1 Origins of Intelligence Assessments/Inventories (“Testing”) Plato: Saw & noted individual differences Intelligence Test: *Binet (1905 +-) method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes & comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores Testing Paris school kids to ID those who were low & needed help
40
Embed
Origins of Intelligence Assessments/Inventories (“ Testing ”)
Origins of Intelligence Assessments/Inventories (“ Testing ”). Plato: Saw & noted individual differences Intelligence Test: * Binet (1905 +-) method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes & comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Origins of Intelligence Assessments/Inventories (“Testing”)
Plato: Saw & noted individual differences
Intelligence Test: *Binet (1905 +-) method of assessing
an individual’s mental aptitudes & comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Testing Paris school kids to ID those who were low & needed help
2
Mental Age measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Alfred Binet, Paris, late 1800’s Why? to ID slower kids in Paris school system
to help them do better chronological age: actual age mental age: if a child does as well as the
average 8-year-old is said to have an IQ of 100
Stanford-Binet: widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test (1914-15)
revised by Terman at Stanford University Stern designed the intelligence quotient (IQ)
3
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Originally, ratio of mental age (ma) to
chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma ÷ ca x 100 (ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the avg performance for a specific age is assigned a score of 100
Most intellg. tests (including the Stanford-Binet) no longer compute an “IQ” score (reification: p. 422)
What IS Intelligence? ability to learn from experience, solve
problems, & use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Is determined by a social definition & varies from culture to culture, era to era
4
What is Intelligence?
Factor Analysis statistical procedure that identifies clusters
of related items (called factors) on a test ID’s different performance dimensions that
underlie our total score These factors indicate a basic ability level
Eugenics: Terman & others belief that genetics was the predominate factor in IQ
--was a “scientific” sort of racism…no major basis in modern psych…Basically said some races, etc., were genetically better than others.
Who used these ideas?
5
Spearman’s G Factor:
Spearman’s General Intelligence (g factor) Spearman & others said one
single factor (a general factor) underlies specific mental abilities
This factor is measured by every task on an intelligence test
g = general
6
Most commonly administered intelligence assessments:
WISC-IV: most commonly used IQ test for ages 6-16
WAIS -III is for adults. WIPPSI-III is for preschoolers. Others also use the Stanford-Binet,
5th edition, or the Kaufman ABC-II battery for children.
NOTE: Roman numerals reflect the multiple revisions of the tests since their original versions.
7
Are There Multiple Intelligences? Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill… --often (NOT always..) related to autism Computation Drawing (EX below)
Social Intelligence the know-how involved in comprehending social
Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison w/ the
performance of a pre-tested standardization group to create a norm…what is “normal”
Normal Curve symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the
distribution of many physical & psych. Attributes PEAK (mid-point) of curve = 50th percentile—
mid-point… ½ higher than that & ½ lower than that…
most scores fall near the avg, & fewer & fewer scores lie near the extremes
Divergent vs. convergent thinking:ADD!
2 kinds of thinking: Convergent: 1 right answer – like IQ on tests (damage to left parietal can hurt this kind)Divergent: More creative.. “outside the box” Damage to the FRONTAL lobe can hurt this type
Normal Curve: (sometimes aka the bell curve) 3 magic #’s: 68 (15 pts. above or below mid-pt.)
96 (or 95) 2 (inclusive of 99.7%)So..what’s mentally challenged & “genius” ? (Psy’s HATE “genius”)
16
Kids getting smarter?! Who’d a thunk it… Flynn effect: Consistent worldwide rise in IQ scores, even though achievement scores like SAT dropped …WHY?
17
Why Flynn Effect (James Flynn, 1987, 1999) occurs… It’s a mystery…but could be lots of things…
Test sophistication: assessments are better now…more accurately assess
Nutrition: taller, smarter, longer life expectancies
More formal educations for more pplMore stimulating environment b/c of t___?Less kid-diseases that might cause handicapsSmaller families = more parental resources
(time, money, effort) on each kid-------------So....Why are SAT scores down? Probably b/c
more ppl and more diverse ppl taking SAT now instead of just the middle & upper middle class.
18
Assessments of Intelligence (aka Testing) Reliability & Validity Reliability: extent to which a test yields
consistent results assessed by consistency of scores in 3 ways:
two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity: How well a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
EX: Does SAT predict success in the 1st year of college? 3 aspects to validity…
The Dynamics of Intelligence: Know chart! (p. 439) Supreme Court Hearing on executing mentally challenged:http://www.newsy.com/videos/supreme-court-hears-debate-on-executing-mentally-disabled/
Heritability: proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genesVariability depends on range of populations & environments studied
Intelligence heritability = about 50%
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
26
Genetic Influences: psychologists look at both twin studies & biological parents vs. adoptive parents
27
Environmental Influences: The Schooling Effect: IQ’s tend to rise during the school year…& drop
during summer…& drop after schooling stops…So…a good argument for year-round school?...Asian students vs. N. American students?
28
What’s wrong with this picture???
29
Group differences & impact of environment: The Seed Analogy:
Same seeds (genetics) …but different soil…levels of fertilizer…water….sun
these = so a differing environ. Would they grow the same?
HEAD START: Data from research on Head Start programs (public “pre-school” to helped kids from lo-socio-econ. environments) show H-S kids are less likely to repeat grades than those in similar environments NOT in Head Start
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds
30
Group Differences: GenderKNOW the general male & female tendencies toward certain abilities… (from info p.448-9) Do these stronger abilities apply to ALL males or females? The Mental Rotation Test : spatial understanding
Which of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks identical to the “standard” fig. (left)?
Standard Responses
31
Group Differences Stereotype Threat
Self-confirming concern/belief: negative stereotypes give us “true” evaluation
Relates to “self-fulfilling prophecy” & placebo effect: believing something IS true increase chance it happens:
“I will probably score low” = scoring lowerStudents told they are at a disadvantage on a
test tend to do worse than those who are told the test should be one they do well on…
“You are not likely to do as well on this as usual…”
…OR “You should do very well on this b/c it is written in a way that will show your strengths…”
Also African-Amer. or females taking test w/ only that group perform better than in mixed groups
Summary: What you think & believe about YOU
affects how you perform!
32
High vs. low extremes of intelligence:
Myth: High IQ kids are mal-adjusted, weird, socially inept….this is NOT TRUE
-There is a high correlation for high IQ & healthy, well-adjusted, academically successful adults…
Most thrive, though some are isolated more as kids b/c they don’t fit in w/ immature other kids
Remember: “giftedness” is a socially defined trait & not a “naturally occurring trait” like eye color (what is this called?)
Brain size (relative to body size) IS slightly positively correlated to intelligence
33
Big debate: tracking: This is “gifted” kids separated into
other classes/schools (segregating by ability level):
Often this means low income & minority put into low levels, which encourages the stereotype threat…which...
Tends to widen, not shrink, the gap betwn. lo & hi especially in elementary school
Best idea may be, like China & Japan: Avoid tracking thru elementary
Pitfalls in Diagnostic Labeling of High OR Low Intelligence:
To what do you think the term “diagnostic labeling” refers?
If we determine someone is of HIGH IQ…Or…LO IQ, what might make that a problem? How might the following be involved in that consideration?
Motivation? (either hi or lo?) Stereotype threat? Flynn Effect? Reification?
*****GO BACK to slide # 29 to H-S notes!!!s34
35
Theories of Multiple Intelligences (pp. 424-426) Is there 1 kind? …or 2? …or 3? ..or 8? Remember: Spearman: 1 basic general intel. (g
factor)
Sternberg’s Big 3:Analytical intelligence: academic problem solving—