duty Cycle / Ratio

ı Power / Amplitude

Peak and Average Power (On/Off Time)

Overshoot (relative to threshold)

Droop, Ripple (magnitude model)

Pulse to Pulse Magnitude Difference (Point in Pulse)

ı Phase

Phase, Frequency (Point in Pulse)

Phase/Freq. Error (compared to model; CW or Linear FM)

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ı Capture radar pulse in real time

blind time is crucial

ı Pulse to Pulse analysis

maximized memory to analyze pulse and its repetition

Radar & Real Time Pulse Capture Challenges

Additional Pulse Characteristics to be considered

Normal acquisition Ultra segmentation Mode

Capture all pulses with reduced blind time < 300 ns (300 ns PRI)

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1M acquisition/second for

1k point record (1 us PRI)

50k acquisition/second for

1k point record (20 us PRI)

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ı Radar signals amplitude can be small and transient

ability to capture low amplitude signal due to

Very low inherent noise

High dynamic range

Single-Core ADC with full-bandwidth @ 1mV/Div

High Channel-to-Channel isolation

ı Measurement of peak power, rise time etc on pulsed carrier

capability to measure on envelope signal



Unique RMS detector

allows one to measure

- peak power

- rise time

- …

on pulsed carrier

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ı Time base stability and trigger jitter is important to maintain phase accuracy

small inherent trigger jitter

ı Parallel Time-Frequency Domain Analysis

ability to capture signals in both domains

Simultaneously (Gating supported)

cross-domain correlation of results



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ı acquisition requirement for UWB and frequency hopping radars and EW

4 GHz analysis bandwidth; 2 GHz from 8 GHz up to 85 GHz (FSW-B2000)



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RTP Multi-Channel RF Debug Solution

ı Capability

MIMO up to 4 signals up to

85GHz radars:

FSW + Scope >4GHz

External Down converters +

scope: > 5 GHz

Oscilloscope: DC to 8 GHz

Calculate:

Phase difference and

Amplitude difference between

signals

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What do you

need to measure

these radar signals?

The R&S®RTO/RTE Oscilloscope

Designed to Address Aerospace & Defense Challenges

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Low-noise front end

• High sensitivity

• Analysis of low power pulses

Lowest Blind time

• Enhanced detection for real time radar pulse capture

Hardware based FFT

• Lively Update of Spectrum

• Lossless waveforms

Spectrum Analysis Option

• Display of power density versus time and frequency with Spectrogram

• Log-Log display

Time-Frequency window analysis

• Cross-Correlation of time & frequency domain

History Mode

• Time roll back

• Easy comparison of acquisitions

Ultra segmentation

• Optimized acquisition w/ blind time down to 300 ns

Digital trigger system

• Small inherent trigger jitter

• High Precise trigger on any single LSB

Analysis Bandwidth

• Broadband pulse analysis

• 5 GHz analysis BW up to 85 GHz

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Mrz-19 EuSM 2016 - ADT09 - Scopes in A&D 13


Signals



in Military SATCOM



Scope

Analysis Bandwidth

FFT


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Modern Security Communication

Stronger anti-jamming capability ı Faster frequency hopping rate

CHESS system hopping rate of the U.S. military 5000 hops/s

American JTDIS system speed jump up 76923 hops/s

ı Wider bandwidth

Extended band to reduce enemy’s

interference power density

HF, VHF, UHF band

ı Adaptive frequency hopping

Frequency hopping pattern is converted from fixed pattern to random

shift hopping (pseudo-random sequence)

randomly varying the dwell time for frequency and time in a certain

range of random variation

Adaptive Power Control - close to noise to avoid interference

Tim

e

Frequency

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Analysis of Frequency Hopping Pattern

The Challenges with Conventional Testing Solution

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Traditional Spectrum Analyzers have difficulties to test timing related parameters like dwell time, rise time, power distribution vs time & frequency, etc.

Modern frequency hopping radios using wide bandwidth

The need to observe and correlated RF signal, IF signal and baseband signal simultaneously during design phase

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Analysis of Frequency Hopping Pattern

Modern Oscilloscope in Capturing Frequency Hoppingı Easy measurement of dwell time and other

time related parameters of hopping frequency

ı Analysis of ultra-wideband frequency

hopping radio signal with RTO analysis

bandwidth of 4 GHz

ı For RF carrier above 8 GHz the combination of

FSW & RTO provides 4 GHz analysis BW

ı Observe signals before and after frequency

hop with cross-correlation of time &

frequency domain

ı Verify frequency hop to avoid interfering

signals at certain frequencies

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Conventional FFT Implementation in Oscilloscopes

1. The FFT calculation will produce a frequency domain result from 0 Hz to max Freq.

2. Optionally Windowing is applied before the FFT calculation

3. After FFT, the user can select the desired frequency range to be displayed

Disadvantages of conventional FFT :

Very slow speed / update rate

Limited RBW due to insufficient RL

Complex configuration (TD settings)

f

Frequency

Domain

t

Time Domain

Record length

Windowing FFT

DisplayData acquisitionf2f1

SW

Zoom

(f1…f2)

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Conventional FFT Implementation in Oscilloscopes

Single FFT for every acquisition

ı If there are intermittent events that change relative to time, a conventional oscilloscope FFT implementation

will have large gaps in the data and will miss many of the intermittent events

FFT 2

2nd acq

FFT 1

1st acq

FFT 3

3rd acqBlind Time Blind Time Blind Time

f

Frequency

Domain

t

Time Domain

Record length

Windowing FFT

DisplayData acquisitionf2f1

SW

Zoom

(f1…f2)

Capturing a larger set of data will slow down the acquisition

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FFT Implementation in R&S®RTO/RTE Digital Oscilloscopes

1. Desired frequency range is selected and down-converted to baseband using Digital Down Conversion

(DDC) technique

2. FFT is calculated over the selected (or zoomed) frequency range

3. Optionally Windowing is applied before the FFT calculation

Advantages of RTO approach:

Higher speed / update rate

Better resolution (zooming before FFT)

Higher dynamic range

Flexible configuration

f

Frequency

Domain

t

Time Domain

Record length

Windowing FFT

DisplayData acquisition

DDC

f4f3Span f1…f2(HW Zoom)

Digital down-

conversion fc

SW

Zoom

(f3…f4)

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FFT Implementation in R&S®RTO/RTE Digital Oscilloscopes

Multiple & Overlapping FFTı Faster processing & faster display update rate

ı Ideal for finding sporadic signal details

FFT 1 FFT 2 FFT 3 FFT 4

single acquisition

FFT 1

FFT 2

FFT 3

FFT 450% overlapping

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Multiple Overlapping FFTs are

able to see spurious event !!!

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Overlapping vs. Non-Overlapping FFT

f(x)

t

f(x)

f

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

t

f(x)

f

f(x)

f

f(x)

f

f(x)

f

f(x)

f

windowing

…

FFT

… …

+

+

+

+

Multiple Overlapping FFTs are

able to see spurious event !!!

Single Acquisition Single Acquisition

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Analyzing Frequency Hopping and OFDM Signals with R&S®RTO/RTE

Broadband Analysis with Color Grading

Zoom

11 Hop with 2 MHz Color Graded

Frequency of Occurrence


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Gated Spectrum Measurement

Center = 2,4 GHz Span = 50 MHzMrz-19 24EuSM 2016 - ADT09 - Scopes in A&D

Fast frequency hopper

100.000 hop/sec

Gated FFT view to analyze the duration

of each frequency setting

11 hop frequencies, 1 MHz spacing, 10 us interval

Fast hopping frequency synthesizer

FFT view of

entire record

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Gated Spectrum Measurement

Gated OFF Gated ON

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Gated Spectrum Measurement – Multiple GatesRF carrier (time domain view)

RF carrier at

Start frequency

Gate pos = 0 us

RF carrier at

Stop frequency

Gate pos = 800 us

RF carrier during

frequency transition

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Mask Test

User can also make use of mask testing to “capture” spectral

violation and correlate with Time.

Mask violation Stop Acquisition

Mask to detect Transient

Signal in Freq Domain

Mask to detect Transient

Signal in Time Domain

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Spectrum Analysis Option K18

ı Spectrogram

Visualization of

changes vs. time:

Power vs. time

Frequency vs. time

ı Peak list

Automatic labeling

Definition of threshold

level for peak detection

Peak visualization in

spectrum display

ı Log-Log scaling

ı Adv. Analysis Features

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OFDM and it’s Application in Aerospace & Defense

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

ı Consists of a number of closely-spaced modulated carriers.

ı Coded OFDM or COFDM is used for many Wi-Fi applications as well as

digital radio (DAB)

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Analyze OFDM Signals with conventional Oscilloscope

ı Traditional oscilloscopes are unable to do

extensive test and measurement in frequency

domain

ı Oscilloscope needs I/Q demodulation

capability to convert time-domain waveform of

the RF signal into I/Q data for further analysis

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Analysis of OFDM Signals with R&S®RTO Oscilloscope

I/Q Softwareı Acquisition of modulated signals and delivery of the

corresponding I/Q data

ı Resampling of the I/Q data to a required sample rate

ı Supported input signal formats:

RF signals

I/Q baseband signals

Modulated signals in low-IF range

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The RTO-K11 I/Q Software with External Analysis Tools

MATLAB, OFDM, LTE, etc.

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Analysis Tools for

OFDM, NFC, LTE,

MATLAB, R&S VSE etc.

FS-K96

OFDM

FS-K112

NFC

FS-K10x

LTEMatlab

I/Q Data(*.iq, *.iqw)

DUT

VSE

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The RTO-K11 I/Q Software

Vector Signal Explorer SW

ı I/Q Analyzer

ı Analog Demodulation

ı Vector Signal Analysis (VSA)

ı Pulse Measurements

ı 3G FDD

ı GSM

ı WLAN

ı LTE

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Where Scopes are used in A&D


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Signals



in Military SATCOM



Scope

Analysis Bandwidth

FFT


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Evolution of Aircraft Data Networksı Signaling & Communication between devices is a central topic in avionics

More and more different systems are used on an airplane

Information from different systems has to be transferred on-board

Interaction of various systems is required

ı ADNs (Aircraft Data Networks) have experienced great development

Beginning:

o Only limited number of analog systems

o Point-to-Point connection was sufficient

Today:

o Grown number of on-board

data and communication bus systems

o Increased requirements and complexity

ı Data & Communication bus systems were drafted and released

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Point-to-Point wiring scheme vs. Data Bus Architecture

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Data & Communication Bus Systems

Brief overview

ARINC 429ı Published in 1977 as DITS (Digital

Information Transport System)

ı Widely used in higher-end

commercial and transport aircrafts

ı ARINC 429 firstly used in the

early 1980s on Airbus A-310 and

Boing B-757/-767

MIL-STD-1553ı Released in August 1973 and

firstly used in the US Air Force’s

F-16

ı Tri-service version with changes

and improvements released in

1975: MIL-STD-1553A

1978: MIL-STD-1553B

ı Also known as NATO standard

STANAG3838

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CAS

Civil Aerospace Sector

MAS

Military Aerospace Sector

SpaceWireı New spacecraft communication

network based on IEEE 1355-1995

& adapted to space requirements

ı High-performance onboard data

handling systems

ı Compatibility between data

handling equipment & sub-systems

ı Re-use across several missions

ı Driven by Space Agencies

Future trend in

Spacecraft Sector

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Decode a SpaceWire Data Transmission

Challenge of Synchronizationı All other protocols have well-defined packet identifiers

ARINC429 has gaps between the packets

MIL-STD-1553 starts with 3 bits of very characteristic Manchester violations & gaps between command words

MDIO and Ethernet have long unique preambles

All these characteristics are easily identifiable

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Evaluation & Debugging of Control & Communication Buses

MIL-STD-1553 & ARINC429

ı Easy to configure protocol analysis according

standard

ı Powerful T&D Solution

Customized DATA, COMMAND and STATUS

words can also be

used as trigger

Trigger on ERROR

conditions

ı Powerful Search & Navigate

functionality

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Generic Trigger & Decode SolutionManchester and NRZ Triggering and Decoding

ı Triggering and decoding of Manchester and NRZ coded serial protocols

ı Serial protocol frame is configurable with high flexibility

ı Decodes many Manchester and NRZ coded serial protocols

with data rates up to 5 Gbit/s

ı Examples:

Profibus PA (Process Field Bus)

DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface),

MVB (Multifunction Vehicle Bus)

Proprietary protocols

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Challenge of Synchronizationı All other protocols have well-defined packet identifiers

Not so Spacewire!

SpaceWire has a handshake too but if no (parity) errors occur, it can just keep transmitting forever!

When looking into the middle of the transmission,

there is just a gapless and patternless series of bits

Maybe humans could identify NULL words,

but they would never be able to decode a data transmission

Need for a new synchronization algorithm!


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SpaceWireı Easy to configure protocol

analysis according standard with

various trigger conditions

ı Capability to trigger on

continuous SpW datastream

ı Capability to decode SpW

datastream

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Trigger & Decode

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Example 1:

Trigger & Decoding of

Data PacketsZoom

Decode results

of Data Packets

illustrated in

Honeycomb Style

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Trigger & Decode

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Example 2:

Trigger & Decoding of

Control Characters and NULL words

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Summary

ı High acquisition rates to find

errors quickly

ı Flexible hardware-based

protocol triggering

ı Fast and easy configuration

ı Clear color coded display of

data

ı Decoding of up to 4 buses

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Serial standard

R&S®RTO

Protocol

triggering

R&S®RTO

Protocol

decoding

I2C/ SPI Standard R&S®RTO-K1

UART/RS-232 Standard R&S®RTO-K2

CAN/ LIN R&S®RTO-K3

FlexRay R&S®RTO-K4

I2S/ LJ/ RJ/ TDM R&S®RTO-K5

MIL-STD-1553 R&S®RTO-K6

ARINC 429 R&S®RTO-K7

CAN-FD R&S®RTO-K9

RFFE R&S®RTO-K40

Machester/NRZ R&S®RTO-K50

8b10b R&S®RTO-K52

MDIO R&S®RTO-K55

USB 1.0/1.1/2.0/HSIC R&S®RTO-K60

SpaceWire R&S®RTO-K65

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Summary

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Performance class / segment

1000

RTC100050 MHz … 300 MHz

2000

RTB200070 MHz … 300 MHz

3000

Ba

nd

wid

th

LAB

RTO2000

600 MHz … 6 GHz

HANDHELD

RTH100060 MHz … 500 MHz

BENCH

RTE1000200 MHz … 2 GHzRTM3000

100 MHz … 1GHz

RTA4000200 MHz … 1 GHz

4000 PERFORMANCE

RTP

4 GHz … 8 GHz

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Oscilloscopes in A&D Applications RTP Seriesı Measurement & Analysis Capabilities

> 90 automated measurements

Comprehensive Power Analysis feature

16 bit Vertical Resolution in HD Mode

I/Q interface for Signal processing

ı FFT using Digital Down Conversion (DDC) technique

Multiple Overlapping FFTs to see rare/spurious event

ı Uncompromised Performance to meet requirements

in A&D

High dynamic range due to

single-core A/D converter

Very low inherent noise of 100 uV at 1 mV/Div

Minimum blind-time due to High-Speed Acquisition

ASIC (1Mio waveforms/sec)

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More Scope Solutions

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Oscilloscopes in A&D Applications · Radar Pulse Analysis Radar Signal in Time Domain ıCarrier is an RF signal, typically modulated L-Band (1-2GHz): Long Range Air Traffic Control

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