Organizing a New Government While the Revolutionary War was being fought, leaders of the 13 colonies worked to change them into independent states and.

Organizing a New Organizing a New GovernmentGovernment

While the Revolutionary War was being While the Revolutionary War was being fought, leaders of the 13 colonies worked to fought, leaders of the 13 colonies worked to change them into independent states and change them into independent states and

create a new national government.create a new national government.

State GovernmentsState Governments The former colonies each The former colonies each

wrote their own constitution wrote their own constitution that was adopted by the state that was adopted by the state legislaturelegislature

Most had the following in Most had the following in common:common:

1.) List of rights (jury trial and 1.) List of rights (jury trial and freedom of religion) for all freedom of religion) for all citizenscitizens

2.) Separation of Powers (3 2.) Separation of Powers (3 branches)branches)

3.) Voting (white, male and 3.) Voting (white, male and owned land)owned land)

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation At Philadelphia in 1776, when At Philadelphia in 1776, when

Jefferson was working on the Jefferson was working on the Declaration, John Dickinson of Declaration, John Dickinson of PA drafted the first constitution PA drafted the first constitution of the new nationof the new nation

Congress modified the plan to Congress modified the plan to protect the powers of individual protect the powers of individual statesstates

The document was called: The The document was called: The Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

It was adopted by Congress in It was adopted by Congress in 1777 and submitted to the 1777 and submitted to the states for ratificationstates for ratification

Ratification of the Articles of Ratification of the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Ratification was delayed by a Ratification was delayed by a dispute over the vast stretches dispute over the vast stretches of wilderness extending of wilderness extending westward beyond the westward beyond the AllegheniesAlleghenies

Several colonies claimed the Several colonies claimed the same landsame land

When VA and NY finally When VA and NY finally agreed to give up their claims, agreed to give up their claims, the Articles were ratified in the Articles were ratified in 17811781

Structure of GovernmentStructure of Government The Articles established a The Articles established a

central government that central government that consisted of just one body, a consisted of just one body, a congresscongress

In this unicameral (one-house) In this unicameral (one-house) legislature, each states given legislature, each states given one vote, with at least 9 votes one vote, with at least 9 votes out of 13 required to pass out of 13 required to pass important lawsimportant laws

No separate executiveNo separate executive No separate judiciary No separate judiciary

Powers Powers The Articles gave the Congress The Articles gave the Congress

the power to wage war, make the power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic treaties, send diplomatic representatives, and borrow representatives, and borrow moneymoney

Certain important powers NOT Certain important powers NOT given to the Congress were the given to the Congress were the power to regulate commerce or power to regulate commerce or to collect taxesto collect taxes

To finance its decisions, the To finance its decisions, the Congress had to rely upon Congress had to rely upon taxes voted by each statetaxes voted by each state

Congress did not have Congress did not have executive power to enforce its executive power to enforce its lawslaws

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Despite its weaknesses, the Despite its weaknesses, the

Congress under the Articles of Congress under the Articles of Confederation did succeed in Confederation did succeed in the following the following accomplishments:accomplishments:

1.) Winning the war and 1.) Winning the war and negotiating a favorable peace negotiating a favorable peace treatytreaty

2.) 2.) Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785. . This was a policy for surveying This was a policy for surveying and selling western landsand selling western lands

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments 3.) 3.) Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of

1787.1787. For the territory lying For the territory lying between the Great Lakes and between the Great Lakes and the Ohio R.. Congress passed the Ohio R.. Congress passed an ordinance (law) that set the an ordinance (law) that set the rules for creating new states. rules for creating new states. The Northwest ordinance The Northwest ordinance granted limited self-granted limited self-government to the developing government to the developing territory and prohibited slavery territory and prohibited slavery in the regionin the region

Problems with the ArticlesProblems with the Articles The 13 states intended the The 13 states intended the

central governments to be central governments to be weak – and it was!weak – and it was!

Weaknesses included:Weaknesses included: 1.) 1.) FinancialFinancial. war debts not . war debts not

paid, worthless paper money. paid, worthless paper money. Congress had no taxing power Congress had no taxing power and could only request that the and could only request that the states donate moneystates donate money

2.) 2.) ForeignForeign. Little respect from . Little respect from other countriesother countries

3.) 3.) DomesticDomestic. Shays’ . Shays’ Rebellion, 13 states argued Rebellion, 13 states argued over commerce and landover commerce and land

Shays’ RebellionShays’ Rebellion Summer of 1786, Captain Daniel Summer of 1786, Captain Daniel

Shays, a farmer from MA and Shays, a farmer from MA and Revolutionary War veteran, led Revolutionary War veteran, led other farmers in an uprising other farmers in an uprising against high state taxes, against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper moneypaper money

The rebel farmers stopped the The rebel farmers stopped the collection of taxes and forced the collection of taxes and forced the closing of debtors’ courtsclosing of debtors’ courts

In January 1787, when Shays and In January 1787, when Shays and his followers attempted to seize his followers attempted to seize weapons from the Springfield weapons from the Springfield armory, the state militia of MA armory, the state militia of MA broke Shays’ Rebellionbroke Shays’ Rebellion

Social ChangeSocial Change No legislatures could grant No legislatures could grant

titles of nobility, nor could titles of nobility, nor could courts recognize primogeniturecourts recognize primogeniture

Aristocracy weakened by Aristocracy weakened by confiscation of large estates confiscation of large estates owned by Loyalists owned by Loyalists

Most states adopted principle Most states adopted principle of separation of church and of separation of church and state (no financial support to state (no financial support to any religious group)any religious group)

Social ChangeSocial Change

Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams WomenWomen: During the war, both : During the war, both sides relied on women to be sides relied on women to be cooks and nurses (some even cooks and nurses (some even fought)fought)

Maintained colonial economy Maintained colonial economy while men fought. They ran while men fought. They ran the family farms/businesses the family farms/businesses and provided food/clothingand provided food/clothing

Still held second class statusStill held second class status Abigail Adams said, “I desire Abigail Adams said, “I desire

you to remember the ladies you to remember the ladies and be more generous and and be more generous and favorable to them than your favorable to them than your ancestors.”ancestors.”

SlaverySlavery Contradicted “all men are Contradicted “all men are

created equal”created equal” Some leaders recognized and Some leaders recognized and

began to take steps to correct began to take steps to correct this problemthis problem

Most northern states began to Most northern states began to end slavery, some in the South end slavery, some in the South freed their slavesfreed their slaves

Most in the South believed Most in the South believed slavery was necessary for the slavery was necessary for the economy and began to use economy and began to use religious and political religious and political justifications to continue the justifications to continue the practicepractice

The Annapolis ConventionThe Annapolis Convention Washington hosted a Washington hosted a

conference at his home in VA conference at his home in VA in 1785in 1785

Representatives decided that Representatives decided that the problems were serious the problems were serious enough to meet again at enough to meet again at Annapolis, MDAnnapolis, MD

Only 5 states sent reps. to MD Only 5 states sent reps. to MD in 1786in 1786

James Madison and Alexander James Madison and Alexander Hamilton persuaded the others Hamilton persuaded the others to hold another convention in to hold another convention in Philadelphia to revise the Philadelphia to revise the Articles Articles

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention In Philadelphia, 1787, In Philadelphia, 1787,

delegates met from every state delegates met from every state *except Rhode Island (they *except Rhode Island (they did not trust the other states)did not trust the other states)

““for the sole and express for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation”of Confederation”

The DelegatesThe Delegates 55 delegates55 delegates White, males, early 40s, most White, males, early 40s, most

were college educated, were college educated, wealthy, active in politicswealthy, active in politics

Meetings held in secretMeetings held in secret Washington is chairpersonWashington is chairperson Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton,

Gouverneur Morris, and John Gouverneur Morris, and John DickinsonDickinson

All want to make the country All want to make the country strongerstronger

John Jay, Jefferson and John John Jay, Jefferson and John Adams were not presentAdams were not present

The IssuesThe Issues Most Americans distrusted Most Americans distrusted

governmentgovernment Delegates debated Delegates debated

limits/checks on the national limits/checks on the national governments powersgovernments powers

System of checks and System of checks and balancesbalances

Larger states vs. Smaller Larger states vs. Smaller statesstates

RepresentationRepresentation VA PlanVA Plan: larger states should : larger states should

have more representationhave more representation NJ PlanNJ Plan: Favored the smaller : Favored the smaller

statesstates COMPROMISE!COMPROMISE! Great Great

Compromise/Connecticut Compromise/Connecticut Plan Plan : 2-house legislature: 2-house legislature

Senate: 2 reps./stateSenate: 2 reps./state House of Representatives: House of Representatives:

represented by populationrepresented by population

SlaverySlavery Will slaves be counted towards Will slaves be counted towards

the population of a state?the population of a state? What will happen to the slave What will happen to the slave

trade?trade?

3/5s Compromise3/5s Compromise: counted : counted each slave as 3/5s of a personeach slave as 3/5s of a person

Guarantee that slaves could Guarantee that slaves could be imported for at least be imported for at least another 20 years (until 1808) another 20 years (until 1808) and then Congress could vote and then Congress could vote to abolish itto abolish it

TradeTrade Northern states wanted the Northern states wanted the

central government to regulate central government to regulate interstate commerce and interstate commerce and foreign tradeforeign trade

South feared export taxes South feared export taxes would hurt its agricultural would hurt its agricultural productsproducts

Commercial CompromiseCommercial Compromise: : allowed Congress to regulate allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign interstate and foreign commerce, including placing commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports, but it tariffs on foreign imports, but it prohibited placing taxes on any prohibited placing taxes on any exportsexports

The PresidentThe President Can veto acts of CongressCan veto acts of Congress 4 year term4 year term No limit on number of termsNo limit on number of terms Electoral college created Electoral college created

because of the delegate’s fear because of the delegate’s fear that too much democracy that too much democracy might lead to mob rulemight lead to mob rule

States electors =States electors =

Senate + House of Rep.Senate + House of Rep.

RatificationRatification In Sept. 1787, after 17 weeks In Sept. 1787, after 17 weeks

of debate, the Philadelphia of debate, the Philadelphia convention approved a draft of convention approved a draft of the Constitution to submit to the Constitution to submit to the states for ratificationthe states for ratification

Anticipating opposition, the Anticipating opposition, the Framers (delegates) specified Framers (delegates) specified that a favorable vote of only 9 that a favorable vote of only 9 out of 13 would be required for out of 13 would be required for ratificationratification

Each state would hold Each state would hold popularly elected conventions popularly elected conventions to debate and vote on the to debate and vote on the proposed Constitutionproposed Constitution

FederalistsFederalists

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton supported the Constitutionsupported the Constitution tended to be more numerous tended to be more numerous

along the Atlantic Coast and in along the Atlantic Coast and in the large cities (NYC)the large cities (NYC)

Washington, Franklin, Madison Washington, Franklin, Madison and Hamiltonand Hamilton

Need a strong central govt. to Need a strong central govt. to maintain ordermaintain order

Articles have too many Articles have too many weaknessesweaknesses

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists

John HancockJohn Hancock opposed the Constitutionopposed the Constitution tended to be small farmers and tended to be small farmers and

settlers on the frontiersettlers on the frontier Patrick Henry, John Hancock Patrick Henry, John Hancock

and George Clintonand George Clinton strong central government will strong central government will

destroy the work of the destroy the work of the Revolution and restrict states’ Revolution and restrict states’ rightsrights

no protection of individual no protection of individual rightsrights

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers Highly persuasive essays Highly persuasive essays

written for a New York written for a New York newspaper by James Madison, newspaper by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Alexander Hamilton and John JayJay

85 essays, later published in 85 essays, later published in book form as book form as The Federalist The Federalist PapersPapers, presented reasons for , presented reasons for believing in the practicality of believing in the practicality of each major provision of the each major provision of the ConstitutionConstitution

OutcomeOutcome DE, NJ and PA quickly ratified DE, NJ and PA quickly ratified

the Constitutionthe Constitution there was a promise to add a there was a promise to add a

bill of rightsbill of rights In June 1788, NH became the In June 1788, NH became the

ninth state to ratifyninth state to ratify VA, NY, NC and RI still held VA, NY, NC and RI still held

outout Close voting ended in Close voting ended in

ratificationratification May 1790, all 13 states had May 1790, all 13 states had

ratified the Constitutionratified the Constitution

Free Response QuestionsFree Response Questions

To what extent was the Unites States Constitution a To what extent was the Unites States Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation?radical departure from the Articles of Confederation?

Explain how the Constitution could be called a “bundle of Explain how the Constitution could be called a “bundle of compromises.”compromises.”

Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Confederation were effective in solving the problems that Confederation were effective in solving the problems that confronted the new nation.confronted the new nation.

Analyze the reasons for the Anti-Federalists’ opposition Analyze the reasons for the Anti-Federalists’ opposition to ratifying the Constitution.to ratifying the Constitution.