Orthopedic Assessment Jan Bazner-Chandler CPNP, CNS, MSN, RN.

Orthopedic Assessment

Jan Bazner-ChandlerCPNP, CNS, MSN, RN

Musculoskeletal Differences in Children Epiphyseal growth plate present Bones are growing / heal faster Bones are more pliable Periosteum thicker and more active Abundant blood supply to the bone The younger the child the faster the healing.

Focused Physical Assessment Inspect child undressed Observe child walking Spinal alignment ROM Muscle strength Reflexes

Assessment Concerns: Pain or tenderness Muscle spasm Masses Soft tissue swelling

CoREminder If an injury has occurred, examine that area

last and be gentle when palpating the injury site.

Nursing Alert A child younger than 1 year who presents with

a fracture should be evaluated for possible physical abuse or an underlying musculoskeletal disorder that would cause spontaneous bone injury.

Neurovascular Assessment Circulation Nerve function

Neurovascular Assessment Sensation

Can the child feel touch on the affected extremity Motion

Can the child move fingers or toes below area of injury / nerve injury

Temperature Is the extremity warm or cool to touch

Neurovascular Assessment Capillary refill

Sluggish capillary refill may signal poor circulation Color

Note color of extremity and compare with unaffected limb

Pulses Assess distal to injury or cast

Neurovascular Impairment Restriction of circulation and nerve function

from injury or immobilizing device.

Clinical Manifestations Increased pain Edema Decreased movement or sensation Diminished or absent pulses distal to injury Patient often described as restless – pain

medication does not work – pain described as deep

Interventions Assess area distal to injury, surgical site, cast,

splint, or traction

Notify physician

Release pressure by splitting the cast or loosening restrictive bandage per physician order.

Compartment Syndrome A painful condition that results when pressure

within the muscles builds to dangerous levels. This prevents nourishment from reaching nerve and muscle cells.

Muscle groups in legs, arms, hands, feet and buttocks can be affected.

Clinical Manifestations The classic sign of acute compartment

syndrome is pain, especially when the muscle is stretched.

There may also be a tingling or burning sensation (paresthesias) in the muscle.

A child may report that the foot / hand is “a sleep”

If the area becomes numb or paralysis sets in, cell death has begun and efforts to lower the pressure in the compartment may not be successful in restoring function.

Physical Assessment• Assess pain and if pain medication is

working.• The muscle may feel tight or full. • Measure the affected muscle group and

compare with the unaffected side.• Check pulses below area of injury

Treatment Prevention!!!! Don’t elevate the affected limb above or

below the level of the heart. Dressings should be removed or loosened if

CS is suspected. Current standards: a split is applied for the

first 48 hours until swelling from injury / surgery has gone down.

Surgical Management

Fasciotomy to relieve pressure. The fascia is divided alongthe length of the compartment to release pressure within.

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Nerve Assessment Important to do on admission from ER or to

the unit and pre and post surgical procedure

Radius and ulna nerve assessment

Ulnar Nerve Injury

Medial Nerve Injury

Radial Nerve Injury

Peroneal Nerve Distribution