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IntroductionIntroduction
Oral bacteria are major causative agents of pulpal and peri-
apical diseases. The treatment of these is performed through
dental root canal enlargement, cleansing, and disinfection and
the main purpose of root canal therapy is to remove bacteria
present in the root canal and to prevent reinfection [1-3]. The
persistent or secondary infection of the root canal is the main
cause of root canal treatment failure. Staphylococcus aureus
and Enterococcus faecalis are the pathogenic bacteria of en-
dondontic infection [4]. S. aureus is a representative purulent
bacterial species and is also isolated from endodontic infection
lesions, so it has been used as a target bacterium for evalua-
tion of antimicrobial property of dental materials used for vari-
ous root canal treatments [5,6]. E. faecalis has been reported
as a major causative agent of root canal failure [7,8].
Recently, chlorhexidine or Mixture of Tetracycline, an Acid,
and a Detergent (MTAD) has been used as antimicrobial agent
mixed with root canal sealer for root canal treatment [3,9].
However, chlorhexidine has toxicity to oral tissue cells and
Int J Oral Biol 46:45-50, 2021pISSN: 1226-7155 • eISSN: 2287-6618https://doi.org/10.11620/IJOB.2021.46.1.45
The antibacterial effect of Endoseal TCS mixed with water-soluble mangostin derivatives of Garcinia mangostana L. ethanol extract against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureusTae-Young Park1†, Yun Kyong Lim2,3†, Jin-Hee Kim3,4, Dae Sung Lee4*, and Joong-Ki Kook2,3*
1Department of Conservative Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea 2Korean Collection for Oral Microbiology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea 3Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea 4Medi Bio Lab Co., Ltd., Seoul 61452, Republic of Korea
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Endoseal TCS, an mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealer, mixed with water-soluble mangostin derivatives (WsMD) of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) ethanol extract against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of Endoseal TCS mixed with WsMD against three strains of E. faecalis and three strains of S. aureus was performed using agar diffusion test. The data showed that Endoseal TCS mixed with 0.115% WsMD had a zone of inhibition of 0.7 ± 0.2–2.4 ± 0.1 mm. The results suggest that Endoseal TCS mixed with WsMD of Garcinia mangostana L. ethanol extract is useful as a root canal sealer with antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and S. aureus.
Received January 25, 2021; Accepted March 19, 2021*Correspondence to: Joong-Ki Kook, E-mail: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-2870*Correspondence to: Dae Sung Lee, E-mail: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-7848†Tae-Young Park and Yun Kyong Lim contributed equally to this work.
MTAD has possibility of inducing new tetracycline-resistant
bacteria or has not effect tetracycline-sensitive bacteria that
are existed in root canal [10,11]. Therefore, they are used as
root canal cleaners rather than as sealers for root canals [10,12].
Therefore, studies are being conducted to find an antimicrobial
substance derived from natural products that can be used in
combination with an endodontic treatment material to over-
come these problems [13]. The previous study, the ethanol
extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (magosteen) had strong an-
timicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis [14,15].
Since mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was introduced by
Torabinejad and Chivian [16], it has been widely used in the
field of endodontic treatment. Recently, MTA-based root seal-
er has been developed and delivered via a syringe. This sealer
was reported to have better biocompatibility than conventional
resin sealers for root canal filling [17]. However, it was reported
that the antimicrobial effect of MTA was very low [18]. There-
fore, in this study, the antimicrobial activity of Endoseal TCS®
(MARUCHI Co., Ltd., Wonju, Korea), an MTA-based root canal
sealer, mixed with the water-soluble mangostin derivatives
(WsMD) of the ethanol extract of magosteen against E. faeca-
lis and S. aureus was evaluated.
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
1. Bacteria and bacterial culture
The E. faecalis (KCOM 1083, KCOM 1161, KCOM 2823) and
S. aureus (KCOM 1335, KCOM 1395, KCOM 1491) strains used
in this study were obtained from the Korean Collection for
Oral Microbiology (Gwangju, Korea). These strains were grown
on brain heart infusion (BHI, BD Difco Laboratories, Franklin
Lakes, NJ, USA) broth or BHI agar medium in an incubator at
37℃ for 24 hours.
2. Preparation of water-soluble mangostin derivative
powder
Mangosteen ethanol extract was purchased from Maypro
Industries® (Purchase, NY, USA). To impart water solubility to
the mangosteen ethanol extract, a certain amount of mango-
steen ethanol extract powder was added to purified water and
stirred at 50℃ and 1 atmosphere (atm) for 1 hour. Thereafter,
L-arginine was added to the solution and stirred at 50℃ and
1 atm for 1 hour. The pH at this time was maintained at 9–10.
L-arginine (1%, w/w) and KOH, an alkaline metal salt used as
a catalyst, were added to the solution and stirred at 70℃ and
1 atm for 2 hours to form WsMD. The pH was maintained at
9–10. After the color of the solution changed from ocher to
black, it was cooled to 4℃ and left at room temperature for 12
hours to increase the stability of the WsMD. The solution was
vacuum-dried at 0.4 atm and 60℃ to prepare WsMD powder
(Fig. 1).
3. Preparation of mixed sample of WsMD powder and
Endoseal TCS®
Endoseal TCS® was mixed with a WsMD at weight propor-
tions of 0.023%, 0.07%, or 0.115% to prepare premixed inject-
able pastes. These were provided by MARUCHI Co., Ltd.
4. Antibacterial test
Agar diffusion tests were performed by a modification of the
method of Hasheminia et al. [19]. Briefly, 10 mL of the steril-
ized BHI agar medium was poured into a sterilized 90-mm
Petri dish and then a paper disk (8 × 0.5 mm) was placed into
the agar medium. The bacterial strain was grown in BHI broth
at 37℃ for 16 hours in an incubator. It was diluted to 106 CFU/
mL with BHI agar solution cooled to 40℃ and then 10 mL was
poured onto the previously solidified BHI agar medium. After
Mangostin
L-arginine
KOH
Stirred at 50
in pH 9 10for 1 hr
Stirred at 70
in pH 9 10for 2 hr
Cool to 40
and left at 25
for 2 hrVacuum-driedat 0.4 atm and
60
OHHO
OCH3
O
CH =CHCH2
CH3OH O CH CH=CCH2 3
CH3
3C
OHHO
OCH3
O
CH =CHCH2
CH3OH O CH CH=CCH2 3
CH3
3C
+NH
C = NH
NH
(CH )
CHNH
COOH
2
2 3
2
NH
C = NH
NH
(CH )
CHNH
COOH
2
2 3
2
NH
C = NH
NH
(CH )
CHNH
COOH
2
2 3
2
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for preparing water-soluble mangostin derivatives from the ethanol extract of mangosteen.
Tae-Young Park, et al. Antimicrobial effect of Endoseal TCS and mangosteen
www.kijob.or.kr 47
the BHI agar solution mixed with the bacterial strain was so-
lidified, the paper disc was carefully removed. Two mL of En-
doseal TCS® (control), or Endoseal TCS® mixed with 0.023% (w/
w), 0.07% (w/w), or 0.115% (w/w) of WsMD by injecting us-
ing a syringe with a 24G needle. The plates were incubated for
24 hours in an incubator at 37℃ and the zone of inhibition was
measured. The length from the edge of the Endoseal TCS® to
the edge of the inhibition zone was measured and recorded.
This experiment was repeated three times and the antibacte-
rial activity is presented as the mean ± standard error of the
length of the zone of inhibition.
Results Results
The antimicrobial activity of the WsMD mixed with Endoseal
TCS® against E. faecalis and S. aureus strains was evaluated
by agar diffusion tests. The data showed that Endoseal TCS®
mixed with 0.115% WsMD created a zone of inhibition that
ranged from 0.7 ± 0.2 to 2.4 ± 0.1 mm (Fig. 2 and Table 1).
Among the strains used in this study, E. faecalis KCOM 2823
was more resistant to Endoseal TCS® containing the most
WsMD compared to the other strains (Fig. 2 and Table 1). In
contrast, the S. aureus KCOM 1491 strain was the most sus-
ceptible (Fig. 2 and Table 1). In the case of Endoseal TCS®,
which was used as a control, antibacterial activity was not ob-
served (Fig. 2 and Table 1).
DiscussionDiscussion
In this study, WsMD were mixed with Endoseal TCS®, an
MTA-based root canal sealer, to impart antibacterial properties,
which were investigated by agar diffusion tests. The zone of
inhibition was increased by adding higher amounts of WsMD
(Fig. 1 and Table 1). According to previous studies, the mini-
mum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the ethanol
extract of mangosteen containing about 40% alpha-mangostin
against E. faecalis (KCOM 1083, KCOM 1161, KCOM 2823) and
S. aureus (KCOM 1335, KCOM 1395, KCOM 1491) were be-
tween 2 and 8 µg/mL [14,15]. To investigate the antimicrobial
activity of the WsMD compared to the mangosteen ethanol
extract, the MBC value of WsMD against S. aureus KCOM
1491 was measured. The MBC value of WsMD against S. au-
1122
33 44
A B C
D E F
1122
33 44
1122
33 44
1122
33 44
1122
33 44
1122
33 44
Fig. 2. Agar diffusion test. The zones of inhibition against (A) Enterococcus faecalis KCOM 1083, (B) E. faecalis KCOM 1161, (C) E. faecalis KCOM 2823, (D) Staphylococcus aureus KCOM 1335, (E) S. aureus KCOM 1395, and (F) S. aureus KCOM 1491 were increased depending upon the amount of water-soluble mangostin derivatives (WsMD) from the etha-nol extract of mangosteen added to Endoseal TCS®. 1, Endoseal TCS® (control); 2, Endoseal TCS® + 0.023% WsMD from the ethanol extract of mangosteen; 3, Endoseal TCS® + 0.07% WsMD from the ethanol extract of mangosteen; 4, Endoseal TCS® + 0.115% WsMD from the ethanol extract of mangosteen.
Table 1. Antimicrobial activity of mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealer (Endoseal TCS®) with water-soluble mangostin derivatives from the ethanol extract of mangosteen against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus