Organize your ideas in space and time Important consideration in the description of events or processes 1.Describing an event What happened ??? Describe.

Organize your ideas in space and time

Important consideration in the description of events or processes

1.Describing an event What happened ??? Describe the events in brief Give an introduction to the paragraph When did it happen??? Develop detailed timeline of what happened after what. Add subpoints next to each point Analysis Summarize and critically review the points to come to a

conclusion. Suggest points for action.

Organize your ideas in space and time

2. Describing a process What are you describing??? Give an idea in brief. Provide definitions and examples Outlines for the process Identify each step in the outline. Should contain: definition of the process, how it

happens, its functions and uses Accompany the steps with diagrams and figures Figures should be properly labelled Conclusion Summarize all the points discussed

Organizing your ideas Decide on a) How long should be your essayb) Analytical, Descriptive or chronologicalc) Who will read Organize ideas in order of importancea) Write down the main points without writing full

sentences b) write the key words under each pointc) Can also use mind mapping , Cornell note-takingFor critical piece For whom am I writing this piece? What am I trying to say? What are the major points I can state in my favour?

What kind of criticisms do I anticipate and how can I answer them?

Is there any other kind of view that is possible, and why am I not considering it?

Descriptive1) Overview and Definition2) Classification of elements and description3) Functions and relations4) Case Studies5) Conclusion Chronological1) Brief description of the event2) The event as it happened3) End result4) Analysis

Tips on narrating an event In your introduction, put readers on the scene and get right to

the action. (If your instructor requires an explicit thesis, provide some background information that leads up to your thesis.)

Although you will probably choose to narrate events in chronological order, be open to other possibilities. For example, you may want to begin at a later point in the story and then "flash back" to an earlier time.

Use specific details to help readers visualize people and places.

Use active verbs to move the story along. Consider using dialogue to develop the personalities of some

of the characters in your narration. In the conclusion, make the significance of the event clear to

readers.

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST You either compare something or

contrast something

Comparison essay- emphasize on the similarities

Contrast essay- emphasize on the differences

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Few examples where comparison and

contrast thinking is used Which university to attend ? Which smartphone to buy ? Where to spend your vacation ?

Writers have two classical organizational patterns

Block arrangement of ideas Point by point or alternating

arrangement of ideas

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Example: You are interested in showing

differences between vacationing in the mountains and vacationing at the beach

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Paragraph 1- talks about the Introduction

People are always looking forward to their vacation period. There are many options where to choose. I think that the two most common places people choose for taking a vacation are the mountains and the beaches. Both places offer a variety of fun activities. The beach offers activities that the mountain cannot offer and vice versa. The mountain and the beach are totally different. The purpose of this essay is to contrast the climate, types of activities and locations of beaches and mountains.

A paragraph about vacationing in the mountains

I'm going to discuss mountains first. The three aspects I'm going to discuss are climate, types of activities and location. Climate is always important in order to enjoy vacations. If a person dislikes cold weather, he or she might have a hard time in the mountains. The cold climate in the mountains is the first barrier to enjoying them, but the climate and the temperature of these zones also determine the types of activities they offer. Snow boarding, mountain climbing, mountain biking, hiking, and skiing are some activities people can enjoy when going to the mountains. There are many regions that have mountains where people can go and have a great vacation. Canada is a country located in North America and contains many mountain vacation sites where people can go and have fun.

A paragraph about vacationing at the beach

I'm going to discuss the beach second. The three aspects I'm going to discuss are climate, types of activities and location. Warm climate is one of the most important features that the beach has. Sun and fun are two words that describe the beach. The temperature in those places is always hot. The sea and the warm climate determine the activities that are available at the beach. People can swim, play volleyball, play soccer, and ride water bikes. In most coastal sites, there are discos and restaurants where people can dance or party throughout the night. Mexico offers many amazing coastal sites to visit. Acapulco and Cancun are two of the most beautiful and famous beaches in the world.

Conclusion

It doesn't matter what place a person decides to choose. The fun is 100% guaranteed. People often choose one of these two options to spend their vacations. Depending on what the person likes is what he or she will choose. I like the beach better than the mountains, but sometimes it is better to take a risk and try a different place to enjoy. (399 words)

Comment: This is the block arrangement, the first block containing information about mountains and the second block containing information about the beach.

ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION The argumentative essay is a genre of

writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

This type of essay presents a central claim (or claims, depending on length and purpose) and supports the claim(s) using an argument based on evidence and warrants.

ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION

Questions to ask

What are you claiming? Is your claim contestable, reasonable, significant, specific,

and interpretive? What evidence do you have to support your claim? What counts as evidence in your discipline? How is this evidence relevant to your claim, either as part

of a system of commonly held beliefs or based on empirical evidence or authority? The connections between evidence and claims are sometimes called “warrants.”

What would you say to someone who said, “So what? ,Who cares?”

ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTIONExample of argumentative essay: Final project or

Thesis

Structure of the argumentative essay

A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.

Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.

Body paragraphs that include evidential support.

ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION

Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).

A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTIONA complete argument Example: Discuss the cause of World War II There should be beginning, middle and end to

the conversation. If the argument is ended in the middle,

various questions may arise.

The five-paragraph essay(a) an introductory paragraph (b) three evidentiary body paragraphs that

may include discussion of opposing views(c) conclusion

ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTIONLonger argumentative essays Complex issues and detailed research. Discuss the context surrounding the

topic. Sources of information and their

credibility Number of different opinions on the

issue before concluding the essay.

DRAFT

Writing a rough draft is a late stage in the writing process.

Before you get to this stage be sure you've done a lot of preparation clarified your topic taken lots of notes collected as many ideas in writing as you

can.

ROUGH DRAFT

HOW TO PUT YOUR IDEAS ON PAPER Gather about all the materials you will need Set aside a substantial period of time to get

started. Develop your thesis. Make an outline. Pause and relax for a moment. Visualize your

reader in your mind's eye Tell your story quickly. Work for short periods of time. Include all your ideas DOUBLE OR TRIPLE SPACE

EDITING AND PROOF READING

Share your rough draft with a friend or one of your identified reader.

Ask the person to read your draft, check accuracy, completeness and suggest ideas for revision.

Then revise it again taking in your readers suggestion.

EDITING AND PROOF READING If you are writing as a team, combine revised

individual sections to a common document. Then check the document for consistency in language Style and overall coherence Yourself, check word choices, spellings, grammar,

punctuation, handwriting and form. Avoid long and unwinding sentences,

repetitions, complex examples, difficult terms

EDITING AND PROOF READING Instead of definitions, give examples and

supporting details. Avoid irrelevant information Make sure each sentence has a subject See if subjects and verbs agree with each

other Check verb tenses Ensure if the paragraph has topic

sentence, supporting sentences to focus on the main idea and closing sentence.

See if your paragraph is interesting

EDITING AND PROOF READING Finally go through the text again, that is,

proofread the text, to check if all errors have been taken care of.

STYLING AND FORMATTING YOUR TEXT

Font size should not be too small or too large.

If write up is long, provide appropriate headings to break up the text thematically

Follow basic guidelines of division from outlines initially created.

Add heading to every main idea. Standard format: 12 pt, Times New Roman. Justify the text Provide paragraph breaks- new lines or

indents.

STYLING AND FORMATTING YOUR TEXT

Provide title to the document. Set wide margins so that text doesn’t

look very heavy on the eye. Title- centre aligned in larger or different

size. Headings should stand out. Figures, tables and other elements-

typed in different font size or type.

MODULE 3 Written communication: Note making and taking, summarizing, notes and memos,

developing notes into text, organization of ideas, cohesion and coherence

paragraph writing, ordering information in space and time, description and argument, comparison and contrast, narrating events chronologically. Writing a rough draft, editing, proof reading, final draft and styling text.

Technical report writing: Synopsis writing, formats for reports. Introductory report, Progress report, Incident report, Feasibility report, Marketing report, Field report and Laboratory test report.

Project report: Reference work, General objective, specific objective, introduction, body, illustrations using graphs, tables, charts, diagrams and flow charts. Conclusion and references. Preparation of leaflets, brochure and C.V.

Types of Reports

Introductory ReportProgress ReportsIncident ReportFeasibility ReportMarketing ReportField ReportLaboratory Report

Progress Report : What progress is made on a project, whether on schedule, what difficulties you encountered or what are plans for next reporting period. (Daily, Weekly, Monthly or Quarterly)

Heading : Date , To , From , Subject Introduction ( overview, background) Objectives : Why , what problems , what do you hope,

who initiated Personnel : With whom ( Work Team) Prev. Activity : Remind what work has been

accomplished Discussion ( findings, body, agenda) Work accomplished: itemize in chronological list Work remaining : Problems Encountered Conclusion / Recommendation

Lab Report : To document your findings after performing a laboratory test ( Why, How, What are the results & Action)

Heading Introduction ( Overview, background, purpose) The rationale ( What problem motivated) The objectives ( what does this report hope to

prove) Authorization( Under whose authority ) Discussion ( body, methodology) Apparatus Procedure Conclusion / Recommendation : Presents your

findings / Follow-up action

Feasibility Report (Recommendation Report): Heading Introduction ( Overview, background) What is the purpose of this report What problems motivated this study Who initiated the study Personnel Discussion ( body, findings) Criteria Analysis Conclusion / Recommendation : State the significance

of your findings and draw a conclusion / Suggestions

Incident Report (Accident Report): Problem occurs within your work environment that requires investigation and suggested solutions

Heading Introduction What is the purpose : When, where and why

you were called to perform maintenance Discussion ( body, findings, agenda, work

accomplished) : Using subheadings ( problems) and how did you solve

Conclusion / Recommendation : What caused the problem / what could be done in future

Field Report(Trip Report):

Heading

Introduction ( Overview, background ) What is the purpose :document the dates, destination.

Comment on rationale and objective Personnel Authorization Discussion ( body, findings, agenda)

Description : What have you seen or observed Analysis : Strengths and weakness, reflection or

evaluation of observations Appendix : information that supports your analysis

Conclusion / Recommendation : What did you accomplish / What suggestions next

Marketing Report : Heading

Introduction ( Overview, background) What is the profile of the firm & Purpose Introduction to the research work Who initiated the study Personnel Discussion ( body, findings) Scope and Limitations of the research work Research Methodologies Analysis Conclusion / Recommendation : State the

significance of your findings and draw a conclusion / Suggestions