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cdma2000 1XCoverage Planning
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Procedure of Coverage planning
Requirementanalysis
Determine the total coverage and type of the area
Link budget Calculate the maximum allowed path loss
Propagationmodelselection
Calculate the radius of the cell according to the propagation
model
Calculate theBTS number
Determine the number of BTS required
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Master the basic knowledge of Radio Propagation
Describe some typical Propagation Models and their
applicability
Comprehend the key parameters and calculation methods of
Link Budget
Know about the basic principle of Site, Antenna & Feeder
Selection
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Contents
1. Radio Propagation
2. Link Budget
3. Propagation Models
4. Coverage Balance
5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
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Contents
1. Radio Propagation
2. Link Budget
3. Propagation Models
4. Coverage Balance
5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
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Spectrum Distribution
Frequency Classification Abbreviation
30 ~ 300Hz Extremely Low Frequency ELF
300 ~ 3000Hz Voice Frequency VF
3 ~ 30KHz Very-low Frequency VLF
30 ~ 300KHz Low Frequency LF300 ~ 3000KHz Medium Frequency MF
3 ~ 30MHz High Frequency HF
30 ~ 300MHz Very High Frequency VHF
300 ~ 3000MHz Ultra High Frequency UHF3 ~ 30GHz Super High Frequency SHF
30 ~ 300GHz Extremely High Frequency EHF
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Typical Propagation Environment
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Attribute of radio channelFading
Distance (m)10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
Received Power (dBm)
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
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Analysis of Slow Fading
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Analysis of Fast Fading
90
BTS total Rx
0
90
Vector
combine
Fast Fading occurs when
signals received from many
paths drift into and out of phase
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Contents
1. Radio Propagation
2. Link Budget
3. Propagation Models
4. Coverage Balance
5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
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Link Budget Objective
Link budget refers to the calculation of the total gain and loss over the
whole communication link, i.e. maximum propagation loss allowed in the
link during a call connection with acceptable call quality.
The BTS coverage can be determined by using the link budget and the
propagation model.
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Link Budget Model
Receivesensitivity
Reverse link
ANT Gain(TX)
BodyLoss
Path LossANT Gain
(RX)Feeder
Loss
Softhandoff
Gain
ClutterLoss
Shadow fading Margin
Interference Margin
Power control Margin
Maximum TX
dBm Gain
Loss
Margin
Rx sensitivity
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Classification of Parameters
System parameters Carrier frequency, Spread spectrum bandwidth and spread gain
Equipment parameters
Tx power, Receiver sensitivity, Noise figure, Demodulation threshold,
Antenna gain, Feeder loss and Connector loss
Environmental parameters
Shadow fading margin, Land object loss, Human body loss and
Background noise
CDMA specific parameters
Soft handoff gain, Interference margin, Power control margin
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System parameter
Carrier frequency: Commonly used 450 MHz/800 MHz/1900 MHz
Spread spectrum bandwidth: 1.2288MHz
Spreading gain: 10log(W/R)
Background noise : Mainly consist of thermal noise, whereNthermal=10log(KTW)
K=1.38X10-23J/K Boltzmann constant
T: Kelvin temperature. In the normal temperature, it is 290 K.
W: Bandwidth
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Equipment parameter
Transmit power of the base station
Maximum transmit power of BTS: 43dBm for HW BTS
Maximum transmit power of traffic channel: Based on the
configuration
Transmit power of the MS
In general, it is 23dBm(200mW)
All the reverse channel share the total power
Power of MS
R-PICH
R-FCH
R-SCH
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Equipment parameter (Cont.)
BTS antenna gain
BTS directional antenna gain is greater than the omni antenna
gain
Typical value:
Omni antenna:11dBi13dBi
Directional antenna: 15dBi18dBi
MS antenna gain
It is assumed that the sum of antenna gain and connection loss
of the mobile is 0dB
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Equipment parameter (Cont.)
Noise figure
The index to evaluate the performance of LNA
The value differs from one vendor to another
The typical value for HW BTS is 3.2 dB
The typical value for MS is 6 to 8 dB
Feeder and connector loss
Feeder loss is related with the frequency and feeder length
The connector loss is approximately 0.2dB
LNAS/Ninput S/Noutput
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Equipment parameter (Cont.)
Receiver sensitivity of the BTS
To ensure the communication quality, the minimum receive
level of receiver need to be determined.
It is related to the demodulation threshold and noise figure
The sensitivity is also affected by the interference. As the
interference increases, the sensitivity decreases.
SBTS = 10lg(KTW) +NFBTS + Eb/Nt10lg(W/Rb)
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Environment parameter
Effects of shadow fading:
Shadow fading affects the propagation path, the strength of received
signal finally is a normal logarithmic distribution when the MS is far
from the Base station
The theoretical value used in the link budget is a field density median,
which causes the edge coverage probability is only 50%
Access succeed
Access succeed
Access failure
Access failure
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Environment parameter
Shadow fading margin In order to sustain an
acceptable edge coverage
probability (generally >
75%), it is necessary to
reserve some power
margin, i.e. shadow fading
margin.
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CDMA Specific Parameter
Soft handoff gain
The soft handoff can decrease the shadow fading margin with a
certain coverage probability.
Generally, soft handoff gain is 3 dB for cdma2000 1x voice service in
a mobile communication system
Maximum gaincombination
Selection
combination
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CDMA Specific Parameter (Cont.)
Interference margin
System loading increases the system self-interference.
In the link budget, the impact caused by the capacity-increase is
represented by interference margin that can be calculated by the given
formula
1
1lg10NoiseRise
50% load 3dB60% load 4dB75% load 6dB
(: system load)
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CDMA Specific Parameter (Cont.)
Power control margin The signal strength in the radio environment changes quickly due to
superposition of different propagation signals. This is embodied in the
fast fading, which follow to the Rayleigh distribution.
The fast power control can reduce the effect of fading for slow moving
objects (
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Reverse Link Budget Formula
PL_BL=Pout_MS + Ga_MS - Lf_MS + Ga_BS - Lf_BS -S_BS Lb MI + Ga_soft Mf Lp
PL_BL :Maximum allowable path loss
Pout_MS :Maximum transmit power of the service channel of MS
Ga_MS :Antenna gain of MS
Lf_MS :Feeder loss of MS
Ga_BS :Antenna gain of base station
Lf_BS :Feeder loss of base station
S_BS :Base station sensitivity
Lb :Body loss
Ga_soft :Soft handoff gain
Mf :Shadow fading margin
MI :Interference margin
Lp :Clutter loss
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Typical Link Budget (Urban area)
IS95 cdma2000 1X
Data rate 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 38.4 kbps 76.8 kbps 153.6 kbps
Maximum transmit power ( dBm ) 23.00 21.55 20.50 21.29 21.91 22.35
Human body loss ( dB ) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Cluster loss ( dB ) 20 20 20 20 20 20
Receiving antenna gain ( dBi ) 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Cable loss ( dB ) 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97
Soft handoff gain ( dB ) 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7
Corresponding border coverage probability 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75%Shadow fading standard deviation ( dB ) 8 8 8 8 8 8
Shadow fading margin ( dB ) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Designed cells load 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
Corresponding interference margin ( dB ) 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01
Fast fading margin ( dB ) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Noise figure ( dB ) 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
Demodulation thresholds ( dB ) 7.0 3.50 3.40 2.59 2.15 1.54
Corresponding receiver sensitivity ( dBm ) -124.18 -127.50 -124.77 -122.57 -120.00 -117.74
Maximum allowed path loss 131.90 133.82 131.79 129.59 127.02 124.76
Transmitting antenna height ( m ) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Receiving antenna height ( m ) 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
Coverage semi-diameter ( km ) 1.62 1.84 1.61 1.40 1.18 1.01
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Simulation of Forward Link
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Significance of propagation model
The propagation model is used to estimate the path lossduring radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and
artificial environments.
The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage
planning, a good model means more precise planning.
The propagation model depends on the working frequency
of the system. Different propagation models have different
working frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation
model differs from the out door propagation model.
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Typical propagation model
Model Application range
Okumura-Hata Applicable for the 150-1500 MHz macrocell prediction
Cost231-Hata Applicable for the 1500-2000 MHz macrocell prediction
CCIRApplicable for prediction in the 150-2000MHz urban areaor dense urban area environments
LEEApplicable for the 450-2000MHz marcocell environmentprediction
K parameter
ModelApplicable for the 800-2000MHz macrocell prediction
These typical models are set up by researchers based on the CW test
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Okumura-Hata Model
mhbbpAdhhfL lg)lg55.69.44(lg82.13lg16.2655.69
Lp f
bh
mhd
mhA
Path loss (dB)
BS antenna height (m)
MS antenna height (m)
Carrier frequency (MHz)
Distance between the BS and MS
(Km)
MS antenna correction factor (dB)
The frequency range is from150MHz to 1500MHz.
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Okumura-Hata Model (Cont.)
In urban areas, the standard model can be modified as:
In rural areas (open country), the model can be modified as:
In rural areas (quasi open country), the model can bemodified as:
4.5])28/[lg(2 2 fLL pps
94.40lg33.18lg78.4 2 ffLL ppo
94.35lg33.18)(lg78.42
ffLL ppo
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Cost231-Hata Model
mhbbp CAdhhfL m lg)lg55.69.44(lg82.13lg9.333.46
mC
mC 0dB Large cities or central areas of the suburbs
3dB Big cities
The frequency range is 1500MHz to 2000MHz.
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Model Correction-CW Test
Select test point
Determine the testing route,sampling data
Optimize propagation modelusing the tool
1 2 3
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Contents
1. Radio Propagation
2. Link Budget
3. Propagation Models
4. Coverage Balance
5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
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Link Balance Between Uplink and
Downlink
In this area, it seems that the cross-cell call from cell Bto cell A is feasible. However, actually, the reverse linkof cell A does not support the call
ReverseForward
BA
BA
In this area ,the cross-cell call from cell B to cell A is impossible. Besides the
MS in cell B will inevitably cause too much interference on cell A
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Coverage Adjustment
Coverage limitation analysis
Forward adjustment
Down Tilt Forward Power
Distribution Antenna Height Antenna Gain
Reverse adjustment
Reverse PowerControl Parameter
Reverse SystemLoad
If MS is average distribution, it isreverse limited
If MS is edge distribution, it is forwardlimited
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Forward Link Balance
The forward channel powers are different from each other. And
the coverage of the channels are different from each other.
In the coverage area, the mobile phone should be able todemodulate the pilot, synchronization, paging and traffic channel
simultaneously and correctly.
Pilot Sync Paging TrafficGood signal, butwhy no service
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Forward Link Balance (Cont.)
It is possible to achieve same coverage radius for all
cdma2000 1x forward link channels
The power required to achieve consistency of all thechannel coverage will fully utilize the BTS power
Pilot channel power Approximately 1020% of total power
Synchronous channel power Pilot channel power 10dB
Paging channel power Pilot channel power 1.5dB (9.6kbps)
Max Traffic channel power Pilot channel power3dB (Voice FCH)
Typical Forward Power Distribution Strategy
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Case Study
The requirement analysis
Suppose the total service area is 400 km2 , city centre.
800MHz system, 3 sector BTS ,Voice service only, No IS95 MS.
Design load :50%
Required area coverage probability :90%
Required edge coverage probability :75%
Demodulation threshold: 3.5dB
BTS antenna height :30 m
Feeder length: 50m
Noise figure: 3.2dB
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Link Budget analysis
5 Parameters Calculate process
A Human body loss 3 dB
B Interference margin 10log[1(1 50%)]=3 dB
C Fast fading margin 0.5 dB
D Soft handoff gain 3.7 dB
E Shadow fading margin NORMSINV (75%)8=5.5 dB
F Clutter loss 20 dB
G Cable loss 1.97 dB
H Receiving antenna gain 15 dBi
Tx Max transmit power of MS(FCH) 21.55dBm
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Determine the number of BTS
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.5R
Coverage Area=1.949R2
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=2.598R2
3-Sector site Omni site
R R
D
BTS1 BTS2
BTS1
BTS2
BTS3
R
R
RD
D
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Contents
1. Radio Propagation
2. Link Budget
3. Propagation Models
4. Coverage Balance
5. Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
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Site Selection and Layout
Site Selection
Site selection is an important part incoverage planning
The order for the site selection (dense,
general, suburban)
The height for the site selection
Attention for the obstacles
(avoiding it by using the Fresnel zone)
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Feeder Selection
Feeder Loss
Feeder loss: From BTS top cabinet to antenna
High frequency increases feeder loss
Large size feeder decreases feeder loss
800MHz 450MHz 1900MHz
7/8 inch(dB/100m) 4.03 2.7 6.46
5/4 inch(dB/100m) 2.98 1.9 4.77
1/2 inch(dB/100m) 11.2 7.6 17.7
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Antenna Selection
Antenna Selection Height Design Azimuth Design
Gain Half power angle Polarization pattern
Urban area 15dBi 60~65 Dual polarization
Suburban area 15~18dBi 65 or 90 Dual polarization or vertical
polarization
Rural area 18~20dBi 90or 120
or
Omni AntennaVertical polarization
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Antenna Selection (Cont.)
Antennas in different cells of the same base station may be of
different heights. This may be limited by the installation space in a
specific direction, or due to the requirements of the cell planning.
For urban areas that are relatively flat, the recommended height of
the antenna is about 25m.
The height of the antennas in the suburban base station can be
higher. Generally it is about 40m.
Antenna Selection Height Design Azimuth Design
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Antenna Selection (Cont.)
The main beam of the antenna should be directed to the area of
high traffic density, to increase the signal strength in that area and
improve the conversation quality
The antenna cross-coverage depth between adjacent sectors
should not exceed 10%.
To prevent the unwanted coverage, the main beam of the antenna
should not be along the straight street in dense urban areas
Antenna Selection Height Design Azimuth Design
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Antenna Down-tilt
Mechanism
Electron
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Summary
Basic knowledge of Radio Propagation
Typical Propagation Models
Link Budget
Coverage Balance
Basic principle of Site, Antenna & Feeder Selection
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