Organism Nutrition Locomotion Cell Wall Chloroplast s Cilia or flagella Saccharomyc es Heterotroph (extracellul ar digestion Absent Made of chitin Absent Absent Amoeba Heterotroph (intracellul ar digestion Slides using pseudopodia Absent Absent Absent Plasmodium Heterotroph (intracellul ar digestion) Glides on substrate Absent Absent Absent Paramecium Heterotroph (intracellul ar digestion) Swimming Absent Absent Cilia Euglena Autotroph and heterotroph Swimming Absent Present Flagellum Chlorella Autotroph None Made of cellulose Present Absent
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OrganismNutritionLocomotionCell WallChloroplastsCilia or flagella Saccharomyces Heterotroph (extracellular digestion AbsentMade of chitinAbsent Amoeba.
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Organism Nutrition Locomotion Cell Wall Chloroplasts Cilia or flagella
Conditions needed for the aerobic autotrophic bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrites then nitrates:
1. Available oxygen2. Neutral pH3. Warm temperatures
DenitrificationConditions needed for anaerobic autotrophic bacteria to convert nitrates to nitrogen gas.1.No available oxygen2.High nitrogen input
Denitrification
• Bad for soil• Removes nitrites• Destroys ozone• NO (one product- minor greenhouse gas,
contributes to global warming)
Raw Sewage- Adds pathogens to water which in some countries may be used for bathing or drinking (as well as irrigating crops) Diseases- E. coli, cholera, typhoid
Nitrate Fertilizer- Leads to Eutrophication (overgrowth of a lake or stream due to excess nutrients)
•Nitrates and Phosphates fertilize the algae in water•Algal bloom (overgrowth of algae)•Decomposed by aerobic bacteria which used up the oxygen. (BOD- Biochemical Oxygen Demand- the amount of oxygen needed by organisms over a set period of time)•Water is deoxygenated•Fish (etc. ) die.
Raw Sewage- Adds pathogens to water which in some countries may be used for bathing or drinking (as well as irrigating crops) Diseases- E. coli, cholera, typhoid
Nitrate Fertilizer- Leads to Eutrophication (overgrowth of a lake or stream due to excess nutrients)
•Nitrates and Phosphates fertilize the algae in water•Algal bloom (overgrowth of algae)•Decomposed by aerobic bacteria which used up the oxygen. (BOD- Biochemical Oxygen Demand- the amount of oxygen needed by organisms over a set period of time)•Water is deoxygenated•Fish (etc. ) die.
To prevent contamination by raw sewage, saprophytic bacteria are used. These bacteria break down the organic material in raw sewage.
Trickling Bed Filter-•Bacteria adhere to stones•Cleaner water flows out bottom•Excess bacteria settle out (in a second tank) and are removed•Water is disinfected with chlorine.
Reed Bed-•Artificial wetland•Nutrients from waste promote growth of reeds.•Small Scale
From Damon :HL Biology
Biomass- Manure and crops, or crop by-products, can be used to make methane and ethanol.
To make biogas (60% methane) need anaerobic digestor.•No free oxygen.•Constant temperature of 35 ⁰C•pH –not too acidic
•Ammonia and phosphate by-products
From Damon :HL Biology
Methanogenesis
• Acidogenic bacteria convert organic matter to organic acids and alcohol.
• Acetogenic bacteria make acetate, with carbon dioxide and hydrogen as by-products from organic acids and alcohol.
• Methanogenic bacteria create methane from either the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen or the breakdown of acetate.
From Damon :HL Biology
Manure
Organic acids alcohol
Carbon dioxide + hydrogen acetate
methane methane
Methanogenic bacteria (produce methane)
Acetogenic bacteria(produce acetate)
Acidogenic bacteria (produce acids)
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2 H2 O CH3 COOH CH4 + CO2
From Damon :HL Biology
Microbes and Food Production
Objective F.4
Saccharomyces cerevisae
• Organism• Yeast• Pasteur in 1837 outlined its role in food
production (bread, wine, beer)• Uses sugar for energy• Reproduces by budding
• Recipe for sourdough starter• • 1. Boil potatoes with the jackets on until they fall apart.
2.lift out the skins and mash potatoes in the water making a puree. cool and save 2 cups of the puree adding it to 2 cups of flour and 2 Tbs. of sugar.Beat it smooth, then leave loosely covered in a warm place to start fermentation. Usually there is a good effervescent action within a week. To replenish your starter, add flour, water and a pinch of sugar. Leave it to work.
•
Soy Sauce “ A fine product since 3000 BC”
• Soy beans are fermented• Different fungus Aspergillus oryzae
wheat.• Add fungus Aspergillus oryzae• Leave for 3 days at 30⁰ C• Add salt and water, ferment for 6-8 months• Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and ultimately
lactic acid and alcohol.• Proteins are broken down to peptides and amino acids• Filter and pasteurize.• Sprinkle on your favorite food