Origins of the CDM - Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol Capacity Development for the Clean Development Mechanism (CD4CDM) Project 2 nd National Workshop.

Origins of the CDM -Origins of the CDM -Climate Change and the Climate Change and the

Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol

Capacity Development for the Clean Development Mechanism (CD4CDM) Project

2nd National Workshop on the Capacity Development for the Clean Development Mechanism (CD4CDM)

in Cambodia

4 November 2003, MiCasa Hotel, Phnom Penh

Presented by Chea Chan Thou

NTC Member, Ministry of Environment

Content

The Greenhouse Effect

Climate ChangeClimate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The Kyoto Protocol

The Greenhouse Effect (1) The warming of the atmosphere by heat reflected from the earth The warming of the atmosphere by heat reflected from the earth

is called the greenhouse effect.is called the greenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect actually makes the earth habitable. The greenhouse effect actually makes the earth habitable. Without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be much colder.Without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be much colder.

Main greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere include Main greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere include water vapor, COwater vapor, CO2 2 , CH, CH44, N, N22O.O.

Increased concentration of GHGs causes more heat to be Increased concentration of GHGs causes more heat to be retained in the atmosphere and more heat to be reflected back retained in the atmosphere and more heat to be reflected back to the earth surface and this will lead to a rise in average global to the earth surface and this will lead to a rise in average global temperatures (global warming).temperatures (global warming).

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The Greenhouse Effect (2)

The Greenhouse Effect (3)

Increased GHGs have been released into the atmosphere by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, mining activities, vehicle emissions, deforestation etc., that may enhance the greenhouse effect.

The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased from 295 parts per million (ppm) in 1870 to 370 ppm in 2000.

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The Greenhouse Effect (4)

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Climate Change (1)Climate Change (1) Weather: : hourly or daily fluctuations in the atmospherehourly or daily fluctuations in the atmosphere

Climate: the “average” of a series of weather events the “average” of a series of weather events over 30-year periodover 30-year period

What Is the Climate Change?What Is the Climate Change? ““Any change in climate over time, whether due to natural Any change in climate over time, whether due to natural

variability or as a result of human activity”.variability or as a result of human activity”. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC)

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Climate Change (2)

Evidence of Climate Change The global average surface temperature has increased in the

20th century by about 0.6oC.

Snow cover and ice extent have decreased.

Floods and droughts have occurred more frequently in the recent years.

Average sea level has increased (0.1-0.2m in the 20th century).

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Climate Change (3)

IPCC projected for 2100:

1. The average global surface temperature will increase by 1.4 to 5.8oC.

2. Global average water vapor concentration and precipitation will increase.

3. Global mean sea level will rise by 0.09 to 0.88 m.

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Climate Change (4)

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1)

In Rio de Janeiro (June 1992), the international community took the first steps to combat climate change by introducing the UNFCCC.

The UNFCCC was adopted by most developed and developing countries. The Convention entered into force in March 1994.

In December 2001, the Convention has received

186 instruments of ratification.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)

The UNFCCC is a foundation of global efforts to combat global warming.

The objective of the UNFCCC is “Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate system”.

The Convention sets out some guiding principles:Precautionary principle;Common but differentiated responsibilities;Needs of developing countries for sustainable

development.

The uppermost body of the Convention is the Conference The uppermost body of the Convention is the Conference

of the Parties (CoP), which is responsible for achieving its of the Parties (CoP), which is responsible for achieving its objective.objective.

Since 1995, the CoP has held annual meeting and this year Since 1995, the CoP has held annual meeting and this year it will be held in Italy (CoP-9).it will be held in Italy (CoP-9).

The Convention is supported by the IPCC (a panel of The Convention is supported by the IPCC (a panel of 2,500 scientists) which has concluded that 2,500 scientists) which has concluded that ““Climate change Climate change is real and human activities are contributing to it.”is real and human activities are contributing to it.”

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (3)

The Kyoto Protocol (1) What is the Kyoto Protocol?

An international agreement to address climate change by An international agreement to address climate change by reducing greenhouse gases emissions.reducing greenhouse gases emissions.

In 1997, at COP 3, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted.In 1997, at COP 3, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted.

Industrialized countries have to reduce their GHGs Industrialized countries have to reduce their GHGs emissions by 5% compared to their 1990 level for the period emissions by 5% compared to their 1990 level for the period 2008-2012.2008-2012.

Developing countries do not have to reduce their Developing countries do not have to reduce their emissions, but have to participate in global efforts.emissions, but have to participate in global efforts.

The reduction targets cover six main GHGs: COThe reduction targets cover six main GHGs: CO22, CH, CH44, , NN22O, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons O, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF(PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF66).).

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The Kyoto Protocol (2)

• After more than 4 years of discussions, in 2001 After more than 4 years of discussions, in 2001 governments agreed to the Marrakech Accords governments agreed to the Marrakech Accords on how to implement this Kyoto Protocol.on how to implement this Kyoto Protocol.

• The Protocol establishes 3 cooperative The Protocol establishes 3 cooperative mechanisms to help industrialized countries to mechanisms to help industrialized countries to meet their emission targets by achieving emission meet their emission targets by achieving emission reductions at lower costs through:reductions at lower costs through:– International Emission Trading;International Emission Trading;– Joint Implementation (JI); andJoint Implementation (JI); and– The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

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The Kyoto Protocol (3)• As of 3January 2003, 102 countries had ratified the Kyoto

Protocol, including European countries, Canada and Japan, plus a large number of developing countries.

• Cambodia ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 4 July 2002.

• Article 12.2 of the Kyoto Protocol states “The purpose of the Clean Development Mechanism shall be to assist parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduce commitments under Article 3”.

Any questions?