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Slide 1
Orientation, Lab Safety, Measurement, and Processes
Vocabulary
Slide 2
Determining: * patterns in the data (e.g. increases, decreases,
fluctuations). * inconsistencies in the data (e.g. extreme highs
and lows). What does the data show? 1. Analyze (Data Analysis)
Slide 3
When analyzing data in my marble experiment, I determined that
in trial 3, the marble rolled substantially faster than the other
trials. I recalculated to see that I made an error. Im glad I did!
Now my results are more accurate. 1. Analyze (Data Analysis)
Example
Slide 4
After analyzing data, an investigator determines if his/her
hypothesis was supported with the data. S/he then writes a
statement and supports it with data. 2. Conclusion
Slide 5
My conclusion is that the steeper the slope, the faster the
marble will roll. My hypothesis (if the slope of a hill is
increased, the speed of my marble will increase because there is
more potential energy to be converted to kinetic energy) was
supported.(include actual data). 2. Conclusion Example
Slide 6
An unchanged group that is used to detect hidden variables
(unanticipated causes). An investigator uses this to compare
results. 3. Control Group(Control)
Slide 7
When testing how the amount of salt affects the boiling time of
water, the investigator will have one trial, or control group, that
s/he will have a pot with NO salt to compare the results to. 3.
Control Group (Control) Example
Slide 8
Any factor that stays the same in an experiment. 4. Controlled
Variable (Constant)
Slide 9
When testing how the amount of salt affects the boiling time of
water, the pot, the amount of water, the amount of heat, are all
controlled variables or constants because they stay the same. 4.
Controlled Variable (Constant) Example
Slide 10
Facts or figures to be processed; evidence, records,
statistics, etc. from which conclusions can be inferred 5.
Data
Slide 11
When calculating the speed of a marble down a slope, you must
record the following data: The time (start/finish) and the distance
traveled. 5. Data example
Slide 12
A drawing/image showing the appearance, structure, or workings
of something (or some process). 6. Diagram
Slide 13
6. Diagram Example When trying to understand the phases of the
moon, it was nice to have a diagram showing each phase, the amount
of sunlight reflected, and the name of each phase so I could
picture it in my mind.
Slide 14
7. Experiment A scientific process to make a discovery, test a
hypothesis or demonstrate an event.
Slide 15
7. Experiment Example In trying to determine why my tomato
plants keep dying, I decided to experiment with the type of soil I
planted them in. I hypothesized that sand was perhaps the least
fertile soil, so my experiment will help in understanding.
Slide 16
A tentative explanation that can be tested and is based on
observation and/or scientific knowledge gained from research. 8.
Hypothesis
Slide 17
If the amount of fertilizer given to a plant is increased, then
the growth of the plant will increase because fertilizer provides
plants with the nutrients it needs. 8. Hypothesis Example
Slide 18
INFERENCES use observations to draw conclusions about a given
situation. They can change as more observations are gathered. 9.
Inference
Slide 19
I observe that when I place 2 drops of iodine on baking powder,
it changes to a deep purple color. My inference is a chemical
reaction occurred (it IS a chemical change). 9. Inference
Example
Slide 20
10. Investigation A study, examination, or research of a
topic.
Slide 21
Currently, fox news is reporting that police are investigating
a crime scene in the area to determine what happened. 10.
Investigation Example
Slide 22
A number (including a unit) defining a quantity of something.
11. Measurement
Slide 23
A student needed to know how much string to cut in order to
perform her experiment, so she had to accurately measure 20
centimeters with a ruler. 11. Measurement Example
Slide 24
The factor in an experiment that is changed by the Test
Variable. 12. Outcome Variable (Dependent Variable or Responding
Variable)
Slide 25
When testing how the amount of salt affects the boiling time of
water, the amount of salt affects the time it takes the water to
boil. The time the water takes to boil is the outcome variable. 12.
Outcome Variable (Dependent Variable or Responding Variable)
Example
Slide 26
A prediction forecasts the outcome of an experiment, but does
not include an explanation. 13 Prediction
Slide 27
I predict that fertilizer will help plants grow taller over
time; I think they will do very well in the sunlight. 13 Prediction
-Example
Slide 28
Repetition occurs when the ORIGINAL investigator repeats an
investigation. The same results must be obtained for the original
results to be reliable. 14. Repetition (of an experiment)
Slide 29
When calculating the speed of a marble down a slope, one
investigator must repeat multiple trials and collect similar, if
not same, results. 14. Repetition (of an experiment) Example
Slide 30
Replication occurs when other scientists use similar methods to
conduct a similar investigation and obtain similar results. 15.
Replication (of an experiment)
Slide 31
When calculating the speed of a marble down a slope, the same
results must be replicated by ALL investigators for the results to
be reliable. 15. Replication (of an experiment) example
Slide 32
16. Scientific law A statement describing something. It is
based on continual testing and it is implied that the same
conditions are always constant. Laws tell us what happens
(descriptions; can be math).
Slide 33
16. Scientific Law Explanation Newtons third law states that
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; there is
no explanation why, it is simply stated and you can kick a ball
with forward movement from your foot, yet the ball will move the
opposite of that motion.
Slide 34
17. Scientific Model A representation of an object or
system.
Slide 35
17. Scientific Model Example A globe is a model of planet
earth.
Slide 36
18. Scientific Problem When an observation is made that goes
against an accepted scientific idea, theory, or law.
Slide 37
18. Scientific Problem Example It was once thought the world
was flat. Once evidence started collecting showing otherwise,
people began questioning and a scientific problem began!
Slide 38
19. Scientific Theory An explanation of a natural or physical
phenomenon based on proven MULTIPLE hypotheses and verified
MULTIPLE times by independent researchers. Often include laws in
order to prove points. Theories examine what happens and tell us
how and why it happens (explanations).
Slide 39
19. Scientific Theory Example The Big Bang Theory explains how
the universe arrived at its present state (expansion). It includes
an abundance of data in order to explain how and why the universe
is expanding.
Slide 40
What one has described using senses or measurement instruments.
Systematic Observations are those made to ensure validity of an
experiment (Primarily Quantitative Observations). 20.
Observation/Systematic Observation
Slide 41
When I dropped a small amount of iodine on to baking powder, I
observed that it turned purple. 20. Observation/Systematic
Observation example
Slide 42
The factor in an experiment that the investigator chooses to
change or monitor intentionally. 21. Test Variable (Independent
Variable or Manipulating Variable)
Slide 43
When testing how the amount of salt affects the boiling time of
water, the investigator is intentionally changing the amount of
salt in the water; Amount of salt is the test variable. 21. Test
Variable (Independent Variable or Manipulating Variable)
Example
Slide 44
A testable experiment is one that can actually be investigated.
*There is enough knowledge and technology in order to perform a
test. 22. Testable (scientifically testable) (Testability)
Slide 45
Whenever you create a hypothesis, it must be testable and you
must be able to analyze it with current technology. 22. Testable
(scientifically testable) (Testability) Example
Slide 46
During an experiment, each time you perform a test, it is
called a trial. Scientific investigations should both have repeated
trials and be replicable 23. Trials
Slide 47
When calculating the speed of a marble down a slope, an
investigator must perform more than one trial in order to have
reliable results. 23. Trials Example
Slide 48
The quality of being correct or true 24. Valid (Validity)
Slide 49
An experiment is only valid if it has been established that
there is only ONE test variable. 24. Valid (Validity) Example
Slide 50
TESTABILITY, ACCURACY, VALIDITY, and RELIABILITY Whats the
Difference, and why are they important?
Slide 51
Testable (Testability) * Can the hypothesis be supported or
falsified through experimentation? *Does current science provide
the necessary knowledge, skills, and technology to perform the
experiment? *Do you, as a seventh/eighth grade student, have the
necessary knowledge, skills, and technology to perform the
experiment? *Can the hypothesis be supported or falsified through
research of the existing body of science?
Slide 52
Accurate (Accuracy) *Are measurements taken correctly? *Are
materials and equipment utilized correctly? *Is equipment
functioning properly? *Is correct procedure followed?
Slide 53
Valid (Validity) * Are steps taken to keep all variables
constant (constants) except the one being manipulated (the
independent variable)? *Is a control utilized to detect hidden
variables (unanticipated causes)? *Are hidden variables detected
that could change the observed response (the dependent
variable)?
Slide 54
Reliable (Reliability) *Can the experiment be repeated multiple
times with the same results? *Is the experiment replicable by other
scientists with the same resulting outcome?