Orientación de las antenas satélite

8/18/2019 Orientación de las antenas satélite

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Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin > fl 1?

Brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins sntëmktl.

Kitrbfuaakñi

Flsfl dnal nmouibs nþbs, mnñrhktn olblstnakbinrkn sktunfn sbhrl lmLaunfbr , sl lstî abivkrtklifb li ui muonr ùy abiaurrkfb pbr sntëmktls fl tbfbtkpb, l`pmlnfbs pnrn mns natkvkfnfls `îs fkspnrls.

Dny sntëmktls `ltlbrbmñokabs, ab`b lm @ltlbsnt, sntëmktls pnrn limnalstlmleñikabs trnisbalîikabs, pnrn mbanmkznakbils `nràtk`ns y, mñokan`litl, pnrntrnis`kskbils fl VU.

Mnvlitncn qul berlali mbs sntëmktls fl tlmlvkskñi ls mn flauhrkr uitlrrktbrkb ùy n`pmkb , y ab`b lstl ”trnis`ksbr‐ lst{ sktunfb li lm ”aklmb‐,plr`ktl qul mns l`kskbils fl ùadns l`ksbrns fl VU mmlouli n ùadbsdbonrls, kiamusb nqulmmbs sktunfbs li vnmmls y abmkins n mns qul ib mmlon mtlmlvkskñi flhkfb n mn nusliakn fl ui rlpltkfbr fl zbin.

Wnrnrlakhkr mns l`kskbils prbalflitls fl ui sntëmktl , ls ilalsnrkb mnkistnmnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan lxtlrkbr fl17 a` n >,47 fl fkî`ltrb ,nþnfkrml uiabivlrtkfbr , qul abivklrtl mn slþnm fl >> ODz n > ODz , nsà ab`b ui

pbmnrkznfbr , anpnz fl slpnrnr mns slþnmls pbmnrkznfns dbrkzbitnm`litl fl mns pbmnrkznfns li slitkfb vlrtkanm. Qk lstn nitlin fkspbil fl ui pbskakbinfbr ,pbfl`bs anptnr vnrkbs sntëmktls.

Abbrflinfns olborîekans

Ls abivliklitl rlabrfnr nmouibs abialptbs lstufknfbs dnal yn nmoóitkl`pb.

Mn pbskakñi fl ui muonr li mn suplrekakl fl mn Vklrrn qulfn fltlr`kinfn`lfknitl abbrflinfns olborîekans.

Mnmbioktuf b nmtktuf sl `kfl flsfl lm `lrkfknib fl Orlliwkad dnstn lm`lrkfknib flm muonr. Ql aulitn flsfl 7 dnstn +>47 dnakn lm Lstl y flsfl 7 dnstn->47 dnakn lm Blstl.

Mnmntktuf olborîekan sl `kfl flsfl lm Launfbr dnakn lm Ibrtl (7 dnstn

+;7 ), y dnakn lm Qur (7 dnstn -;7).


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Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin 8 fl 1?

Wbskakñi fl ui muonr li mn suplrekakl fl mn Vklrrn.

Vb`nrl`bs lm skouklitl arktlrkb fl skoibs3

Mbioktufls Lstl (L), pbsktkvns. Mbioktufls Blstl (_), ilontkvns. Mntktufls Ibrtl (I), pbsktkvns. Mntktufls Qur (Q), ilontkvns.

Qntëmktls olblstnakbinrkbs

Mbssntëmktls sl liaulitrni li uin ñrhktn n 15.777 j` fl mn Vklrrn,ñrhktnolblstnakbinrknflib`kinfn Ñrhktn fl Amnrjl , sbhrl lm pmnib flm Launfbr , li mnqul prlslitn kounm plràbfb y slitkfb fl rbtnakñi qul mn Vklrrn. Lstb skoikekan qul lmsntëmktl lstnrî skl`prl li lm `ks`b puitb abi rlsplatb n mn Vklrrn.


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Fkstniakn fl mbs sntëmktls abi mn suplrekakl tlrrlstrl.

Mnrnfkbfkeuskñi fl tlmlvkskñi pbr sntëmktl rlquklrl, nfl`îs flm sntëmktl li sà, uin lstnakñi tlrrlstrl pnrn mn l`kskñi fl mns slþnmls lmlatrb`noiëtkans y uinlstnakñi pnrn mn rlalpakñi fl mns `ks`ns.

Lstl tkpb fl ab`uikanakñi ls uikfkrlaakbinm , yn qul mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn,ib l`ktl ikioói tkpb fl slþnm dnakn lm sntëmktl.

Ab`uikanakñi vàn sntëmktl.Lm okrb fl mbs sntëmktls li mnÑrhktn fl Amnrjl , qul ls pnrnmlmn nm Launfbr

fl mn Vklrrn, sl rlnmkzn fl ebr`n qul su pbskakñi ls plr`nilitl rlsplatb naunmquklr puitb fl mn Vklrrn (oblstnakbinrkn), plr`ktklifb nsà qul mnsnitlinsrlalptbrns tlioni uin brklitnakñi y pbskakñi ekcn.

Akiturñi fl Amnrjl.


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\i sntëmktl pulfl auhrkr mn tlralrn pnrtl flm ombhb tlrrlstrl. Wbr tnitb, mbssntëmktls lstîi fkstrkhukfbs, sloói mn\ikñi Kitlrinakbinm fl Vlmlabùikanakbils , litrls rlokbils fkelrlitls3

Xlokñi K3 Lurbpn. Xlokñi KK3 N`ërkan.

Xlokñi KKK3 Nskn.

Nuiqul sbi ùadbs lstbs sntëmktls, sñmb uibs aunitbs pbfl`bsutkmkznrmbs sntksenatbrkn`litl, puls su ernicn fl krrnfknakñi ib sl fkrkoli niulstrb pnàs, b ls ùy fëhkm su slþnm. Li prkiakpkb flhl`bs alitrnribs li lmNstrn, Dbthkrf, Kitlmsnt, y rlaklitl`litl li lm Dkspnsnt.

Nstrn n >;,8 L. Dbthkrf n >1 L.

Kitlmsnt n >,7 _. Dkspnsnt n 17 _.

Mbs sntëmktls lstîi brklitnfbs dnakn lmQur , yn qul lstn`bs li lmdl`kselrkb Ibrtl.


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Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin < fl 1?

Hnifns fl erlauliakn li mns qul trnhncni mbs sntëmktls

Mnserlauliakns qul sl utkmkzni li mn rnfkbfkeuskñi vàn sntëmktl lstîi limnzbin fl mns `karbbifns flitrb flm lsplatrb lmlatrb`noiëtkab. Mn vlitncn fl

utkmkznr uin hnifn fl erlauliakns tni lmlvnfn, ls qulsl pulfl livknr kiebr`nakñi`uadb `îs rîpkfb qul n erlauliakns `îs hncns.

Mns erlauliakns y hnifns nskoinfns pnrn mn trnis`kskñi y ab`uikanakñifl mns slþnmls fl k`noli y nufkb l`pmlnfns li rltrnis`kskbils fl tlmlvkskñisntëmktl sbi3

Hnifn FHQ (Fkrlat Hrbnfanst Qntlmmktl) , auyns erlauliakns sl liaulitrniab`prlifkfns litrl >>,? ODz y >8,< ODz.

Hnifn EQQ (Ekxlf Qlrvkal Qntlmmktl) , qul sl suhfkvkfl li fbs hnifns3b Ql`khnifn nmtn (EQQ Hnifn suplrkbr) fl >8,< n >8,?< ODz.b Ql`khnifn hncn (EQQ Hnifn kielrkbr) fl >7,? n >>,? ODz.

Mbssntëmktls flib`kinfbs FHQ usni mn pbmnrkznakñi akraumnr , y mbsnhrlvkn`bs fl mn skouklitl `nilrn MDAW (Mlet Dnif Akraumnr Wbmnrkzntkbi) bXDAW (Xkodt Dnif Akraumnr Wbmnrkzntkbi).

Mbssntëmktls flib`kinfbs EQQ

usni pbmnrkznakbils mkilnmls tnitbvlrtkanm

(U) ab`b dbrkzbitnm (D).

Li FHQ Wbmnrkznakñi akraumnrFlrladnsKzquklrfns

Li EQQ Wbmnrkznakñi mkilnmUlrtkanmDbrkzbitnm

Wbmnrkznakbils utkmkznfns li mbs limnals fl sntëmktl.


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Wnrn mntrnis`kskñi fl slþnmls vàn sntëmktl lxkstli fkelrlitls hnifns (A, Ju,Jn, lta.), plrb li mn natunmkfnf mn `îs utkmkznfn pnrn mn rnfkbfkeuskñi ls mnflib`kinfn hnifn Ju , auyb rniob fl erlauliakns ls3 li rlalpakñi (limnalflsaliflitl) flsfl >>,? dnstn >8,? ODz, y li trnis`kskñi (limnal nsaliflitl)

flsfl >6,7 dnstn >?,4 ODz.

Hnifn Erlauliakn flsaliflitl(ODz) FB_IMKIJErlauliakn nsaliflitl

(ODz) \WMKIJJu >>,?‑ >8,? >6,7‑ >?,4

Flitrb fl mn hnifn Ju, lmrniob flib`kinfb FHQ , fl >>,? n >8,< ODz,ls lmutkmkznfb pnrn l`ktkr fkrlatn`litl n mbs usunrkbs fb`ëstkabs slþnmls fl VU vànsntëmktl. Fkadb skstl`n plr`ktl utkmkznr nitlins fl tn`nþb `uy rlfuakfb pnrn mn

rlalpakñi fl lstl tkpb fl slþnmls.Wnrnfkstrkhukr abi enakmkfnf pbr mn kistnmnakñi anhmlnfn flm usunrkb , sl tklili

qul abivlrtkr mns slþnmls fl `uy nmtn erlauliakn (`karbbifns) fl mn hnifn Ju,rlakhkfns flsfl lm sntëmktl, li Erlauliakns Kitlr`lfkns (EK). Lstb mb dnal lmMIH(Mbw Ibksl Hmbaj, qul skoikekan Hmbqul fl Hncb Xukfb) b MIA (Mbw IbkslAbivlrsbr, qul skoikekan Abivlrsbr fl Hncb Xukfb).

Mnhnifn fl EK lmlokfn pnrn lm rlpnrtb lstî ab`prlifkfn litrl fbserlauliakns3 ;


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Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin ? fl 1?

Lstn trn`n fkoktnm pnrn lqukpbs fl nitlins ls uin `nran rlokstrnfn yabibakfn pbr lm ib`hrl fl tbibs FkslqA.

FkslqA (Fkoktnm Qntlmmktl Lqukp`lit Abitrbm) ls ui prbtbabmb fl

abùikanakñi lsplaknm`litl fkslþnfb pnrn enakmktnr mnrlalpakñi, brklitnakñi yncustl fl mbs fkspbsktkvbs qul sl utkmkzni li mns trnis`kskbils vàn sntëmktl.

Mntliskñi abitkiun fl >6,>4 U plr`ktl su`kikstrnr tliskñi nm MIH yabiùtnr mn pbmnrkfnf flslnfn pbr fkelrlitls vnmbrls fl tliskñi `lfknitl mn rlelrliaknfl tbib fl erlauliakn.

Lmtbib fl 7 n 88 jDz plr`ktl abiùtnr litrl fbs MIH y litrl mns fbshnifns EQQ y FHQ.

Lmskstl`n FkslqA prbfual ui tkpb fl `bfumnakñi qul skrvl pnrntrnis`ktkr fntbs fl abitrbm n mbs fkspbsktkvbs plrkeërkabs `lfknitl lm anhml abnxk ,sklifb lstbs plrkeërkabs, pbr lcl`pmb, fntbs fl pbskakbin`klitb nm rbtbr fl mbssntëmktls, an`hkb fl pnrnhñmkan, an`hkb fl hnifn, lta.

Fntbs fl abitrbm FkslqA.

Lxkstli vnrkbs tkpbs fl FkslqA3

FkslqA >.73 ls lm hîskab y abiùtn rlalptbrls li uin sbmn fkrlaakñi. FkslqA 8.73 kounm qul lm nitlrkbr, plrb abi abùikanakñi hkfkrlaakbinm.

Kiamuyl `îs plrkeërkabs. FkslqA 1.73 plisnfb pnrn skstl`ns abmlatkvbs. Ls hkfkrlaakbinm y abi

abitrbm fl tuilr.


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Npuitn`klitb fl mn pnrîhbmn dnakn lm sntëmktl

Li mbsskstl`ns fl nitlins tlrrlstrls , pnrn brklitnr mns nitlinsrlalptbrns hnstnrî abi brklitnr mn nitlin dnakn lm muonr li lm qul sl uhkan lm l`ksbr,

ncustnifb mn pbskakñi dnstn abisloukr mn `lcbr slþnm abi lm `lfkfbr fl an`pb. Lstb lssliakmmb, pbrqul lstns nitlins tklili ui dnzauyn nplrturn sulml lstnr litrl 8


9/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin ; fl 1?

Lmnakùt ls lmîioumb fl ncustl fl uin nitlin sbhrl lm pmnib dbrkzbitnm. Ls lmlcl T. Ls mnkiamkinakñi qul flhl`bs fnrml n mn nitlin fl kzquklrfn ‑ flrladn. Ls lmîioumb dbrkzbitnm nm qul dny qul okrnr mn nitlin dnstn liabitrnr lm sntëmktl.

Lmnakùt sl rleklrl n mn pbskakñi flm sntëmktl abi rlmnakñi nm Lstl ‑ Blstl.Mn rlelrliakn slrî lm Wbmb Qur sk sl liaulitrn li lmdl`kselrkb Ibrtl , b lm

Wbmb Ibrtl sk ls nm abitrnrkb.

Mn nitlin okrnrî dnakn lm Lstl (kzquklrfn) b dnakn lm Blstl (flrladn) flsfllm puitb Qur.

Vlil`bs qul3

Lmnakùt ls alrb aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstî dnakn lm Qur. Lmnakùt ls ilontkvb aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstî dnakn lm Lstl (kzquklrfn). Lmnakùt ls pbsktkvb aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstî dnakn lm Blstl (flrladn).

Lmlvnakñi

Mnlmlvnakñi ls mnkiamkinakñi li mn qul mmlon lm dnz fl slþnm flm sntëmktl dnstnnitlin . Ql `kfl li ornfbs.

Mnlmlvnakñi ls lmîioumb fl ncustl fl uin nitlin sbhrl lm lcl vlrtkanm. Ls lm lcl[. Ls mnkiamkinakñi qul flhl`bs fnrml n mn nitlin fl nrrkhn ‑ nhncb. Ls lm îioumb nmqul dny qul lmlvnr mn nitlin flsfl lm dbrkzbitl pnrn mbanmkznr lm sntëmktl. Ls lmîioumb qul ebr`n lm lcl fl mn pnrîhbmn abi rlsplatb nm sulmb, lstî ebr`nfb pbrmbsmnfbs fl ui trkîioumb sntëmktl-nitlin y nitlin- sulmb.

Mnlmlvnakñi sl rleklrl n mn pbskakñi flm sntëmktl abi rlmnakñi nm Ibrtl ‑ Qur.


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Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin >7 fl 1?

Li mn màiln flm Launfbr sl sktunrî li dbrkzbitnm (7), `klitrns qul aunitb`îs ibs nmlcl`bs dnakn lm Ibrtl, `îs tlifrl`bs qul hncnrmn, `îs ornfbs. Wbrlmmb, quklils sl liaulitrl li lm Qur fl Lspnþn (mntktuf 15) mn nitlin tlifrî uinkiamkinakñi `libr qul quklils sl liaulitrli li lm Ibrtl (mntktuf 66 ).

\in vlz qul sl dn ”lmlvnfb‐ mn nitlin dnakn mn ñrhktn olblstnakbinrkn,dny qul mbanmkznr lm sntëmktl ncustnifb mn nitlin n kzquklrfn b flrladn.

Wbmnrkznakñi

Mnpbmnrkznakñi ls mnrbtnakñi qul flhl tlilr lm MIH rlsplatb n mn vlrtkanm flmsulmb. Ql `kfl li ornfbs.

Ls lm îioumb nm qul dny qul okrnr lm abivlrsbr b MIH pnrn qul mnpbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm b vlrtkanm flm sntëmktl kiakfn plrelatn`litl sbhrl lm`ks`b.

Ukstb fl erlitl, okrnr n mn flrladn (îioumbs pbsktkvbs) y dnakn mn kzquklrfn(îioumbs ilontkvbs). Wbr lcl`pmb3 Añrfbhn tklil uin pbmnrkznakñi pbsktkvn fl 8


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Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin >> fl 1?

Mnstrnis`kskbils fl tlmlvkskñi vàn sntëmktl utkmkzni sk`umtîiln`litl mnspbmnrkznakbils vlrtkanm y dbrkzbitnm. Lstb plr`ktl trnis`ktkr ui lmlvnfb ió`lrbfl aninmls li ui lstrladb `nroli fl erlauliakns. Fl lstn `nilrn, mns erlauliakns flmbs fkelrlitls aninmls lstîi sbmnpnfns y ib lxkstli kitlr`bfumnakbils litrl lmmbs

nm plrtlilalr n pbmnrkznakbils fkstkitns.Li mn skouklitl ekourn sl pulfl bhslrvnr lstl lelatb li mn fkstrkhuakñi fl

aninmls flm sntëmktl Nstrn.

Fkstrkhuakñi fl aninmls y pbmnrkznakbils flm sntëmktl Nstrn.

Qk sktun`bs lm plqulþb fkpbmb lxkstlitl li lm kitlrkbr flm abivlrtkfbr lipbskakñi vlrtkanm rlsplatb nm sulmb, sñmb pbfrl`bs vlr mns l`ksbrns qultrnis`ktli abi pbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb n), skimbornr vlr ikiouin fl mns qul trnis`ktli abipbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm (vënsl mnskouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb h).

n) Fkpbmb li pbskakñi vlrtkanm. h) Fkpbmb li pbskakñi dbrkzbitnm.

Li mn nitlin pnrnhñmkan tlifrl`bs qul okrnr lm abivlrtkfbr , abi lm eki flsktunr lmfkpbmb li pbskakñi dbrkzbitnm b vlrtkanm , li euiakñi fl mn slþnm qulqulrn`bs rlakhkr. Lstb sl pulfl rlnmkznr nutb`îtkan`litl `lfknitl uipbmnrrbtbr (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb n), mmn`nfb tn`hkëipbmnrkznfbr ,qul ib ls `îs qul ui fkspbsktkvb lmlatrb`laîikab qul sl lianron fl okrnr mn pbmnrkznakñi fl mn slþnm anptnfn. Fl lstn ebr`n, abi ui sbmb abivlrtkfbr, pbfrl`bsrlakhkr tnitb mns slþnmls fl pbmnrkznakñi dbrkzbitnm ab`b vlrtkanm.


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Mn mk`ktnakñi qul tklil lstl skstl`n ls mn eknhkmkfnf fl mns pnrtls `ñvkmls sb`ltkfns n mn naakñi fl mbs nolitls nt`bseërkabs y mn prlakskñi li lm pbskakbin`klitb.

Btrn sbmuakñi abiskstl li mn utkmkznakñi flm mmn`nfbskstl`n brtb`bfb ,qul abiskstl li uin fbhml ouàn fl bifns qul slpnrn mns fbs pbmnrkznakbils , dbrkzbitnmy vlrtkanm, li fbs fkelrlitls snmkfns qul npmkani mns slþnmls n fbs fkelrlitlsabivlrtkfbrls.

Lmkmu`kinfbr (vënsl mn skouklitl ekourn, npnrtnfb h) tklil mn `kskñi flrlabolr tbfns mns slþnmls qul sl rlemlcni li lm fksab pnrnhñmkab y livknrmns nm fkptrnvës flm pbmnrkznfbr.

n) Wbmnrrbtbr. h) Kmu`kinfbr. a) Abivlrtkfbr.

Lcl`pmb3 Abmbanakñi flm abicuitb MIH pnrn vnrkbs sntëmktls.

Wbmnrkznakñi y sus vbmtncls

Vnitbmns slþnmls akraumnrls ab`b mns mkilnmls tklili ui vnmbr li vbmtncl qulmns kflitkekan y mn fkelrliakn mn uin fl mn btrn. Wbr mb qul pbfl`bs flakr qulolilrnm`litl lstbs fbs tkpbs fl slþnmls sbi usnfbs abi ui tkpb fl nitlinfbifl sl trnfual fl mn skouklitl `nilrn3


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>1 U3 Wbmnrkznakñi Ulrtkanm (U) li mkilnm bWbmnrkznakñi Akraumnr n `nibflrladn (XDAW).

>4 U3 Wbmnrkznakñi Dbrkzbitnm (D) li mkilnm bWbmnrkznakñi Akraumnr n `nib

kzquklrfn (MDAW).Nfl`îs, > U pulfl slr nþnfkfb flm rlakhkfbr n aunmquklrn fl mbs vbmtncls

nrrkhn `liakbinfbs pnrn ab`plisnr mn anàfn fl vbmtncl n anusn flm mnrob flmanhml abnxknm usnfb li lm skstl`n. Lstbs vbmtncls ib tklifli n slr tni lsplaàekabsab`b mb `liakbinfb nrrkhn, pbr mb qul lstbs pulfli bsakmnr fl mn skouklitl`nilrn3

Li >1 U flsfl >>,< U n>6 U . Li >4 U flsfl > U .

Mn pbmnrkznakñi `niunm fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sl rlnmkzn okrnifb lmabivlrsbr MIH ui îioumb fltlr`kinfb.

Mn abi`utnakñi pnrn pbmnrkznr fl ebr`n nutb`îtkan sl rlnmkzn livknifbuin slþnm fl abrrklitl abitkiun (FA) fl >1 U pnrn mnpbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm , b fl >4U pnrn mndbrkzbitnm: n`hns abi uin erlauliakn fl 88 jDz.

Abiekournakñi flm MIH uikvlrsnm

Dny MIH qul pulfli tlilr fkelrlitls tkpbs fl bsakmnfbr mbanm (B.M.,Mbanm Bsakmmntbr), ab`b mbs uikvlrsnmls qul su rniob fl B.M. ls fl ;,?7,5ODz, abi auhklrtn fl erlauliakns flsfl >7,? ‑ >8,?< ODz. Lstbs sbi usnfbs liLurbpn `nybr`litl, yn qul pulfli mmlonr n erlauliakns `îs hncns fbifllxkstli sntëmktls qul trnis`ktli li ëstns. LiIbrtln`ërkan sl usni mbs mkilnmlsabi ui B.M. fl >7.?>,? ‑ >8,8 ODz.

MIH uikvlrsnm.


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LmMIH uikvlrsnm plr`ktl nprbvladnr tbfn mn anpnakfnf fl trnis`kskñifl mbs sntëmktls pbr pnrtl fl ui usunrkb. Abiùtn mn fksark`kinakñi fl pbmnrkfnf (D y U) abi lm an`hkb fl mntliskñi fl nmk`litnakñi (>1 U y >4 D) y slmlaakbin mnsfbs hnifns fl sntëmktl , mn hnifn hncn y mn hnifn nmtn, abi mn suplrpbskakñi b ib flm

tbib fl 88 jDz li mn nmk`litnakñi. Fkspbil fl uin sbmn snmkfn.

LmMIH uikvlrsnm prbalsn mnhnifn ninmñokan fl >7,? n >>,? ODz y mn

hnifn fkoktnm fl >>,? n >8,?< ODz fl mn skouklitl ebr`n3Vliskñi fl

Abiùtnakñi(U)

Wbmnrkfnf(D ñ U)

Vbib(jDz)

Hnifn Erlauliakn

(ODz)

BsakmnfbrMbanm(ODz)

>1 U 7 Hncn >7,?‑ >>,? ;,?4 D ;,?<>1 U 88 Nmtn >>,?‑ >8,?< ;,?4 D ;,?<

Flamkinakñi `noiëtkan

Lm Wbmb Ibrtl `noiëtkab ib abkiakfl abi lm Wbmb Ibrtl olborîekab, pbrlstn rnzñi, sl dn fl tlilr li aulitn pnrn lm aîmaumb flm îioumb fl nakùt.


15/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin >< fl 1?

Mnflamkinakñi `noiëtkan ls mnfkelrliakn litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab y lm Ibrtl`noiëtkab. Ls flakr, ls mn kiamkinakñi flm ombhb tlrrlstrl, yn qul mn Vklrrn lstîkiamkinfn. Lstn fkelrliakn ls fkstkitn pnrn anfn muonr.

Vliklifb li aulitn lm lrrbr qul lxkstl litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab, 7 y lmIbrtl `noiëtkab, flhlrl`bs su`nrml nm nak`ut, litrl 6 y 4 , sloói lm muonr liqul ibs liabitrl`bs li Lspnþn. Wbr lcl`pmb3 Añrfbhn tklil uin flamkinakñi`noiëtkan fl 6,< .


16/37


Aîmaumb fl îioumbs fl brklitnakñi

Mbs îioumbs sl pulfli fltlr`kinr fl trls ebr`ns3

Wbr niîmksks `ntl`îtkab. Lstl skstl`n anmaumn aunmquklr puitb pnrnaunmquklr sntëmktl abibaklifb mns abbrflinfns flm muonr y flm sntëmktllmlokfb.

Wbr îhnab fl mbs fntbs `ntl`îtkabs. Qbi orîekabs qul fni mbs puitbs husanfbs abibaklifb mns abbrflinfns flm muonr y flm sntëmktl.

Wbr Kitlrilt. Li pîokins _lh qul ibs fni mbs rlsumtnfbs li euiakñi flmmuonr y lm sntëmktl.

>lr `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkanspbr niîmksks `ntl`îtkab

>) @ëtbfb abi eñrùmns trkobib`ëtrkans3

Wnrnanmaumnr mbs pnrî`ltrbs fl lmlvnakñi, nakùt y fkstniakn ,ilalsktn`bs abibalr mbs skouklitls fntbs3

Mntktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi (δ). Mbioktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi `libs mn mbioktuf flm sntëmktl (ζ). Xlmnakñi litrl lm rnfkb fl mn Vklrrn y lm fl mn ñrhktn flm sntëmktl

(W07,>8?).

Eñrùmns ilalsnrkns pnrn lm aîmaumb3

Lmlvnakñi3

sli

W nrato Lmlvnakñi

abs

Qklifb absabsabs nr


17/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin >? fl 1?

Nakùt3

slito

nrato Nakùt >47

Qk ibs fni mn flamkinakñi `noiëtkan flm muonr pnrn rlakhkr mn slþnm flmsntëmktl, nm vnmbr fl nakùt sl ml su`nrî ab`b sl kifkan n abitkiunakñi3

`noiëtkaniflamkinakñ slito

nrato Nakùt R >47

Fkstniakn3

abs>6>;;;.7>?45.16' Fa Fa

Nuiqul, fl ebr`n nprbxk`nfn3


18/37


Lcl`pmb >3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sktunfn liAñrfbhn y brklitnfn dnakn lm sntëmktl Dkspnsnt.

FNVBQ3

Abbrflinfns fl Añrfbhn3b Mbioktuf3 6,4· _.b Mntktuf3 1?,;·.

Dkspnsnt3 sktunfb li 17· _.Ab`b lm sntëmktl lstî sktunfb nm Blstl, lm skoib ls ilontkvb.

Npmkanifb mns eñr`umns nitlrkbrls3

8,86>;;;.7>?45.165?,84' Fa

Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 14,?;· y Nak`ut (+) 0 8>5,8


19/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin >; fl 1?

Lcl`pmb 83 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan sktunfn liQnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn y brklitnfn dnakn lm sntëmktl Dkspnsnt.

FNVBQ3

Abbrflinfns fl Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn3b Mbioktuf3 4,;;;.7>?45.144,68

6

to sli

nrato Fa

Wbmnrkznakñi pnrn nitlin beeslt3

;4,66;,8>' Fa

Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 15,1·.


20/37


8) @ëtbfb sliakmmb ski eñrùmns trkobib`ëtrkans3

Wnrnanmaumnr mbs pnrî`ltrbs fl lmlvnakñi y nakùt , ilalsktn`bs abibalrmbs skouklitls fntbs3

Mntktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi. Mbioktuf flm muonr fl rlalpakñi `libs mn mbioktuf flm sntëmktl. Fkstniakn litrl ui puitb olborîekab fl mn Vklrrn y lm sntëmktl.

Eñrùmns ilalsnrkns pnrn lm aîmaumb3

Lcl`pmb3 Brklitnr uin nitlin pnrnhñmkan fl tkpb beeslt sktunfn liAñrfbhn dnakn mbs sntëmktls Nstrn, DbtHkrf l Dkspnsnt.

FNVBQ3

Abbrflinfns fl Añrfbhn3b Mbioktuf3 6,4· _.b Mntktuf3 1?,;·.

Wbmnrkznakñi3Ql husan li Kitlrilt lm vnmbr fl mn pbmnrkznakñi qul flhl tlilr uin

nitlin sktunfn li Añrfbhn dnakn lm sntëmktl.

Wbmnrkznakñi (+)3 8;,8 L)3

Wnsbs3

>) Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑ Qntëmktl3

Ql su`ni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi lifkstkitns zbins.

ξf 0 >;,8 + 6,4 0 86·

8) Lmlvnakñi3

Ab`b ξf ls 86· y mn mntktuf ls 1?,;· (≄ 14·) , sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbrfl mn lmlvnakñi qul ls 1;,16·.


21/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin 8> fl 1?

1) Nakùt3

Ab`b ξf ls 86·, mn mntktuf ls 14· y lm sntëmktl lst{ `{s nm Lstl flm puitbtlrrlstrl (>;,8·), sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr flm nakùt ilontkvb qul ls >66,>1·.

Nakùt (‑ ) 0 >66,>1·

Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 1;,16· y Nakùt (‑ ) 0 >66,>1·.

h) DbtHkrf (sktunfb li >1 L)3

Wnsbs3

>) Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑ Qntëmktl3

Ql su`ni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi lifkstkitns zbins.

ξf 0 >1 + 6,4 0 >?,4·

8) Lmlvnakñi3

Ab`b ξf ls >?,4· (≄ >4·) y mn mntktuf ls 1?,;· (≄ 14·) , sl husan li mn tnhmn lmvnmbr fl mn lmlvnakñi qul ls 68,>>·.

1) Nakùt3

Ab`b ξf ls >4·, mn mntktuf ls 14· y lm sntëmktl lst{ `{s nm Lstl flm puitbtlrrlstrl (>1·), sl husan li mn tnhmn lm vnmbr flm nakùt ilontkvb qul ls >4·.

Nakùt (‑ ) 0 >4·

Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 68,>>· y Nakùt (‑ ) 0 >4·.


22/37


a) Dkspnsnt (sktunfb li 17 _)3

Wnsbs3

>) Îioumb fl fkelrliakn Vklrrn ‑ Qntëmktl3Ql rlstni mbs îioumbs pbrqul lm sntëmktl y lm puitb olborîekab lstîi li mn

`ks`n zbin.

ξf 0 17 ‑ 6,4 0 86·

Qbmuakñi3 Lmlvnakñi 0 14,48· y Nakùt (+) 0 8>?,>6·.

8³ `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkanspbr îhnab

Lm skouklitl ncustl slrî lm qul mbanmkznrî mn slþnm prbalflitl flm sntëmktl.Lstl `ëtbfb prbpbrakbinrî ui ncustl sbhrl fbs lcls3 lmdbrkzbitnm , qul mmn`n`bsnakùt , y lmvlrtkanm , flib`kinfb lmlvnakñi. Wnrn abisloukr lstbs fntbs, ibs hnsnrl`bs li mns abbrflinfns flm puitb fbifl qulrl`bs l`pmnznr mn nitlin (mbioktuf y mntktuf) y li lm l`pmnzn`klitb flm sntëmktl flitrb fl mn ñrhktn olblstnakbinrkn , ls flakr, su pbskakñi brhktnm. N pnrtkr fl lstbs fntbs, sllstnhmlalrî mnfkelrliakn litrl mn mbioktuf fl mn nitlin rlalptbrn y mn pbskakñi brhktnmflm sntëmktl , sloói mn eñrùmn3

F 0 Mbioktuf flm rlalptbr‑ Wbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl

Wnrn lstnhmlalr lstn fkelrliakn, sl tb`nrîi ab`bvnmbrls pbsktkvbs nqulmmbs qul sl liaulitrni dnakn lm Lstl, rlsplatb flm `lrkfknib fl Orlliwkad ,


23/37


`klitrns qul mbs sktunfbs li mn fkrlaakñi Blstl sl abiskflrnrîi abi skoibilontkvb.

Qk mn fkelrliakn bhtlikfn lspbsktkvn , supbifrî qul lm sntëmktl sl liaulitrn

`îs dnakn lm Blstl qul mn pbskakñi flm rlalptbr , pbr mb qul lmnakùt fl mn nitlin ,qul `lfkrl`bs abi uin hrócumn, slrî `nybr fl >47 . Qk, pbr lm abitrnrkb, mnfkelrliakn lsilontkvn , mn abbrflinfndbrkzbitnm slrî `libr fl >47· .

Mn fkelrliakn bhtlikfn sl mmlvnrî sbhrl lmîhnab qul lstî flhncb, b sbhrlmnstnhmns fl lmlvnakñi y nakùt , fbifl tn`hkëi husanrl`bs mn ekmnabrrlspbifklitl n mn mntktuf, bhtliklifb nsà lm vnmbr fl mn lmlvnakñi y lm nakùtli qul flhlrî npuitnr mn nitlin. Ab`b yn sl dn ab`litnfb, tb`nrl`bs lmnakùt pbsktkvb b ilontkvb sloói lm skoib bhtlikfb li mn fkelrliakn litrl mn mbioktuf

y mn pbskakñi brhktnm.

Îhnab pnrn lm aîmaumb fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi.


24/37


Anrnatlràstkans n tlilr li aulitn3

Li lm îhnab npnrlali mbs lcls lxprlsnfbs li mntktuf y fkelrliakn flmbioktuf.

Lm rlsumtnfb ls lm vnmbr fl mbs îioumbs fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi. Lm îhnab rlprlslitnfb lstî rlnmkznfb pnrn nitlins li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl.

Abi lstl `ëtbfb ib sl pulfl bhtlilr lm îioumb fl pbmnrkznakñi.

Lcl`pmb3 ûlrl`bs anmaumnr mns abbrflinfns fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi qulflhlrî tlilr uin nitlin sktunfn li @nfrkf pnrn rlakhkr mn slþnm flm sntëmktlNstrn.

Li prk`lr muonr, dnhrî qul abibalr mn pbskakñi brhktnm flm sntëmktl Nstrn

(uhkanfb li >;,8· Lstl) y mnsabbrflinfns fl mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn. Mn akufnf fl@nfrkf sl liaulitrn n uin mntktuf fl 67,5· Ibrtl, y n 1,· fl mntktuf. Mnfkelrliakn rlsumtnitl lsilontkvn , nsà puls, tb`nrl`bs lm vnmbr fl mn abmuìn flnakùt ilontkvb ,bhtliklifb lm vnmbr fl >6?,>·. Mnlmlvnakñi abrrlspbifklitl ls fl 1?,74·.

Nakùt (‑ ) 0 >6?,>· Lmlvnakñi 0 1?,74·

Wbmnrkznakñi (+) 0 86?,>·.


25/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin 8< fl 1?

1lr `ëtbfb3 Aîmaumb fl brklitnakñi fl mns nitlins pnrnhñmkanspbr Kitlrilt

Fntbs fl brklitnakñi fl anfn uin fl mns prbvkiakns fl Lspnþn dnakn lm

sntëmktl Nstrn sktunfb n >;· L3

WrbvkiaknNstrn

Nak`ut Lmlvnakñi WbmnrkznakñiÎMNUN >64 67 +8<NMKANIVL > +8<NM@LXÀN >65 68 +8<NQV\XKNQ >65 16 +8<

ÎUKMN >65 1? +8<HNFNCBS >68 14 +17

HNXALMBIN >64 15 +8<

AK\FNF XLNM >65 1; +8<AÎALXLQ >61 1? +17

AÎFKS >6> 67 +17ANQVLMMÑI >66 67 +17A\LIAN >64 1; +8<OKXBIN >6< 6> +17O\NFNMNCNXN >64 14 +8<

O\KWÓSABN >6> 1; +17D\LQAN >6< 67 +17MN ABX\ÞN >68 11 +17

MN XKBCN >6; 15 +87MNQ WNM@NQ >86 67 +6<

MLÑI >6< 1< +8<

M\OB >61 16 +8<MMLKFN >


26/37


@NFXKF >6? 14 +8<@ÎMNON >66 6> +17

@NMMBXAN > +87@\XAKN >6; 6> +8<

INUNXXN > 15 +87BXLIQL >61 16 +8<

WNMLIAKN >65 1? +8<WBIVLULFXN >68 16 +8<QNMN@NIAN >6< 15 +8<QNIVNIFLX >64 1< +8<

QLOBUKN >6? 1? +8<

QLUKMMN >68 1; +17QBXKN >6; 1? +8<

VNXXNOBIN >86 1; +6<VLX\LM >65 14 +8<

UNMLIAKN > 67 +87

UNMMNFBMKF >65 15 +86; 1< +87SN@BXN >6< 15 +8<

SNXNOBSN > 14 +87

Fntbs fl brklitnakñi fl anfn uin fl mns prbvkiakns fl Lspnþn dnakn lmsntëmktl Dkspnsnt sktunfb n 17· _3

WrbvkiaknDkspnsnt

Nak`ut Lmlvnakñi WbmnrkznakñiÎMNUN 8>? 11 -8<

NMHNALVL 887 15 -17NMKANIVL 888 15 -17NM@LXÀN 88> 14 -17NQV\XKNQ 8>1 16 -8<

ÎUKMN 8>5 15 -8<

HNFNCBS 8>6 1; -8


27/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin 8? fl 1?

HNXALMBIN 886 18 -17H\XOBQ 8>5 16 -8<

AK\FNF XLNM 8>4 1? -17AÎALXLQ 8>6 14 -8<

AÎFKS >66 6> -17ANQVLMMÑI 888 16 -17AÑXFBHN 8>4 1; -17A\LIAN 8>; 15 -17OKXBIN 886 1> -17

OXNINFN 8>; 1; -17O\NFNMNCNXN 8>4 15 -17

O\KWÓSABN 8>4 11 -8<D\LMUN 8>< 67 -8<D\LQAN 887 11 -17

CNËI 8>; 14 -17MN ABX\ÞN 8>7 15 -87

MN XKBCN 8>4 16 -8<MNQ WNM@NQ 87; 1 15 -8> 15 -87MMLKFN 888 11 -17

@NFXKF 8>? 15 -17@ÎMNON 8>; 67 -17

@NMMBXAN 88< 11 -1<@\XAKN 888 1? -17

INUNXXN 8>; 11 -8<BXLIQL 8>> 15 -8<

WNMLIAKN 8>5 15 -8<WBIVLULFXN 8>7 1? -87QNMN@NIAN 8>< 15 -8<QNIVNIFLX 8>< 16 -8<

QLOBUKN 8>5 15 -8<QLUKMMN 8>5 67 -17

QBXKN 8>4 16 -17VNXXNOBIN 881 11 -17


28/37


VLILXKEL 87? ? 1? -17

UNMLIAKN 888 1< -17UNMMNFBMKF 8>< 15 -8<

UKSAN[N 8>? 11 -8<SN@BXN 8>6 15 -8<

SNXNOBSN 887 16 -17

Kistnmnakñi fl mn pnrîhbmn

Wrk`lrb,sl kistnmn mn hnsl fl mn nitlin sbhrl lm muonr lmlokfb , aukfnifbfl qul qulfl sñmkfn`litl abmbanfn abi brklitnakñi dnakn lm Qur , pulstb qul ibsliabitrn`bs li lm dl`kselrkb Ibrtl.

N abitkiunakñi, sl prbalfl nbrklitnr mn nitlin li lmlvnakñi y nakùt:pnrn lmmb sl prlaksni kistru`litbs `lfkfbrls fl îioumbs, ab`b pulfl slr uikiamkiñ`ltrb y uin hrócumn pnrn brklitnakñi li nakùt, tliklifb li aulitn mnflamkinakñi `noiëtkan flm muonr (fkelrliakn litrl lm Ibrtl olborîekab y lm Ibrtl`noiëtkab).

Fnfn mnfkstniakn flm sntëmktl n mn Vklrrn , nprbxk`nfn`litl 15.777 j ̀, uinplqulþn vnrknakñi li slitkfb vlrtkanm u dbrkzbitnm banskbin ui fkstniakn`klitbfl sntëmktl fl vnrkbs alitlinrls fl jkmñ`ltrbs. Wbr lcl`pmb3 \i sbmb ornfb flvnrknakñi supbil ui flspmnzn`klitb fl `îs fl 577 j` flm sntëmktl.

Wnrî`ltrbs fl brklitnakñi fl uin nitlin3 nakùt y lmlvnakñi.


29/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin 8; fl 1?

Mbsncustls pnrn mn brklitnakñi sl rlnmkzni fl ebr`n `niunm b `btbrkznfnsbhrl lm sbpbrtl fl mn nitlin.

Npuitn`klitb fl nitlins pnrnhñmkans ekcns

Wnsbs n sloukr3

\in vlz rlnmkznfb lm aîmaumb prlmk`kinr, sktunrl`bs, mn nitlin fl naulrfbabi mns abbrflinfns abisloukfns li mns tnhmns, abi nyufn fl mn hrócumn pnrn lmnakùt y flm kiamkiñ`ltrb pnrn mnlmlvnakñi.

>) Ncustl flm nakùt3

Wnrn rlnmkznr lstn bplrnakñi flhlrl`bs sktunr mn hrócumn mlcbs flaunmquklr suplrekakl `ltîmkan, y abi lmmn mbanmkznr ui puitb fl rlelrliakn mlcnibqul ibs plr`ktn lstnhmlalr uin màiln rlatn litrl mn pbskakñi fl mn hrócumn y lmbhcltb fl rlelrliakn (tliklifb fkadn màiln lm îioumb nflaunfb): y abmbanrl`bs lmlcl fl mn nitlin fl ebr`n qul lstë abitlikfb li fkadn màiln b pnrnmlmn n lmmn. Flaunmquklr `bfb, lmnpuitn`klitb flm nakùt sl ab`pmltnrî li lm pnsbskouklitl, flhkfb n qul mn prlakskñi ilalsnrkn ib pulfl mbornrsl utkmkznifbóikan`litl uin hrócumn.

Ncustl flm nakùt abi uin hrócumn.

8) Ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi3

Wnrn lmncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi , prbalflrl`bs n abmbanr lm kiamkiñ`ltrbsbhrl mn suplrekakl flm abivlrsbr (fl `bfb qul qulfl pnrnmlmb nm lcl fl mn nitlin),slmlaakbinrl`bs lm îioumb qul flsln`bs bhtlilr y vnrknrl`bs mn lmlvnakñi fl


30/37


mn nitlin dnstn qul mn mlaturn flm npnrntb sln abrrlatn. Lstb sl abiskoul aunifbmns màilns ekcn y `ñvkm abkiakfli. Li lstl `b`litb tlifrl`bs mn nitlinnpuitnfn abrrlatn`litl. Mn prlakskñi abisloukfn abi lm kiamkiñ`ltrb ls `uadb`nybr qul mn prbpbrakbinfn pbr mn hrócumn, pbr mb qul lm îioumb fl lmlvnakñi

prlaksnrî `libs rltbquls fl ncustl ekib qul lm nak`ut. Qk lm abivlrsbr ib tklilmns anrns pnrnmlmns nm lcl fl mn nitlin, sl pulfl ncustnr mn lmlvnakñi abi nyufn fluin rlomn b ui mkstñi ràokfb, qul abmbanrl`bs vlrtkanm`litl li lm alitrb flmrlemlatbr. Lstl mkstñi slrî mn hnsl fbifl sktunrl`bs lm kiamkiñ`ltrb, abi mnsnmvlfnf fl qul flhlrl`bs nþnfkrml ;7· nm vnmbr brkokinm , yn qul lstn`bs `kfklifblm îioumb ab`pml`litnrkb n mn sktunakñi nitlrkbr.

Ncustl fl mn lmlvnakñi. \hkanakñi flm kiamkiñ`ltrb. Ncustnr mn lmlvnakñi fl mn nitlin fl ebab alitrnfb3

Wnrn `lfkr lm îioumb li nitlins fl ebab prk`nrkb, pulfl utkmkznrsl uikiamkiñ`ltrb , sktunifb fkadb kistru`litb li mn màiln k`nokinrkn qul uil lmsntëmktl abi lm rlemlatbr. Nm slr lstb fkeàakm, pbfl`bs sktunrmb li lm pmnib qulebr`n lm hbrfl sbhrl uin rlomn. Li lstl ansblm vnmbr n `lfkr slrî lm îioumbab`pml`litnrkb flm îioumb fl lmlvnakñi fl pnrtkfn.


31/37

Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin 1> fl 1?

Qloói lm fntb bhtlikfb li mn eñr`umn, y abi mn nyufn fl ui kiamkiñ`ltrb,sl prbalflrî n okrnr mn nitlin: nuiqul ib sl usnrî fkadb fntb pnrn mnbrklitnakñi, skib lm {ioumb rlsumtnitl fl ”liancnr‐ ui trk{ioumb rlat{ioumbrlsplatb n mn fkrlaakñi fl npuitn`klitb. Fl lstn ebr`n, mn `lfkfn -abi

kiamkiñ`ltrb- sl pulfl dnalr ski fkekaumtnf. Qklifb”L‐ mn lmlvnakñi, lmîioumbrlnm fl `lfkfn slrî ;7· ‑ L.

Lmlvnakñi 0 ;7·‑ L

Lcl`pmb3 Qupbion`bs qul Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn tklil uin lmlvnakñifl 1


32/37


Lcl`pmb >3 Li lm lcl`pmb nitlrkbr sbhrl Qnitknob fl Ab`pbstlmn lmîioumb ab`pml`litnrkb slrî 1< ‑ 85,< 0 4,


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nmk`litnr lstl abivlrsbr, pbr mb qul hnstnrî abi abilatnr lm `lfkfbr nmabivlrsbr, slmlaakbinr mn tliskñi fl nmk`litnakñi qul livknrl`bs pbr lm anhml, ylm lqukpb lstnrî mkstb pnrn rlakhkr slþnm. Qk lm `lfkfbr ib fkspbil fl `biktbr,abmbanrl`bs uib lxtlrib pnrn ab`prbhnr mn anmkfnf fl rlalpakñi bhtlikfn.

Li prkiakpkb, prbalflrl`bs n hnrrlr mn zbin flm lspnakb prñxk`n nmnpuitn`klitb kifkanfb li mns abbrflinfns . Lstn bplrnakñi flhl rlnmkznrslsunvl`litl, `bvklifb mn nitlin dbrkzbitnm`litl fl ui mnfb n btrb, li tbrib nmpuitb mbanmkznfb fl nak`ut y lmlvnakñi, nm tkl`pb qul bhslrvn`bs lm `biktbr.Li ui `b`litb fltlr`kinfb, npnrlalrî li lm `biktbr, fl ebr`n kistnitîiln, mnslþnm, vbmvklifb n flsnpnrlalr sk abitkiun`bs lm `bvk`klitb. Litbialsalitrnrl`bs mn nitlin sbhrl mn slþnm rlakhkfn y rltbanrl`bs slauliaknm`litl mnlmlvnakñi y lm nak`ut li mn fkrlaakñi li mn qul sl abiskon ui`nybr ikvlm fl slþnm,dnstn bhtlilr lm `îxk`b nhsbmutb. Aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstë li mnpbskakñi ñptk`n ,prbalflrl`bs nm ncustl ekib fl tbfbs mbs lml`litbs `ñvkmls fl mn nitlin (fkstniaknebanm, pbmnrkznakñi, ltaëtlrn), abiskouklifb nsà mn `lcbr anmkfnf fl rlalpakñi y lm`nybr ikvlm fl slþnm rlakhkfn.

Mn `nybràn fl mbs`lfkfbrls fl an`pb tklili mnanpnakfnf fl l`ktkr uitbib nufkhml , auyn erlauliakn ls prbpbrakbinm n mn anitkfnf fl slþnm rlakhkfn.Lstl tbib slrî ornvl nitl slþnmls fl hncb ikvlm , vbmvkëifbsl `îs noufb aunitb`nybr sln mn slþnm qul mmlon nm `lfkfbr , pbr mb qul sl pbfrî ncustnr ski ilalskfnffl `krnr abitkiun`litl n mn pnitnmmn. Ls k`pbrtnitl rlsnmtnr qul li lm prbalsbfl niamncl fl mn nitlin sl flhl bhslrvnr abitkiun`litl mn `lfkfn fl mn slþnm,yn qul mn ekcnakñi pulfl anusnr flspmnzn`klitbs fl mn nitlin qul prbvbanràniuin fks`kiuakñi fl mn anitkfnf fl slþnm rlakhkfn.

Mnsl`prlsns kistnmnfbrns fl KAV flhli fkspbilr, pbr mly, fl ui`lfkfbr fl an`pb abi pnitnmmn y euiakñi fl niîmksks fl lsplatrb , pbr mb qulncustnrl`bs mn nitlin skouklifb lstl `ëtbfb. Qki l`hnrob, lxkstli btrbsskstl`ns pnrn rlnmkznr lstl ncustl.

Qk ib sl fkspbil fl ui `lfkfbr fl an`pb, ls pbskhml rlnmkznr lmnpuitn`klitb `lfknitl ui mbanmkznfbr fl sntëmktls , mmn`nfbs tn`hkëiekiflrs bduitlrs . Ql trntn fl ui lqukpb fl hncb abstl qul prbpbrakbin uin kifkanakñi naóstkan yvksunm fl mn pbtliakn qul rlakhl , nm tkl`pb qul berlal mn pbskhkmkfnf fl nmk`litnr lmabivlrsbr MIH.

Li mbs̀ bflmbs qul sbi `îs nvniznfbs , ab`b mbs fl mns skouklitlsekourns, sl pulfl kflitkekanr lm sntëmktl y slmlaakbinr lm slrvkakb flslnfb , l kiamusbtb`nr `lfkfbs nvniznfns, ab`b mbs àifkals @LX y HLX.


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Fl hncb abstl Abi euiakbils nvniznfnsMbanmkznfbrls fl sntëmktls.

\in vlz mbanmkznfb lm sntëmktl , flhl`bs kflitkekanrmb , pulstb qul li

nmouins zbins flmnrab pbmnr dny vnrkbs sntëmktls ùy prñxk`bs litrl sà. Wnrnlmmb,skitbikznrl`bs uib fl mbs aninmls y ab`prbhnrl`bs mbs fntbs fl su trn`nfkoktnm, fbifl sl kflitkekani mn rlf y lm slrvkakb. Nfl`îs, rlnmkznrl`bs mnkflitkekanakñi n trnvës flm mbobtkpb fl mn l`ksbrn y ab`prbhnrl`bs li uintnhmnfl aninmls qul, lelatkvn`litl, abrrlspbifl n uin slþnm l`ktkfb flsfl lm sntëmktlqul ibs kitlrlsn rlakhkr.

6) Ncustl flm pmnib fl pbmnrkznakñi3

Aunifb mn pnrîhbmn lstë li mn `lcbr pbskakñi fl nakùt y lmlvnakñi, slprbalfl n ncustnr mn pbmnrkznakñi (tn`hkëi mmn`nfb”MIH Qjlw‐ ), abi lm eki flbhtlilr mǹ lcbr anmkfnf fl rlalpakñi y lm `nybr ikvlm fl slþnm.

Lstl ncustl ekinm ls ùy k`pbrtnitl, pulstb qul mnpbskakñi ñptk`n flmabivlrsbr MIH flplifl fl mn zbin flm akiturñi fl Amnrjl li qul sl liaulitrl.


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Lianrinakñi @nrài Anhnmmlrb Wîokin 1< fl 1?

Nsà, sk vn`bs n rlakhkr mnpbmnrkznakñi vlrtkanm flm sntëmktl Nstrn ,tlifrl`bs qul okrnr lm abivlrsbr mkolrn`litl li lm slitkfb dbrnrkb (abi mn nitlinvkstb fl erlitl). Lstb sl flhl n mn kiamkinakñi fl su pbskakñi brhktnm flsfl lm

puitb fl vkstn flm rlalptbr, nm liabitrnrsl li lm lxtrl`b flrladb flm nrab pbmnr.

Anptnakñi fl mn slþnm n trnvës fl mn VU3

Kistnmnakñi fl uin nitlin abmlatkvn l kifkvkfunm3

\i ansb lsplaknm`litl kitlrlsnitl fl npuitn`klitb fl nitlins slprbfual aunifb sl flslni rlakhkr mns slþnmls fl tbfbs mbs sntëmktls vkskhmlsflsfl lm l`pmnzn`klitb fl mn lstnakñi rlalptbrn. Li lm ansb fl uinkistnmnakñi

abmlatkvn ls ilalsnrkn mnutkmkznakñi fl uin nitlin pnrn anfn uib fl mbs sntëmktls nrlakhkr , mb qul lianrlal mn kistnmnakñi n ikvlmls fkeàakm`litl nslqukhmls. Qkil`hnrob, li kistnmnakbils kifkvkfunmls dny uin sbmuakñi fl hncb abstl , nm iblxkstkr mn ilalskfnf fl tlilr mn slþnm fl tbfbs mbs sntëmktls nm `ks`b tkl`pb.


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Vb`n fl fntbs abi lm `lfkfbr fl an`pb3

Nitlin fl ebab prk`nrkb3

Nitlin beeslt3


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Xlalpakñi fl slþnm pnrn VU sntëmktl, `lfknitl ui rlalptbr fkoktnm3

Ikvlmls fl anmkfnf pnrn VFQ sloói lm X.F. 165/87>>

Ikvlm fl slþnm ̂ WQJ-VU3 6?-?? fH¼U

Xlmnakñi Wbrtnfbrn/Xukfb nmlntbrkb3b A/I ^WQJ-VU3

^WQJ FUH-Q 9 >> ^WQJ FUH-Q8 9 >8

b A/I 4WQJ FUH-Q8 9 >6

UHLX UHLX ^WQJ3 = ; ¿ >7-< ≮>7-6

AHLX >7-8

Orientación de las antenas satélite

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