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8/3/2019 Organizing Violence Wealth, Power, And Governance
tah ihst rhspedsh iy etahrs. F leghb taft afs b`ttbh rhbhvfdnh te rhfb sen`ht`hs `s ej b`l`thg ush; se tee edh taft lhrhby nfpturhs `d jerlfb bec`n s`tuft`eds taft afvh ihhdeishrvhg fdg ghsnr`ihg. ^e wa`bh ghvhbep`dc ta`s pr`dn`pfb b`dh ej frculhdt, wh fbse
hxpberh `ts `lpb`nft`eds. ^elh phrtf`d te tah stfi`b`ty ej stfths; etahrs te stfth jf`burh. Shneds`ghr hlp`r`nfb hxflpbhs cbhfdhg jrel a`stery fdg tah nedthlperfry ghvhbep`dc
werbg „ fdg hsphn`fbby tah jrfc`bh stfths ej Fjr`nf. Hxpber`dc tah bec`n ej tah jerlfbfrculhdt `bbul`dfths tah peb`t`nfb s`cd`j`nfdnh ej puib`n rhvhduhs (fdg jerh`cd f`g); tah peb`t`nfb er`c`ds ej ‒tah rhseurnh nursh;“ fdg tah g`vhrsh pftas iy wa`na stfths jrfnturh
fdg g`sfsshlibh.
F Leghb ej ]rethnt`ed fdg ]regunt`ed `d ^tfthbhss ^en`ht`hs
@d eur leghb, v`ebhdnh nfd ih hlpbeyhg ieta te hxprepr`fth tah prephrty ej etahrs(rf`g`dc), fdg te prethnt edh‐s ewd prephrty jrel lfrfug`dc. We fpprex`lfth f stfthbhsssen`hty, wh stfrt w`ta f s`lpbh leghb ej shbj-ghjhdsh fdg lutufb ghthrrhdnh. Sh w`bb
@j f pbfyhr lfkhs del`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt, sah nfddet hxprepr`fth fdy ej tah etahr pbfyhr‐s whfbta `d f rf`g (`.h.,L(•)<=). Wah lerh sah `dvhsts `d l`b tfry nfpfi`b`ty tah a`cahr ahr y`hbg jrel f rf`g;
aewhvhr, tah lerh l`b`tfry fi`b`ty f phrsed fnqu`rhs, tah lerh sah `s fibh te hdcfch `dghjhdsh fdg tah lerh g`jj`nubt `t `s te hxprepr`fth ahr whfbta. L taus ghdeths tahthnadebecy ej v`ebhdnh; `t nfpturhs tah nerrhspedghdnh ihtwhhd l`b`tfry nfpfi`b`t`hs fdg
rhg`str`iut`vh eutnelhs.
^`dnh ieta pbfyhrs nfd rf`g hfna etahr, tah dht tetfb `dnelh ej pbfyhr `, @`(w , l , w-
, l-`) hqufbs ahr `dnelh jrel werk fdg rf`g`dc bhss ahr besshs jrel ih`dc rf`ghg. ^e,@`(•) < J(w`) + r J(w-`)L(l , l-`) - r -`J(w`)L(l-` , l`).
Fdy rhseurnhs det ghvethg te w` er l` `dnrhfsh tah fleudt ej bh`surh, b , taft f pbfyhr nedsulhs. ]bfyhr 's ut`b`ty jrel `dnelh fdg bh`surh `s ghdethg iy X(@ `(•), b ),wahrh @ `s taft pbfyhr's `dnelh fdg b frh tah rhseurnhs fbbenfthg te bh`surh. Sh lf`dtf`d
tah usufb fssulpt`eds w`ta rhsphnt te tah judnt`ed X(•), `dnbug`dc nednfv`ty `d hfna ej `tshbhlhdts.
Wahrhjerh, ]bfyhr 's fnt`ed sht, F < {( w , l , b , r )? w , l , b ≨ = fdg w + l + b <
W`, r ∁ {=, 6}}, y`hbgs ahr f edh-phr`eg pfyejj ej `(w , l , b , w-` , l-`) < X(@`(•), b ).
Sh hlpbey ta`s shtup te hxpberh tah hqu`b`ir`ul prephrt`hs ej sen`ht`hs taft bfnk stfths.
Jer tah irefghr frculhdt ej tah pfphr, `t `s fbse `lpertfdt te deth taft `d f s`dcbh pbfy ej tah cflh tah rhqu`rhlhdts jer tah j`rst ihst hqu`b`ir`ul frh bhss b`khby te aebg tah
hjjert, w DL, bew hdeuca te jerhstfbb rf`g`dc. Hfna pbfyhr ghthrs tah etahr jrel rf`g`dc iy
tarhfthd`dc te rhvhrt te tah fbb-ghjhnt hqu`b`ir`ul fdg iy lfk`dc ahrshbj peer hdeuca se
taft rf`g`dc `s det prej`tfibh. Bh`surh `s nedsulhg det edby jer jud, iut fbse `d erghr te prhvhdt prhgft`ed. Wah prephrt`hs ej ta`s hqu`b`ir ul taus a`cab`cat f khy hnedel`nrhfb`ty jer sen`ht`hs taft shhk te prethnt prephrty r`cats fdg te prhshrvh puib`n erghr
tareuca shbj-ahbp rftahr tafd tareuca cevhrdlhdts? phepbh `d suna sen`ht`hs lust rhgunhtah bhvhb ej eutput te jerhstfbb v`ebhdnh.
Wa`s `lpb`nft`ed succhsts f shnedg quhst`ed? nfd selh fleudt ej `dvhstlhdt `dl`b`tfry nfpfi`b`t hs prev`gh f ghthrrhdnh te rf`g`dc w`taeut afv`dc te rhgunh pregunt`ed5We fdswhr ta`s quhst`ed, wh turd te f hqu`b`ir`ul te eur cflh taft fbbews jer l`b`tfry
te ghveth rhseurnhs te werk ihnfush tah fleudt ej hjjert ghvethg te werk `s rhstr`nthg iytah dhhg te rhgunh tah pregunt`v`ty ej rf`gs iy tah etahr pbfyhr. @dsthfg, rhs`gufb
rhseurnhs frh ghvethg te bh`surh rftahr tafd te bfier. Ihnfush tahy ghveth lerh rhseurnhste ghthrr`dc rf`g`dc, taesh wae fgept f ]L hqu`b`ir`ul strfthcy nfd ghveth lerhrhseurnhs te pregunt`vh fnt`v`ty fs whbb.
Lerh prhn`shby, tah ]L hqu`b`ir`ul nfd gel`dfth tah DL hqu`b`ir`ul wahd frhg`str`iut`ed ej hjjert `d tah DL hqu`b`ir`ul jrel bh`surh te werk fdg l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss y`hbgs fd `dnrhfsh `d hnedel`n eutput taft nelphdsfths jer tah bess ej
@d f ]L hqu`b`ir`ul, sen`hty `s nafrfnthr`zhg iy nedstfdt g`spbfys ej l`b`tfry
fi`b`ty er sk rl`sahs. Wah ghledstrft`ed ej jernh iy edh pbfyhr `dg`nfths te tah etahr pbfyhr taft saeubg sah ta`dk ej rf`g`dc, tah prej`tfi b`ty ej suna rf`gs weubg ih l`d`lfb.
^una sen`ht`hs frh wfrb`kh, iut tahy fbse frh hnedel`nfbby lerh pregunt`vh tafd sen`ht`hswaesh n`t`zhds ge det ihfr frls.
@lpb`nft`eds jer ^tfthbhss ^en`ht`hs
Eur nelpfr`sed ej tah hqu`b`ir`f succhsts tah hx`sthdnh ej rhcubfr`t`hs taft wh saeubg j`dg
`d stfthbhss sen`ht`hs.
• @d sen`ht`hs `d wa`na nehrn`ed `s pr`vfthby ghpbeyhg jer tah rf`g`dc fdg prethnt`ed ej
prephrty, presphr ty w`bb ih fssen`fthg w`ta v`ebhdnh. Wa`s prephrty ghr`vhs jrel tahdhhg, `d hqu`b`ir`ul, te lf`dtf`d ‒pfr`ty“ ihtwhhd bfier pregunt`v`ty fdg tahlfrc`dfb rhturds te l`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt? Fs rhturds te bfier `dnrhfsh, se ge tah
`dnhdt`vhs te ghveth rhseurnhs te v`ebhdnh.
Fs f nerebbfry, wh saeubg eishrvh f nerrhspedghdnh ihtwhhd bfier pregunt`v`ty fdg
v`ebhdnh. @d etahr wergs, stfthbhss sen`ht`hs l`cat ih h`tahr whfbtay fdg v`ebhdt er phfnhjub fdg peer.
Nedthlperfry stug`hs ej sen`ht`hs `d tah ghvhbep`dc frhfs prev`gh fgg`t`edfb
hv`ghdnh ej tah nevfr`ft`ed ej whfbta fdg v`ebhdnh. Enteihr 3, 6089, rhfnt`dc te tahfssfss`dft`ed ej hd`er Na`hj Sfrua`u wf Kudcu, tah nebed`fb cevhrder ej Khdyf
ghnbfrhg f stfth ej hlhrchdny. ^hnur`ty, ah ghnbfrhg, wfs tarhfthdhg iy f shnrht sen`hty
@d rhspedsh te tah `dnrhfshg vfbuh ej rhfb prephrty, phepbh ihcfd te ‒rf`g“ tah
aebg`dcs ej etahrs. @d`t`fbby, tahy hlpbeyhg b`t`cft`ed, nedthst`dc tah bfdg r`cats ej etahrs`d erghr te hxpfdg tah`r ewd; fdg fwfrh ej tah pess`i`b`ty ej ih`dc suiohnt te b`t`cft`ed,
stfths `d ahr stugy ej @c`, f K`kuyu nellud`ty `d K`fli`? ‒@j Doerech ireucat f nfshevhr f slfbb pfrt ej Ludcf`‐s bfdg, deta`dc prhvhdthg Ludcf`, phrafps te wfrd Doerechfcf`dst jurtahr b`t`cft`ed, jrel rhspedg`dc iy ir`dc`dc f nfsh evhr f pfrt ej Doerech‐s
a`ca nedtreb ej fccrhss ed (Kbunkaead 6077), tah bew bhvhbs ej nedjb`nt (Jr`hg 60:3), fdgtah lfcd`tugh ej tah hjjerts ghvethg te tah fve`gfdnh ej v`ebhdnh (Nebsed 6037). ]hrafps
tah lest v`v`g hxflpbhs nelh jrel audt`dc fdg cftahr`dc sen`ht`hs, suna fs tah Iusalhdej tah Kfbfafr` er tah `dg`chdeus `dafi tfdts ej tah Fustrfb`fd ‒eutifnk.“ @d ahr shvhdthhd ledtas ej eishrvft`ed ej f ifdg ej Iusalhd, jer hxflpbh, Berdf Lfrsafbb
eishrvhg iut jeur `dn`ghdts ej `dthrphrsedfb nedjb`nt (n`thg `d Nebsed 6037, p. 7>). Wahrhnergs ej tah Fustrfb`fd-Flhr`nfd ^n`hdt`j`n Hxphg`t`ed te Frdahl Bfdg succhsts f
s`l`bfr bhvhb ej nedjb`nt fledc tah fier`c`dfb pepubft`ed ej Fustrfb`f (shh tah g`snuss`ed`d ^fab`ds 60:6).
b`v`dc nedg`t`eds, lhlihrs ej suna sen`ht`hs afvh `dghhg ftthlpthg te fbthr tah`r
`dst`tut eds. ^elh fpphfr te afvh seucat te sa`jt jrel tah pr`vfth prev`s`ed ej tahghjhdsh ej tah`r prephrty te f systhl `d wa`na shnur`ty `s prev`ghg iy sphn`fb`sts `d
v`ebhdnh.
Yhturd`dc te tah nfsh ej bfth lhg`hvfb Hureph, tah bergs fdg lfcdfths lfy afvh,`d Lfnfjjjrhy‐s wergs, `dvhsthg `d tah ‒irutfb sk`bbs ej tah frlhg rhtf`dhr, afbj sebg`hr,
afbj cfdcsthr (LfnNfjjrhy 60:6, p. 08), iut tahy fbse fpphfrhg te afvh ihhd `dthdshbyfwfrh ej tah nests ej b`v`dc `d ta`s lfddhr. Iy tah t`lh ej Y`nafrg @@, ]frb`flhdt,
rhphfthgby ‒prhsshg jer rhstr`nt`eds ed b`vhr`hg nelpfd`hs,“ deths A`nks (6008, p. 691),fdg ]frb`flhdt wfs gel`dfthg iy tah vhry lfcdfths waesh nebers tahy ierh.Wahlshbvhs ieta phrphtrfters fdg v`nt`ls ej v`ebhdnh, tah bergs turdhg te tah Nrewd fdg
ghlfdghg fd `dnrhfshg bhvhb ej bfw fdg erghr. F s`l`bfr s tuft`ed fpphfrs te afvh prhvf`bhg `d Jrfdnh, wahrh benfb nellud`t`hs nfbbhg jer tah ‒`dst`tut`ed ej tah phfnh,“
wahrh`d puib`n ejj`n`fbs, rftahr tafd pr`vfth jfl`b`hs, weubg prev`gh peb`t`nfb erghr (Guiy6013), p. 676. @d Chdef, tah wfrr`dc nbfds oe`dhg `d nedtrfnt dc jer tah shrv`nhs ej sphn`fb`sts `d v`ebhdnh, wae weubg ghthr gelhst`n nedjb`nt fdg hb`n`t neephrft`ed, tah
ihtthr te shnurh tah`r jertudhs jrel nellhrnh (Crh`j 6001). Fdg `d waft `s dew Yuss`f,fnnerg`dc te f 69ta Nhdtury nared`nbhr, tah ^bfvs pht`t`edhg tah ^whghs, wr`t`dc ‒Eur
Sh hdneudthr hv`ghdnh ej s`l`bfr ihafv`er `d Fjr`nf‐s ghvhbep`dc sen`ht`hs.
]hrafps lest phrsufs`vh `s tah hv`ghdnh cftahrhg iy Hb`zfihta Nebsed jrel tah ]bfthfuWedcf ej Dertahrd Yaeghs`f (dew _fli`f) ft tah ah`cat ej tah struccbh fcf`dst nebed`fb
rubh. B`kh etahr Fjr`nfd sen`ht`hs, tah Wedcf stredcby ifnkhg tah dft`edfb`st levhlhdt; iut, Nebsed‐s fnneudt lfkhs nbhfr, tahy g`g det shhk tah evhrtarew ej cevhrdlhdt(Nebsed 6037). Yftahr, tahy seucat `ts nfpturh. Jer tahy jhfrhg f ‒rhturd te nedg`t eds
tahy rhlhlihrhg wahd tahy afg te ghjhdg tahlshbvhs jer hdsur`dc b`jh fdg prephrty,rftahr tafd ed tah prhshdnh ej tah g`str`nt fgl`d`strft`ed, fdg tah lerh rhleth nhdtrfb
cevhrdlhdt (@i`g., p. :3). Wahy jhfrhg f rhturd te tah ghnhdtrfb`zhg ush ej nehrn`ed, w`tatah `dshnur`ty `t udbhfsahg fdg tah nests `d thrls ej ihdhj`ts jercedh er b`jh fdg prephrtyghstreyhg.
Detfibh tee `s ^eutafbb‐s stugy ej tah Fbur ej dertahrd Xcfdgf wa`na genulhdtstah`r `lpertft`ed ej na`hjs `d fd fppfrhdt hjjert te shnurh ‒dhw thnadebec`hs ej
Fs ihjerh, tah pr`vfth fchdts (dew, n`t`zhds) s`lubtfdheusby ghn`gh aew te fbbenfth tah`r rhseurnhs hfna phr`eg fdg wahtahr te rf`g etahrs `d fd hjjert te `dnrhfsh tah`r `dnelhs.
Saft g`st`dcu`sahs tah`r fnt`ed sht jrel taft `d tah prhv`eus leghbs (`.h. taesh ej fstfthbhss sen`hty) `s tah hx`sthdnh ej f dhw nae`nh? n`t`zhds nfd hbhnt te pfy tfxhs te fsphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh te nelphdsfth ahr jer prethnt`ed jrel rf`gs fdg te ‒ir`ih“ ahr te
rhjrf`d jrel prhgft`ed ahrshbj. Ghj`dh t ` ∁ {=, 6} te hqufb 6 `j pbfyhr pfys tfxhs fdg
hqufb te = `j sah gehs det pfy. @j f pbfyhr naeeshs te pfy tfxhs, sah trfdsjhrs f safrh, χ, ej
ahr `dnelh te C. @d hjjhnt, tah pr`vfth fchdts hdthr `dte f nedtrfnt w`ta f sphn`fb`st `dv`ebhdnh te ihnelh f cevhrdlhdt fdg nhdtrfb`zh tah ercfd`zft`ed ej v`ebhdnh jer
prethnt`ed.
]bfyhr 's fnt`ed sht tahrhjerh ihnelhs F < {( w , l , b , r , t )? w , l , b ≨ = fdg w`
+ l + b < W, r ∁ {=, 6}, t ∁ {=, 6}}; fdg ahr `dnelh, @ `(•) < [J(w`) + r J(w-`)L(l , l-`) -
r -`J(w`)L(l-` , l`)\(6- t `χ)(6- p ` q `) . Waft `s, tah pr`vfth fchdt 's dht `dnelh, @ `(•),`dnbughs
tah fleudt ej tfx pf`g iy hfna pr`vfth fchdt wae afs naeshd te ge se. J`dfbby, `j Cghn`ghs te prhy uped tah whfbta ej h`tahr fchdt, taft `s, `j p` + p -` 4 =, tahd C afs te ihfr
tah nest ej tah prhgftery fnt`v`ty, NC( p` + p -`).
frrfdchlhdt udghr wa`na sphn`fb`sts `d v`ebhdnh nfd ih `dgunhg te hlpbey nehrn`ed `d f
69 q nfd rhjbhnt pbfyhr `‐s fi`b`ty te hvfgh C‐s ‒treeps“ er nedjredt tahl us`dc ahr l`b`tfry pewhr, l`. Jer s`lpb`n`ty sfkh wh ge det sphn`jy q` fs f judnt`ed ej l`.
8/3/2019 Organizing Violence Wealth, Power, And Governance
Neephrft`vh Cevhrdfdnh Hqu`b`ir`ul. Wah strfthcy prej`bh jer tah neephrft`vh-cevhrdfdnh (NC) hqu`b`ir`ul nfbbs jer hfna pr`vfth fchdt te shbhnt w`
NC , l`NC , b NC
ept`lfbby, det te rf`g, fdg te pfy tfxhs `j tah etahr fchdt afs ihafvhg s`l`bfrby fdg C afsdhvhr sh`zhg tah whfbta ej f pr`vfth fchdt. Etahrw`sh, tah pr`vfth fchdt "rhvebts,"
te rf`g`dc lust ih nrhg`ibh. @d etahr wergs tah shnedg dhnhssfry nedg`t`ed lust ih
sft`sj`hg (``)? Wah tfx bhvhb, χ, lust ih ieudghg jrel fievh; `j tah tfx rfth `s tee a`ca, C
w`bb j`dg prhgft`ed -- `d tah jerl ej pud`salhdt -- udfttrfnt`vh. Fdg `j pud`salhdt `s det
nrhg`ibh, C nfddet ghthr pr`vfth fchdts jrel rf`g`dc.
Deth taft nedg`t`ed (``) `lpb`hs taft `j tah tfx rfth whrh ghthrl`dhg hdgechdeusby „ sfy iy C's ghnrhh „ fdg C whrh te ghlfdg f a`cahr tfx, ta`s ghlfdg weubg det ihnrhg`ibh. Wah fchdts neubg sfjhby pfy tah bewhr rfth ghj`dhg iy nedg t`ed (`) kdew`dctaft ta`s fleudt w`bb ih hdeuca te g`ssufgh C jrel prhy`dc ed tah`r prephrty fdg taft f
rfth a`cahr tafd taft ghj`dhg iy nedg`t`ed (``) weubg s`lpby lfkh `t udprej`tfibh jer C te pud`sa rf`g`dc.
Ed tah hqu`b`ir`ul pfta, tah pr`vfth fchdts‐ strfthcy rhqu`rhs taft tahy det rf`ghfna etahr. Iut C‐s tarhft te rhvhrt te prhgftery ihafv`er lfy det dhnhssfr`by ihsujj`n`hdt te hb`n`t suna ihafv`er. Ahdnh, f ta`rg nedg`t`ed dhnhssfry jer tah hqu`b`ir`ul
(```)? Hfna pr`vfth fchdt lust naeeshs f bhvhb ej werk suna taft, neupbhg w`ta C'sstrfthcy, tah etahr fchdt j`dgs `t ept`lfb te `dvhst `d tah hqu`b`ir`ul bhvhb ej l`b`tfry
fi`b`ty fdg det te rf`g.6>
@d hqu`b`ir`ul, `dsejfr fs tfx pfylhdts stfy tah afdg ej tah sphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh,tahy hdfibh tah n`t`zhd te sw`tna rhseurnhs jrel l`b`tfry fnt`v`ty. S`ta tah strhfl ej
eutput J(w.)) fssurhg (fbih`t `lphrjhntby) iy tah sphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh, tahd tah lfrc`dfb pregunt ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te pregunt`ed r`shs iy nelpfr`sed w`ta taesh ghvethg te
l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss. Ghvet`dc jhwhr rhseurnhs te prhpfr`dc jer nelift, n`t`zhds ghvethlerh `dsthfg te nellhrnh, te jfrl`dc, fdg te lfdujfntur`dc. Iy pfy`dc tfxhs te tahsphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh, tahy nfd, w`taeut jhfr, ihnelh presphreus; tahy nfd, tahlshbvhs,
ih bhss v`ebhdt.
Sa`bh tah sthfgy jbew ej tfx pfylhdts prev`ghs f pes`t`vh nahnk te tah prhgftery ihafv`er ej tah sphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh, tah tarhft ej rhvhrs`ed te stfthbhss-b`kh ihafv`er prev`ghs f dhcft`vh edh. Det edby `s tah jbew ej tfx pfylhdts nr`t`nfb jer sustf`d`dc ta`shqu`b`ir`ul; se tee `s tah tarhft ej juturh besshs, saeubg fdy pfrty eppertud`st`nfbby
ghjhnt. ^aeubg tah sphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh beet f suiohnt er jf`b te ftthlpt te pud`sa fn`t`zhd wae v`ebfths tah shnur`ty ej fdetahr, tahd tah n`t`zhds rhvhrt te prev`g`dc tah`r
ewd ghjhdsh.67 Xdghr suna n`rnulstfdnhs, tahy ghveth lerh rhseurnhs te l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss, shhk`dc te ghthr prhgft`ed iy jhbbew n`t`zhds „ fdg iy tah sphn`fb`st `dv`ebhdnh, dew ed tah prewb. Fs tah bhvhb ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te v`ebhdnh `dnrhfshs,
cevhrdlhdts dhhg det rhby ed tah`r n`t`zhds‐ pregunt`vh nfpfn`t`hs jer rhvhduh, tah pess`i`b`t`hs jer phfnhjub fdg pregunt`vh hqu`b`ir f frh lerh jrfc`bh.
Ednh fcf`d, wh turd te hlp`r`nfb hxflpbhs te hxpberh tah `lpb`nft`eds ej eur
Fs frcuhg fievh fdg ghr`v`dc jrel tah jerlfb bec`n ej tah leghb, tah hxnafdch ej tfxhs jer tah prethnt`ed ej prephrty r`cats rhprhshdts edh ej tah jeudgft`eds jer tah
fna`hvhlhdt ej stfth-b kh peb`t`nfb erghr. Wah leghb, aewhvhr, fbse succhsts tah pess`ibhseurnhs ej g`serghr. Bht‐s nedt`duh w`ta tah nfsh ej bfth lhg`hvfb Hdcbfdg. Neds`ghr tahnfsh ej tah seds ej Ahdry @@? Y`nafrg @ fdg Oead Bfnkbfdg. Hfna seucat `dnrhfshg
rhvhduhs, tah j`rst te nedt`duh a`s nrusfghs fdg tah shnedg ieta te rfdsel a`s iretahr fdgte rhnevhr bfdgs best ed tah nedt`dhdt. @d rhspedsh te tah r`s`dc nests ej suna l`b`tfry
tfxhs `d fd hjjert te `dnrhfsh a`s `dnelh. @d rhspedsh te tah firupt r`sh `d tfxft`ed, hb`thstaft afg prhv`eusby w`bb`dcby nedtr iuthg te tah nests ej cevhrdlhdt dew rhihbbhg. Khyte tah rhsterft`ed ej erghr wfs tah rhstrf`dt ed tah bhvhb ej rhvhduh hxtrfnt`ed phrl`tthg te
tah k`dc; ieudg iy Lfcdf Nfrtf, tah k`dc neubg de bedchr ihafvh fs ‒f reiihr phrlfdhdtby ed tah prewb … fbwfys shfrna`dc jer selhta`dc … te sthfb“ ((Wurdhr 6007), p. >, quet`dc f 6>ta Nhdtury nared`nbhr).
Wah hqu`b`ir`ul ghj`dhs tah pess`i`b`ty ej peb`t`nfb erghr? Fbtaeuca tahrh lust ihf pfylhdt ej tfxhs te turd tah sphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh jrel f lfrfughr te tah prethnter ej
prephrty, `j tee bew, tah sphn`fb st w`bb ge ihtthr iy hdcfc`dc `d prhgft`ed. Iut `j teea`ca, tah pr`vfth fchdts w`bb w`tagrfw jrel tah peb`t`nfb pfnt. Hvhdts grfwd jrel tah
a`ster`nfb rhnerg bhdg nrhghdnh te tah `lpertfdnh ej tah rhvhduh lhnafd`sl fs ieta fdupphr fdg bewhr ieudg te tah prev`s`ed ej phfnh fs prev`ghg iy tah sphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh.
Waus, tah bec`n ej peb`t`nfb stfi`b`ty nfpturhg `d tah jerlfb rhfsed`dc ej eur leghb
ejjhrs fs whbb `ds`cats `dte tah `dthrpbfy ej jernhs taft bhfg te g`serghr fdg tah nebbfpsh ej stfths. @d hxpber`dc tahsh tahlhs jurtahr, wh turd te nedthlperfry nfshs grfwd bfrchbyjrel Fjr`nf fdg, `d pfrt`nubfr, te tah wfr terd stfth ej B`ihr`f.
8/3/2019 Organizing Violence Wealth, Power, And Governance
ta`rthhd a`ca-rfdk`dc lhlihrs ej tah Webihrt rhc`lh. Wah cevhrdlhdt ej B`ihr`f tahd ihnflh f l`b`tfry rhc`lh.
F detfibh jhfturh ej tah B`ihr`fd l`b`tfry rhc`lh wfs taft `t hdcfchg `d prhgft`ed.
Wah cevhrdlhdt g`vhrthg jerh`cd f`g jrel puib`n preohnts te tah penkhtieeks ej `tslhlihrs. A`caby pbfnhg lhlihrs ej tah cevhrdlhdt ihcfd te afrfss jerh`cd j`rls fdg
ius`dhsshs shhk`dc te hxtrfnt ir`ihs fdg jfvers fdg se `dnrhfsh tah`r `dnelhs. Fdg iy irhfk`dc tah b`dk w`ta tah X^ gebbfr, tah cevhrdlhdt fna`hvhg f ledepeby evhr tahsuppby ej ledhy. Iy ghifs`dc `ts nurrhdny, `t tahd beethg tah ledhy aebg`dcs ej `ts
n`t`zhds (shh Hbb`s 6000; Yhde 6001).
Wah l`b`tfry cevhrdlhdt ej B`ihr`f taus ihnflh f prhgftery stfth. Fdg fs
preohnthg `d eur fdfbys`s, tah rhsubt wfs f nafrfnthr`st n jerl ej peb`t`nfb fdg hnedel`nrhfnt`ed? f rhvhrs`ed te tah nafes hqu`b`ir`ul ej tah leghb. ]r`vfth fchdts stepphg
pfy`dc tfxhs; tah sebh seurnh ej cevhrdlhdt rhvhduh ihnflh tah b`nhds`dc jhhs jer enhfd-ce`dc vhsshbs fdg jerh`cd f`g. @d fgg`t`ed, pr vfth fchdts ihcfd te l`b`tfr zh. @d f vfr`htyej benft`eds tareucaeut B`ihr`f, taesh wae seucat te pregunh jer prej`t ihcfd te nedtrfnt
l`b`tfry phrseddhb (Yhde, 6011, p. 1:). @d rhspedsh te prhgft ed iy tah Geh rhc`lh, pr`vfth fchdts `d hjjhnt w tagrhw jrel tah peb`t`nfb nelpfnt taft ghj`dhs tah stfth fdg
pr`vfthby ercfd`zhg tah`r ewd ghjhdshs. Waus, B`ihr`f hxphr`hdnhg f trfds`t`ed jreldft`edfb peb`t`ns te wfrberg peb`t`ns, tah benfb`zft`ed ej nehrn`ed, fdg tah nebbfpsh ej tahstfth (shh fbse Hbb`s 6000).
Wah jbew ej rhvhduhs te sphn`fb`sts `d v`ebhdnh taus `dgunhs tahl te sa`jt jrel prhgft`ed te tah prethnt`ed ej prephrty r`cats. Wa`s ifrcf`d udghrp`ds tah stfi`b`ty ej
ej aew ta`s hnedel`n ibhss`dc afs bhg te peb`t`nfb g`sfsthr. Fs eur fdfbys`s weubg
succhst, fledc tah seurnhs ej tah ‒rhseurnh nursh“ `s v`ebhdnh.
Wah jbew ej tfx pfylhdts nedst`tuths tah ihdhj`ts te tah sphn`fb`st `d v`ebhdnh jer
fnt`dc fs f stfth. Wah nests `dnbugh tah eppertud`ty nests ej jerswhfr`dc prhgft`ed; fs whafvh oust shhd, fs tahsh r`sh, se tee gehs tah b`khb`aeeg ej rhvhrt`dc te beet`dc fdg ej tahrhiy tr`cchr`dc tah irhfkgewd ej erghr. Ej pfrt`nubfr rhbhvfdnh `s taft dfturfb
rhseurnhs b`kh e`b y`hbg pfyejjs taft frh rhbft`vhby `dghphdghdt ej tah bfier `dvhstlhdts ej pr`vfth fchdts. Fs suna, tahy nfd rf`sh tah pfyejjs te tah sphn`fb st `d v`ebhdnh udghr tah
taft `t neubg hfrd l`gst nafes ghnb`dhg, `t fbthrhg `ts ihafv`er, nafdc`dc `ts hnedel`n peb`n`hs se fs te sfjhcufrg, rftahr tafd te prhy uped, pr`vfth prephrty fdg shhk`dc te
thrl`dfth gelhst`n nelift.6:
F shnedg jerlhr ]ertucuhsh nebedy, Fdcebf, ejjhrs fgg`t`edfb hv`ghdnh jer eur frculhdt. Jebbew`dc `ts irhfk w`ta ]ertucfb, Fdcebf, b`kh Lezfli`quh, hdthrhg f phr`eg
ej `dthdsh gelhst`n wfrjfrh. We fd hvhd crhfthr hxthdt tafd Lezfli`quh, w`ta tah hdgej tah Nebg Sfr, Fdcebf tee wfs suiohnt te f w`tagrfwfb ej jerh`cd f`g (Nrenkhr 6009).
Iut, `d nedtrfst te Lezfli`quh, hvhd fjthr tah ghnb`dh ej jerh`cd suppert, tah cevhrdlhdtej Fdcebf neubg fdt`n`pfth jfverfibh hnedel`n presphnts hvhd `d tah l`gst ej n`v`b
nedjb`nt. Nedtrebb`dc tah dertahrd e`b j`hbgs ej Nfi`dgf, `t nedt`duhs te fdt`n`pfthjfverfibh hnedel`n presphnts fdg tahrhjerh jhhbs b`ttbh rhfsed te leg`jy `ts hnedel`n peb`n`hs er `ts ush ej jernh. Sa`bh tah cevhrdlhdt `d Lezfli`quh taus jeudg `t `d `ts
`dthrhsts te ftthlpt te rhiu`bg `ts nelpfnt w`ta n`v`b`fd fchdts fdg tah pr`vfth shnter, tahcevhrdlhdt ej Fdcebf afs saewd bhss `dnb`dft`ed te ge se.
Nednbus`ed
Eur rhfsed`dc nfpturhg `d tah leghb, taus, g`rhnts us tewfrg f ghhphr udghrstfdg`dc ej
tah jeudgft`eds ej peb`t`nfb erghr. @t pe`dts te tah `lpertfdnh ej tfxft`ed, fdg te tah gh-stfi`b`z`dc hjjhnt ej rhseurnh hdgewlhdts fdg jerh`cd f`g. Wah bec`n ej tah fdfbys`ssucchsts tah frrfdchlhdts taft saeubg prhvf`b `d erghr jer sphn`fb`sts `d v`ebhdnh te
ihafvh `d wfys taft prhshrvh erghr fdg presphr`ty. Wah bec`n ej tah fdfbys`s fbse succhstsrhfseds jer tah nebbfpsh ej stfths, fdg a`cab`cats sphn`j`n trfohnter`hs iy wa`na tahy l`cat
udrfvhb. Fdg hv`ghdnh jrel tah tulubtueus peb t`ns ej nedthlperfry Fjr`nf thdgs tenedj`rl tah s`cd`j`nfdnh ej tahsh jfnters fs whbb.
Sh nednbugh iy succhst`dc wfys taft tah leghb nfd ih hxthdghg?
whfkhdhg `ts `dnhdt`vhs te rhjrf`d jrel suna ihafv`er. Fdg, `dghhg, wahd ^euta Fjr`nf ihcfd te fifdged ts suppert ej Yhdfle, `d jfver ej lerh jfverfibh t`hs w`ta tah
cevhrdlhdt ej Lezfli`quh, tahd Yhdfle tee ihcfd te ihafvh w`ta crhfthr rhstrf`dt fdgte fnt fs f n`v`b`fd peb`t`nfb pfrty rftahr tafd fs f beet`dc rfiibh.
8/3/2019 Organizing Violence Wealth, Power, And Governance
J`rst, eur fdfbys`s jenushg ed g`st`dcu`sa`dc ihtwhhd tah ercfd`zft`ed ej nehrn`ed
`d sen`ht`hs w ta fdg w`taeut cevhrdlhdts. Pht, wh ge det hbfierfth ed g`jjhrhdnhs ihtwhhd typhs ej cevhrdlhdts, etahr tafd taesh g`jjhrhdnhs taft fr`sh jrel g`jjhrhdt
rhseurnh hdgewlhdts. Wah leghb neubg y`hbg `dthrhst`dc `ds`cats fieut tah fi`b`ty ej cevhrdlhdts te nelphdsfth jer tah bfnk ej rhseurnh rhstrf`dts, `j tahy whrh rhstrf`dhg `d
etahr wfys (h.c., tareuca hbhnterfb lhnafd`sls ). ^una lhnafd`sls neubg ih rhjbhnthg `df lerh hbfierfthg pud`salhdt lhnafd`sl, wahrh, jer hxflpbh, ih`dc ieethg eut ej ejj`nh neubg ih rhprhshdthg fs f nest ej ghjhnt`dc.
^hnedg, jurtahr fdfbys`s saeubg hbfierfth tah whbjfrh `lpb`nft`eds ej g`jjhrhdt peb`t`nfb frrfdchlhdts. Wah bec`n ej stfth-b`kh ihafv`er benfths twe seurnhs ej `dhjj`n`hdny. Edh `s v`ebhdnh? pr`vfth fchdts w bb sa`jt hjjert jrel pregunt`vh fnt`v`t hs te
l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss `d fd hjjert te g`sneurfch rf`g`dc iy etahrs. Wah etahr `s tfxft`ed? pr`vfth fchdts w`bb sa jt hjjert jrel pregunt vh fnt`v`t`hs te bh`surh ihnfush C (tah
cevhrdlhdt) tfxhs tahl. Wah j`rst seurnh ej `dhjj n`hdny ennurs ieta `d sen`ht`hs w`tafdg w`taeut stfths. Wah shnedg `s, ej neursh, ud`quh te sen`ht`hs w`ta stfths.
C`vhd tahsh seurnhs ej whbjfrh bess, wh frh pes`t`edhg te fggrhss tah quhst`ed? @stah (lest hjj`n`hdt) hqu`b`ir`ul `d tah cflh w`ta C lerh hjj`n`hdt tafd tah (lesthjj`n`hdt) hqu`b`ir`ul fttf`dfibh `d tah fishdnh ej C5 @dghhg, wh nfd ce jurtahr. Wah
lfcd`tugh ej tah whbjfrh bess `djb`nthg iy cevhrdlhdts ghphdgs uped tah bhvhb ej tfxft`ed dhnhssfry te ghthr tahl jrel irhfk`dc tah`r pfnt w`ta pr`vfth fchdts. Fdg tahbhvhb ej tfxft`ed rhqu`rhg te `dgunh nelpb`fdnh iy sphn`fb`sts `d v`ebhdnh `s f judnt`ed ej
tah presphnts tahy jfnh saeubg tahy fifdged tah pfnt fdg jerfch jer `dnelh ed tah`r ewd.@d b`cat ej eur g`snuss`ed, wh nfd nbfss`jy cevhrdlhdts `dte taesh w`ta fdg w`taeut
pes`t`vh presphnts `d tah stfth ej g`serghr taft prhvf`bs wahd tahy fifdged tah`r eib`cft`eds te tah`r n`t`zhds (h`tahr iy prfy`dc uped tah`r fsshts er iy jf`b`dc te pud`sataesh wae ge).
Sh tahd j`dg taft jer taesh w`ta de pes`t`vh presphnts fs tah cevhrdlhdt‐s t`lhaer`zed bhdctahds, tah bhvhb ej tfxft`ed dhnhssfry te `dgunh `t te prev`gh prethnt`ed jer
Lhg`hvfb Chdef. @d Fdfbyt`n Dfrrft`vhs, hg`thg iy Y. A. Ifths, F. Crh`j, O.-B.Yeshdtafb, L. Bhv` fdg I. Sh`dcfst. ]r`dnhted? ]r`dnhted Xd`vhrs`ty ]rhss.
JI ih tah j`rst ihst fbbenft`ed ej werk fdg bh`surh taft `s
w`
JI ∁w `
∁[ = , W \
frc lfx ύ` (w
`, b < W ∙ w
`,l
` < = ,l ∙`
< = , r < = ,r∙ ` < = ) (6)
@d f edh-phr`eg cflh, tah j`rst ihst fbbenft`ed nfd ih fna`hvhg fs f Dfsa hqu`b`ir`ul
eutnelh `jj jer < 6,9 63?
(w`
JI, l
`
JI < =, b`
JI) ∁
w ` , l` , b ` ∁[ = , Y \
frc lfx X ( J (w`) + J (w ∙ `
JI) L (l
`,l ∙`
JI < =) , b` ) (9)
suiohnt te w + l` + b < W `.
Wah phr phr`eg pfyejj jer hfna pbfyhr jer ta`s hqu`b`ir`ul strfthcy neli`dft`ed `s `JI.
Wah j`rst erghr nedg`t`eds fdg tah syllhtry ej tah preibhl `lpby taft f dhnhssfry
nedg`t`ed jer (9) te aebg `s?
J (w∙ `
JI)∉ L (l
` < =, l ∙` < = )
∉l
` ≧
∉ J (w`
JI )
∉w
(>)
Wah BA^ ej hquft`ed (>) `s tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej l`b`tfry hjjert; tah YA^ `s tahlfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej pregunt`vh bfier. ^una f nedg`t`ed rhqu`rhs taft tah lfrc`dfb
pregunt`v`ty ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te l`b`tfry prhpfrhgdhss fdg pbudghr`dc lust ih bhsstafd tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej rhseurnhs ghvethg te pregunt`vh bfier.
Jurtahrlerh, f pes`t`vh-l`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt (]L) hqu`b`ir`ul lfy hx`st wahd f de-
l`b`tfry `dvhstlhdt (DL) hqu`b`ir`ul gehs det. ^uppesh taft f DL hqu`b`ir`ul gehs det
hx`st; taft `s,ύ
`
DL
(6 ∙η`)
2 ύ`
G , DL + η
`ύ`
G
(6 ∙ η` )
. F sa`jt te f ]L hqu`b ir`ul ghnrhfshs tah r`cat
afdg s`gh ej tah fievh `dhqufb`ty tareuca `ts `lpfnt ed G,DL (s`dnh 9L(•)/ l l-`2=). Wa`s sa`jt fbse `lpfnts tah bhjt-afdg s`gh s`dnh ud`ts ej hjjert frh rh-fbbenfthg jrel
bh`surh te pregunt`vh bfier fdg l`b`tfry fi`b`ty. Wah lfcd`tugh ej tah nafdch ed tah bhjtafdg s`gh ghphdgs ed tah judnt`edfb jerl ej tah lfrc`dfb pregunt`v`ty ej werk, tah
judnt`edfb jerl ej tah lfrc`dfb ut`b`ty jrel bh`surh, fdg tah judnt`edfb jerl ej lfrc`dfbut`b`ty ej `dnelh. @j tah rhbft`eds ihtwhhd tahsh vfr`eus judgflhdtfbs frh suna taft tahr`cat afdg s`gh `dnrhfshs iy bhss tafd tah bhjt, f ]L hqu`b`ir`ul hx`sts wahrh f DL
hqu`b`ir`ul gehs det.
Fdetahr wfy te shh way fdg udghr waft nedg`t`eds ta`s lfy ih tah nfsh, suppesh taft
ώ` < {( fs bedc fs C afs det prhyhg er jf`bhg te pud`sa f trfdscrhss`dc pr`vfth
fchdt, pbfyhr gehs det rf`g r < =, pfys tfxhs t < 6, fdg naeeshs bhvhbs ej w , l , b sunataft, c`vhd C‐s strfthcy, pbfyhr „ fbse fbbenfths tah hqu`b`ir`ul bhvhb ej rhseurnhs te w-` ,
l-` , b -` fdg gehs det rf`g r -` < =; pbfyhr rhvhrts te rf`g`dc fdg fbbenft`dc rhseurnhsfnnerg`dcby, `j C afs dhcbhnthg te pud`sa f pr`vfth fchdt wae afs trfdscrhsshg er `j C afs
hxprepr`fthg prephrty wahd pr`vfth fchdts afvh det trfdscrhsshg)}, jer <6,9.
]repes`t`ed >?
Ghdeth iy `NC tah phr phr`eg pfyejj ej pr`vfth fchdt ed tah pfta ej tah cevhrdlhdt‐s
NA ih pbfyhr `‐s pfyejj `d tah nafes hqu`b`ir`ul. Wah cevhrdlhdt‐s chdhrfb`zhg-pud`salhdt (NC) strfthcyneli`dft`ed `s f ^]DH `j 96 jer < 6,9?
(`) χNC
<[q J (w
`
NC) ∙N C (•)\(6∙ηC
)
J (w `
NC)[9ηC + q (6∙ηC )\
+ ηCύC
NA
J (w`
NC)[ 9ηC + q ` (6∙ηC )\
(67)
(``) q J (w`
NC) ≨ N
C (•) (68)
(```) w `
NC,l `
NC,b`NC
∁ frc lfxw
` , l
` , b
` ∁[ = ,W \
X ( J (w ` )(6 ∙χNC
), b`NC
) (6:)
suiohnt te w`
NC+ l
`
NC+ b
`
NC< W , fdg
ύ∙`
NC
(6∙η
∙ ` )
≨ ύ∙ `
G , NC + η∙ `ύ∙ `
NA
(6 ∙η
∙ ` )
(63).
Wah NC strfthcy prej`bh nedst`tuths f ^]DH `j de pbfyhr nfd cf`d jrel f s`dcbh
fnt`ed ghv`ft`ed fjthr fdy a`stery.
Hquft`ed (67) hdsurhs tah ept`lfb`ty ej C‐s fnt`ed ed tah pfta ej pbfy; `t sphn`j`hs
tah tfx rfth, χNC, taft `s sujj`n`hdtby a`ca te ghthr C jrel fttfnk`dc pr`vfth fchdts wae frh
hxphnthg te pfy `t. Wah dhxt nedg`t`ed cufrfdthhs tah ept`lfb`ty ej C‐s fnt`ed `d rhspedshte fd fchdt‐s ghv`ft`ed; C j`dgs `t prej`tfibh te pud`sa `j fdy fchdt rf`gs er gehs det pfy ft
fchdts te stfy ed-tah-hqu`b`ir`ul pfta iy rub`dc eut fdy prej`tfibh ghv`ft`eds ed tah pfta
ej pbfy. Hquft`eds (6:) fdg (63) rhqu`rh taft f pr`vfth fchdt naeesh tah ept`lfbfbbenft`ed ej werk fdg l`b`tfry fi`b`ty taft st`bb ghthrs tah etahr fchdt jrel rf`g`dc er
9= `dnh pr`vfth fchdt naeeshs wahtahr er det te pfy tfxhs, tah lest prej`tfibh ghv`ft`edhdtf`bs det pfy`dc ahr tfxhs.96 Hxfl`d`dc tah sujj`n`hdt nedg`t`ed jer ta`s strfthcy te ih fd hqu`b`ir`ul nelpb`nfthstah prhshdtft`ed w`taeut fgg`dc `ds`cats.
8/3/2019 Organizing Violence Wealth, Power, And Governance
fnqu`r`dc lerh tafd tah hqu`b`ir`ul bhvhb ej l`b`tfry fi`b`ty.
@d ta`s hqu`b`ir`ul, tah cevhrdlhdt ushs v`ebhdnh `d tah jerl ej prhgft`ed edby te pud`sa jebbew`dc rf`gs er f jf`burh te pfy tfxhs, fdg `t gehs det hxtrfnt whfbta ft f rfth