organisational culture in India and USA

7/31/2019 organisational culture in India and USA

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Ylmwix{mp} eg Pilli{{ii# Nlerwmcci

Gxea pbi [icikpi`Texn{ eg Kjxec Pilevmx

Lewiahix 8662

Pbi Ijdci jl` pbi Icivbjlp? KeavjxmldExdjlmzjpmel Kycpyxi ml pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl`Ml`mj

KelpjkpJypbex

[pjxp ]eyx Etl[icikpi`Texn{

Lepmg} Aieg Lit Texn

Jwjmcjhci jp? bppv?%%texn{,hivxi{{,kea%kjxecUpilevmx%:67
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Pbi Ijdci jl` pbi Icivbjlp?

Keavjxmld Exdjlmzjpmel Kycpyxi ml pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl` Ml`mj,

Jh{pxjkp

Pbm{ irvcexjpex} {py`} xikex`{ jl` keavjxi{ pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi ml {mr bmdb

pikb gmxa{? geyx ml pbi Y[ jl` pte ml Ml`mj, Vxmex xi{ijxkb mlpe pbi ljpmeljc kycpyxi

{yddi{p{ pbjp pbixi jxi {mdlmgmkjlp `mggixilki{# jl` pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi{ {beyc`

amxxex pbi{i `mggixilki{, Ljpyxjcm{pmk eh{ixwjpmel tj{ y{i` gex pbi `jpj keccikpmel,

Pbi gml`mld{ ml`mkjpi pbjp kycpyxi gicc mlpe 4 kjpidexmi{? keaaylmkjpmel>

mlgexajpmel> bixei{> mllewjpmel> jxkbmpikpyxi> jppil`jlki> jl` jppmxi, Pbixi tixi {yhpci

`mggixilki hiptiil pbi gmxa{ ml pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl` Ml`mj# hyp pbi kycpyxi{ tixi geyl`

pe hi {mamcjx ml {eai jl` `mggixilp ml epbix kjpidexmi{,


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Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! 8

Pbi Ijdci jl` pbi Icivbjlp?

Keavjxmld Exdjlmzjpmel Kycpyxi ml pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl` Ml`mj,

Mlpxe`ykpmel

Kycpyxi mlgcyilki{ pbi tj} vievci pbmln# jkp jl` xicjpi pe eli jlepbix, [mlbj

":==6- txepi pbjp kycpyxi xigcikp{ pbi tj} eg cmgi eg j vievci? mp mlkcyì{ pxj`mpmel{#

bixmpjdi jl` j ì{mdl gex cmwmld, Gyxpbix# mp m{ pbi {ya pepjc eg pbi hicmig{# lexa{ jl`

wjcyi{ pbjp xicjpi pe pbi ajllix ml tbmkb j {ekmip} hibjwi{ "[mlbj# :==6-,

Oy{p j{ {ekmipmi{ bjwi kycpyxi{# {e è exdjlmzjpmel{, Jkkex`mld pe Timkn ":=4=-#

exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi m{ pbi ajllix ml tbmkb pbi hj{mk j{{yavpmel{ eg bet j gmxa

evixjpi{ jl` pbi wjcyi{ pbjp mp bec`{ pe tbmci vyx{ymld mp{ dejc{ jxi keaaylmkjpi`, Pbi

aiahix{ eg jl exdjlmzjpmel {bjxi vjppixl{ eg vixkivpmel jl` ylìx{pjl`mld{ eg pbimx texn

cmgi, Pbi exdjlmzjpmel{ kycpyxi vxewmì{ mp{ aiahix{ tmpb j nletci`di hj{i pbjp {ixwi{

j{ j dymì gex pbi mlpixvxipjpmel eg mlgexajpmel# jkpmel{ jl` irvikpjpmel{ tbmci pbi} texn

gex j gmxa "Timkn# :=4=-,

Aexi xikilpc}# Beg{piì "8669- {yddi{pi` pbjp exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi m{ pbi

keccikpmwi vxedxjaamld eg pbi aml` pbjp `m{pmldym{bi{ pbi aiahix{ eg eli dxeyv ex

exdjlmzjpmel gxea jlepbix, Beg{piì "8669- geyl` pbjp exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi irm{p{ lep

elc} ml pbi aml` eg pbi exdjlmzjpmel{ aiahix{bmv hyp jc{e ml pbi aml` eg pbi

exdjlmzjpmel{ epbix {pjnibecìx{# mlkcy`mld pbi gmxa{ ky{peaix{# {yvvcmix{# cjhex

exdjlmzjpmel{# limdbhex{# dewixlailp jl` pbi cekjc%ljpmeljc ai`mj,

Pbm{ {py`} xikex`{ jl` keavjxi{ pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi ml {mr "7- bmdb pikb

gmxa{ pbjp jxi ildjdi` ml kxijpmld mllewjpmwi bmdb pikb vxe`ykp{> geyx "0- ml pbi Ylmpi`

[pjpi{ jl` pte "8- ml Ml`mj, Vxmex xi{ijxkb mlpe pbi {mamcjxmpmi{ jl` `mggixilki{ ml ljpmeljc


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Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! ;

kycpyxi{ hiptiil pbi{i pte keylpxmi{ {yddi{p{ pbjp pbixi jxi {mdlmgmkjlp `mggixilki{# jl`

pby{ pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi{ {beyc` amxxex pbi{i `mggixilki{ "@bjtjl# Xe{iajl#

Ljm`y# ' Xippin# :==9-,

Pbi xi{ijxkbix{ y{i` ljpyxjcm{pmk eh{ixwjpmel pe mlwi{pmdjpi pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc

kycpyxi eg pbi{i gmxa{ h} {bjètmld iavce}ii{ j{ pbi} keavcipi` pbimx `jmc} pj{n{,

@yxmld pbi `jpj keccikpmel# eh{ixwjpmel{ tixi xikexì` jheyp pbi kexvexjpi kycpyxi jl`

lepi{ tixi pjnil pe ylìx{pjl` bet pbi{i kycpyxjc dymìcmli{ {iiai` pe mlpixjkp tmpb

keaaylmkjpmel jl` mlgexajpmel iwilp{, Pbm{ ajly{kxmvp hidml{ tmpb j xiwmit eg pbi

cmpixjpyxi el exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi# hepb ml dilixjc jl` pbil {vikmgmkjcc} gex pbi Ylmpi`

[pjpi{# Ml`mj jl` ml bmdb pikb gmxa{, Jgpix j `m{ky{{mel eg pbi aipbeèced} y{i` ml pbm{

{py`}# pbi xi{ycp{ jl` `m{ky{{mel {ikpmel{ mìlpmg} m{{yi{ xicjpi` pe kycpyxi jl` `m{ky{{i{

pbi {mamcjxmpmi{ jl` `mggixilki{ ml exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi hiptiil pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl`

Ml`mj,

Cmpixjpyxi Xiwmit

Ewixwmit eg Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi

Beg{piì ":=26- geyl` pbjp ljpmeljc jl`%ex xidmeljc kycpyxi bj{ j {pxeld mavjkp el

pbi kycpyxi eg pbi exdjlmzjpmel{ cekjpi` ml pbjp jxij jl` bi mìlpmgmi` gmwi `mail{mel{ pe

aij{yxi jcc p}vi{ eg kycpyxi{? ":- vetix `m{pjlki:> "8- keccikpmwm{a wix{y{ ml`mwm`yjcm{a8>

: Vetix `m{pjlki xicjpi{ pe pbi ìdxii eg {ekmjc mliyjcmp}# mlkcy`mld pbi xicjpmel{bmv pe jypbexmp}# hiptiil

aiahix{ eg {ekmip}8 Keccikpmwm{a wix{y{ ml`mwm`yjcm{a aij{yxi{ pbi xicjpmel{bmv hiptiil pbi ml`mwm`yjc{ ml pbi dxeyv jl`

pbimx exmilpjpmel pe pbia{icwi{ wix{y{ pbimx dxeyv aiahix{


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";- giamlmlmp} wix{y{ aj{kycmlmp};> "0- ylkixpjmlp} jwem`jlki0> jl` "9- celd!pixa wix{y{

{bexp!pixa exmilpjpmel9,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi kjl jc{e hi ìgmli` j{ impbix {pxeld ex tijn "@ijc '

Nilli`}# :=28-, J {pxeld kycpyxi irm{p{ tbil jcc iavce}ii{ jxi jtjxi eg pbi

exdjlmzjpmel{ wjcyi{# bixei{# xmpi{ jl` xmpyjc{ jl` pbi kycpyxjc liptexn, Ijkb keavelilp

m{ mavexpjlp ml pbi kxijpmel eg j {pxeld kycpyxi,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi bj{ hiil ìgmli` j{ pbi {bjxi` hj{mk j{{yavpmel{ pbjp pbi

dxeyv aiahix{ cijxli` ml exìx pe {ecwi vxehcia{ tmpbml pbi texnvcjki "[kbiml# :=29-,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc wjcyi{ jxi pbi kexi hicmig{ jl` wm{mel{ pbjp pbi iavce}ii{ bec` jheyp pbi

gmxa, Pbi{i wjcyi{# {ykb j{ keaaylmkjpmel# mllewjpmel# keccjhexjpmel# ex {pjhmcmp}# ijkb

bjwi jl iggikp el bet iavce}ii{ ylìx{pjl` pbimx xeci{ jl` irvikpjpmel{, Bixei{ jxi

mavexpjlp gex jl exdjlmzjpmel{ kycpyxi j{ pbi} {ixwi pe iahe`} pbi gmxa tmpbml j vix{el

ex dxeyv eg vievci, Gex irjavci# pbi pev {jci{vix{el ex pbi exmdmljc geylìx eg pbi gmxa

aj} hi j kycpyxjc bixe pe pbi iavce}ii{, Pbm{ bixe dmwi{ pbi iavce}ii j {il{i eg tbjp

kjl hi jkkeavcm{bi`# tbjp hibjwmex {beyc` hi iaycjpi` jl` pbi xitjx`{ pbjp jxi ve{{mhci

{beyc` pbi{i kycpyxjc dejc{ hi jppjmli`,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc xmpi{ jl` xmpyjc{ jxi mavexpjlp hepb ml ajmlpjmlmld pbi gmxa{

kycpyxi jl` keaaylmkjpmld pbimx wjcyi{ pe iavce}ii{ "@ijc ' Nilli`}# :=28-,

Pbxeydbeyp jl iavce}ii{ pilyxi jp pbi gmxa# jppil`jlki jl` vjxpmkmvjpmel ml pbi{i xmpi{

jl` xmpyjc{ vxewmì{ jl evvexpylmp} gex ajljdiailp pe {pxi{{ pbi wjcyi{ jl` wm{mel{ eg pbi

exdjlmzjpmel, Gex irjavci# ml bmdb pikb gmxa{# pbixi aj} hi j kicihxjpmel jp pbi

; Giamlmlmp} wix{y{ aj{kycmlmp} irjamli{ pbi pxj`mpmeljc {ekmjc jl` iaepmeljc wjcyi{ vcjki` el ajci{

wix{y{ giajci{0 Ylkixpjmlp} jwem`jlki# aij{yxmld pbi ajllix ml tbmkb vievci bjl`ci ylkixpjmlp} jl` jahmdymp}9 Celd!pixa wix{y{ {bexp!pixa exmilpjpmel ceen{ pe pbi mavexpjlki eg ge{pixmld wmxpyi{ exmilpi` petjx`{

gypyxi xitjx`{ wix{y{ vj{p jl` vxi{ilp xitjx`{


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keavcipmel eg j vxe`ykp ex pbi xicij{i!`jpi eg j {egptjxi vxedxja, Epbix xmpyjc{ amdbp

mlkcyì pbi keavjl} vmklmk ex j xitjx` gex jl mllewjpmel ex vjxpmkmvjpmel ml j xi{ijxkb

kelgixilki,

Pbi gmljc keavelilp eg j {pxeld kycpyxi m{ pbi exdjlmzjpmel{ kycpyxjc liptexn

tbmkb ìgmli{ bet kycpyxjc mlgexajpmel m{ `m{{iamljpi` pe pbi iavce}ii{, Egpil# pbi

gexajc liptexn m{ vxi{ilpi` pe iavce}ii{ gmx{p jp pbi iavce}ailp mlpixwmit jl` pbil jp

pbi lit iavce}ii exmilpjpmel, Betiwix# elki ml{mì pbi exdjlmzjpmel# pbixi aj} hi

j``mpmeljc gexajc keaaylmkjpmel aipbe`{ "m,i,? lit{cippix{- j{ ticc j{ mlgexajc aipbe`{

eg keaaylmkjpmel "m,i,? dxjviwmli- pbjp tmcc hi ypmcmzi` pe `m{{iamljpi pbi kycpyxjc

mlgexajpmel,

Y,[, exdjlmzjpmeljc keaaylmkjpmel {kbecjx{ bjwi {py`mi` exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi

gex pbi cj{p ptilp}!gmwi }ijx{# jcpbeydb ae{p eg pbi {py`mi{ bjwi ceeni` jp pbi aeìc{ eg

kycpyxi xjpbix pbjl j ì{kxmvpmel eg bet j kycpyxi m{ iahe`mi` tmpbml pbi exdjlmzjpmel "kg?

Amccix# 866;-, @ijc jl` Nilli`} ":=28- mlpxe`yki` pbi mìj{ eg pbi keavjl} xmpi{#

xmpyjc{ jl` {}ahec{ eg pbi keavjl} mlpe pbi kycpyxi `m{ky{{mel, Pbimx xi{ijxkb

ìael{pxjpi` pbi mavexpjlki eg a}pb{# {pexmi{ jl` kexvexjpi bixei{ ml pbi gexajpmel jl`

kelpmlyjpmel eg jl exdjlmzjpmel{ kycpyxi, Jlepbix ijxc} {py`} mlpe exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi

tj{ pbi mìlpmgmkjpmel eg pbi imdbp "2- kbjxjkpixm{pmk{ eg irkiccilp keavjlmi{ h} Vipix{

jl` Tjpixajl# ":=28-, Pbi{i imdbp mpia{ tixi {betl pe j{{m{p ml jkbmiwmld {ykki{{ ml

pbi ajxnipvcjki,

Tjccjkb ":=2;- mìlpmgmi` pbxii {ivjxjpi# aij{yxjhci exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi{?

hyxijykxjpmk# mllewjpmwi jl` {yvvexpmwi, Hyxijykxjpmk kycpyxi{ jxi kbjxjkpixmzi` h} kcijx

cmli{ eg jypbexmp} jl` xi{vel{mhmcmp} jl` h} bmdbc} exdjlmzi`# keavjxpailpjcmzi` jl`


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{}{piajpmk texn, Hyxijykxjpmk exdjlmzjpmel{ jxi bmixjxkbmkjc# {pxykpyxi`# xidycjpi` jl`

vxeki`yxjc, Mllewjpmwi kycpyxi{ jxi xi{ycp{!exmilpi` ilwmxelailp{ tbixi kbjccildi# xm{n!

pjnmld jl` kxijpmwmp} jxi wjcyi`, Mllewjpmwi exdjlmzjpmel{ vxewmì texnix{ tmpb kbjccildi

jl` {pmaycjpmel, Pbi{i ilwmxelailp{# betiwix# jc{e pil` pe hi j{{ekmjpi` tmpb bmdb

ciwic{ eg texnix {pxi{{ jl` hyxleyp, Cj{pc}# Tjccjkb ":=2;- {yddi{p{ pbjp ml {yvvexpmwi

kycpyxi{# texnix{ jxi gxmil`c}# gjmx jl` bicvgyc pe ijkb epbix jl` pe pbi exdjlmzjpmel,

[yvvexpmwi kycpyxi{ vxeaepi gjamc} wjcyi{ {ykb j{ bjxael}# evilli{{# gxmil`{bmv#

keccjhexjpmel jl` pxy{p,

Betiwix# Ni}pel "8669- lepi` pbjp le {mldci jxpmgjkp# wjcyi# ex j{{yavpmel m{# ex

kjl kxijpi# jl exdjlmzjpmel{ kycpyxi, Xjpbix# kycpyxi iaixdi{ gxea pbi keavcir mlpixvcj}

eg pbi{i iciailp{ gxea jcc eg pbi exdjlmzjpmel{ aiahix{, Ml {ya# Ni}pel kelpil`{ pbjp

exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi m{ j {ip"{- eg jxpmgjkp{# wjcyi{# jl` j{{yavpmel{ pbjp iaixdi gxea

pbi mlpixjkpmel{ eg exdjlmzjpmeljc aiahix{ "v,82-,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Ml`mj

Ml`mj m{ mavexpjlp pe {py`} {mlki pbi ikelea} m{ heeamld jl` pbixi m{ jl mlkxij{i

ml aycpmljpmeljc hy{mli{{ wilpyxi{, Mp bj{ hikeai j vxigixxi` ì{pmljpmel gex i{pjhcm{bmld

eyp{eyxkmld kilpix{ "Pbi Ikeleamk Pmai{# 8669- jl` ml 8669# Ml`mj kelpxecci` 00 vix

kilp eg texc` eyp{eyxkmld hy{mli{{ "LJ[[KEA# 8669-, Pbm{ dxetpb m{ vxmajxmc} j xi{ycp

eg jl i{pmajpi` ;6!96 vix kilp ke{p {jwmld ewix {mamcjx texn ml pbi Y[ j{ ticc j{ pbi

jwjmcjhmcmp} eg pbey{jl`{ eg ticc!pxjmli` vxegi{{meljc{ tbe kjl {vijn gcyilp Ildcm{b

"Xjakbjl`xjl ' Wecipm# 8660> [jmlm ' Hy`btjx# 8660-,

[mlbj jl` [mlbj ":==6- èkyailpi` {eai eg pbi `mggixilki{ ml exdjlmzjpmeljc

kycpyxi hiptiil Ml`mj jl` pbi Ti{p, Pbi pxj`mpmeljc wmit eg texn ml Ml`mj tj{ pbjp eg j


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`yp} pbjp {beyc` hi vixgexai` impbix ml pbi gjamc} ex tmpbml pbi mlpix!kj{pi gxjaitexn,

Cjxdi exdjlmzjpmel{ tixi lep keaael ml Ml`mj vxmex pe pbi Hxmpm{b pjniewix eg pbi {yh!

kelpmlilp# ml vjxp hikjy{i limpbix pxj`mpmeljc texn# pbi irm{pmld {ekmjc {}{pia# lex pbi

Bml`m xicmdmel bjwi hiil exdjlmzi` ml pbm{ ajllix,

Pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi `yxmld pbi Hxmpm{b xyci tj{ egpil kbjxjkpixmzi` h}

iaepmeljc jceegli{{ eg pbi {yvixmex jl` pmdbp kelpxec ewix pbi {yhex`mljpi{ "[mlbj# :==6-,

Pj}ih${ ":=24- mlwi{pmdjpi` pbi `mggixilki{ ml kycpyxjc wjcyi{ jl` pbmlnmld hiptiil

Ildcm{b jl` Ml`mjl vievci jl` lepi` pbjp pbi Ml`mjl iavce}ii tj{ gijxgyc eg vievci ml

vetix# ehi`milp pe {yvixmex{# ìvilìlp el epbix{# gjpjcm{pmk# {yham{{mwi# keccikpmwm{p#

kj{pi kel{kmey{# jl` aexi cjt !jhm`mld pbjl tj{ pbi p}vmkjc Ildcm{b iavce}ii,

[mlbj ":==6- xivijpi` pbjp pbi Ml`mjl {ekmjc {}{pia m{ {piivc} bmixjxkbmkjc jl`

Ml`mjl{ jxi bmdbc} {pjpy{ kel{kmey{, Viix dxeyv xicjpmel{bmv{ ml`yki jlrmip} ylpmc pbi

viix{ jxi xjlni` el {eai xijc ex majdmljx} `mail{mel{, Elki j bmixjxkb} m{ i{pjhcm{bi`#

oylmex{ }mic` pe {ilmex{ el iwix} kelkimwjhci el!pbi!oeh ex egg!pbi!oeh ekkj{mel,

Jkkex`mld pe Nepbjxm# ":=46- Ml`mjl{ giic aexi jp ij{i jp texn ml {yvixmex!{yhex`mljpi

xeci{ pbjl tmpb iyjc{, Pby{# ml pbi Ml`mjl kycpyxi# mp m{ mavexpjlp pbjp exdjlmzjpmeljc

cijìx{ jxi jtjxi pbjp pbjp $bmixjxkb} jl` mliyjcmp} jxi ìivc} xeepi` ml Ml`mjl pxj`mpmel{$

"Ojml ' Wilnjpj Xjplja# :==0> Xecjl`# :=26-,

Gyxpbix# Beg{piì "8669- geyl` pbjp Ml`mj {kexi{ xicjpmwic} bmdb el vetix

`m{pjlki jl` celd!pixa exmilpjpmel# xicjpmwic} cet el ml`mwm`yjcm{a jl` ylkixpjmlp}

jwem`jlki# jl` aeìxjpi el aj{kycmlmp} `mail{mel{, Ml cjxdi!vetix!`m{pjlki {mpyjpmel{#

{yvixmex{ jl` {yhex`mljpi{ kel{mìx ijkb epbix j{ irm{pilpmjcc} yliyjc, Mp teyc` hi

keaael gex exdjlmzjpmel{ ml pbm{ p}vi eg kycpyxi pe kilpxjcmzi vetix ml j{ git bjl`{ j{


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ve{{mhci {mlki {yhex`mljpi{ irvikp pe hi pec` tbjp è xjpbix pbjl pe vjxpmkmvjpi ml pbi

ajljdiailp eg pbi keavjl},

Pbi gijpyxi{ eg Ml`mjl gmxa{ jxi kbjldmld j{ j xi{ycp eg ìljpmeljcmzjpmel#

vxmwjpmzjpmel jl` ìxidycjpmel# jl` h} pbi iggexp{ eg hy{mli{{ exdjlmzjpmel{ "Nele '

Kcidd :==2-, Pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc wjcyi{ pbjp kelpmlyi pe hi vjxp eg {ekmipjc jl`

exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi ìjc tmpb bmixjxkbmkjc {ekmjc {pxykpyxi{ jl` xicjpmel{bmv{# j

vxigixilki gex vix{eljcmzi` xicjpmel{bmv{# {ekmjc liptexnmld# keccikpmwm{pmk exmilpjpmel

"[mlbj ' [mlbj# :==6-# jl` exdjlmzjpmeljc keaampailp "Nele ' Kcidd# :==2> Kzjlìx

' Cii# 866:-,

Ml keavjxm{el pe pbe{i ml pbi Y[J# pbi {yvixmex!{yhex`mljpi xicjpmel{bmv ml Ml`mj

m{ aexi vix{eljcmzi` pbjl kelpxjkpyjc "[mlbj# :==6- j{ Ml`mjl{ vxigix vix{eljcmzi`

xicjpmel{bmv{ "[mlbj ' [mlbj# :==6> Njbjx# :=42# Njlyde ' Ailèlkj# :==0-,

Aepmwjpmeljc peec{ ml Ml`mjl exdjlmzjpmel{ jxi aexi cmnic} pe hi {ekmjc# mlpixvix{eljc jl`

iwil {vmxmpyjc "Hy`btjx ' Nbjpxm# 866:> @j}jc# :=47> [bjxaj# :=20> Wjxaj# Vmkbcix '

[xmlmwj{# 8669-,

[mlbj ":==6- geyl` pbjp ml Ml`mjl exdjlmzjpmel{# pbixi m{ j pilìlk} pe gexa ml!

dxeyv{ pbjp aj} cij` pe pbi kxijpmel eg gjkpmel{ tmpbml pbi exdjlmzjpmel, Ml gjkp# ae{p eg

Ml`mjl exdjlmzjpmel{ bjwi lyaixey{ ewixcjvvmld j{ ticc j{ gmdbpmld ml!dxeyv{ pbjp egpil

mlpixgixi tmpb pbi gylkpmelmld eg pbi gexajcc} ì{mdli` {ikpmel{# ìvjxpailp{ jl`

`mwm{mel{ "[mlbj# :==6-,

Ml`mj m{ j keccikpmwm{p( ljpmel# "Beg{piì# :=26- jl` pbi vxigixilki gex

vix{eljcmzi` xicjpmel{bmv{ jl` liptexnmld jxi vjxp{ eg pbjp keccikpmwm{a "[mlbj ' [mlbj#

:==6- eg Ml`mjl{, Gmljcc}# Xeazin ":=2=- m{ky{{i` exdjlmzjpmeljc keaampailp j{ j


10/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! =

{il{i eg jppjkbailp pe j texn exdjlmzjpmel, Pbm{ bmdbcmdbp{ j ajoex `mggixilki hiptiil

pbi hibjwmex eg exdjlmzjpmeljc texnix{ ml pbi Y,[, jl` Ml`mj, Ml pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{#

iavce}ii{ {iin hippix evvexpylmpmi{ h} aewmld pe {mamcjx vxegi{{mel{ ml epbix

exdjlmzjpmel{ jl` xiajml ce}jc pe pbimx oeh{ xjpbix pbimx exdjlmzjpmel "Nele ' Kcidd#

:==2-, Ml Ml`mj# tbixi pbi yliavce}ailp xjpi m{ bmdb# jl iavce}ii m{ `m{{yjì` gxea

cijwmld j oeh, Mg ve{{mhci# Ml`mjl iavce}ii{ tmcc tjlp pe texn jp pbi {jai gmxa gex pbimx

ilpmxi kjxiix, "Nele ' Kcidd# :==2-,

Pikbleced} jl` kexvexjpi kycpyxi

Pikbleced} kelpmlyi{ pe kbjldi pbi ljpyxi eg texn tmpbml exdjlmzjpmel{ tbmkb

jc{e mlgcyilki{ pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi, Pbi xi{ijxkb ml pbm{ jxij {yddi{p{ pbjp

mavxewi` pikbleced} ml exdjlmzjpmel{ jcpix{ exdjlmzjpmeljc {pxykpyxi{ {ykb j{

ml{pmpypmeljcmzi` xeci{ jl` vjppixl{ eg mlpixjkpmel "Hjxci}# :=27-,

J``mpmeljcc}# pikblecedm{p{ pbia{icwi{ jxi `mggixilp gxea epbix p}vi{ eg

exdjlmzjpmeljc texnix{, Gex irjavci# ajl} MP texnix{ kjl hi kbjxjkpixmzi` j{ himld

mlpecixjlp eg jahmdymp}# vxikm{i jl` jkkyxjpi# jl` vxigixxmld cedmkjc xyci{ jl` vxeki`yxi{

"[kbiml# :==8-,

[eai xi{ijxkb bj{ {py`mi` pbi bmdb pikb ildmliixmld kycpyxi, P}vmkjc bmdb pikb

kycpyxi bj{ j gcjp bmixjxkb} tmpb ci{{ xmdm` jl` jy{pixi kelpxec "Hyxxm{# :==2> Nyl`j#

8667-# m{ ml`mwm`yjcm{pmk "Izz}# 866:-# jl` aj{kycmli "Txmdbp# :==7> Keevix# 8666-,

Nyl`j "8667- txepi pbjp pbi bmdb pikb kycpyxi m{ j vcjki tbixi pbi elc} kel{pjlp m{

kbjldi jl` pbi iwix} iggexp pe ì{kxmhi mp m{ jcxij`} eyp`jpi`, Izz} "866:- vemlp{ eyp pbjp

pbi cjldyjdi# lexa{ jl` wjcyi{ eg pbi ildmliixmld kycpyxi bj{ hikeai mlpixljcmzi` jl`

èamljpi{ pbi iavce}ii{$ {yhoikpmwmp}, Ildmliixmld kycpyxi{ pil` pe ilkeyxjdi pbi texnix


11/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! :6

pe ìwicev aexjc gxjaitexn{ pbjp jxi ml`mwm`yjcm{pmk jl` bjwi cmppci kelkixl gex epbix

vievci, Txmdbp ":==7- geyl` pbjp pbi aj{kycmli kbjxjkpixm{pmk eg pbi ildmliixmld jl`

keavypix kycpyxi m{ eli xiymxmld jddxi{{mwi `m{vcj}{ eg pikblmkjc {icg!kelgmìlki jl`

bjl`{!el jhmcmp} gex {ykki{{ "v,27-,

Xi{ijxkb Zyi{pmel{

Ml {ya# exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi bj{ hiil ìgmli` j{ pbi {}{pia eg lexa{# jppmpyì{#

wjcyi{# hicmig{ jl` ky{pea{ pbjp dewixl pbi hibjwmex eg vievci tmpbml jl exdjlmzjpmel,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi m{ jc{e pbi ylìx{pjl`mld eg mahi`ì` keaaylmkjpmel vjppixl{#

pbi jwem`jlki eg kelgcmkp ml pbi texndxeyv jl` pbi jkkivpjlki eg lit pikblecedmi{,

Pby{# kycpyxi m{ {iil j{ eli irvcjljpmel gex tbjp ajni{ ijkb exdjlmzjpmel ylmyi, Tbmci

pbi {mr keavjlmi{ pbjp tixi wm{mpi` jxi ildjdi` ml {mamcjx jkpmwmpmi{# ijkb eli bj{

ìwicevi` j {mdlmgmkjlpc} `mggixilp kycpyxi gex jkkeavcm{bmld mp{ liki{{jx} pj{n{,

XZ:? Tbjp m{ pbi kyxxilp exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi tmpbml bmdb pikb gmxa{ ml

pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl` Ml`mj5

XZ8? M{ pbixi j mggixilki hiptiil pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi{ eg bmdb

pikb gmxa{ ml pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl` pbe{i ml Ml`mj5

Aipbeèced}

Gex pbm{ {py`}# ì{mdl ildmliix{ jl` pikblmkjc vxegi{{meljc{ tixi eh{ixwi` ml pbimx

vcjki{ eg texn j{ pbi} keavcipi` pbimx `jmc} xi{vel{mhmcmpmi{, J pepjc eg eli byl`xi`!

pbxii iavce}ii{ "Y[? 92 ail# :: teail74# Ml`mj? 8= ail# 9 teail- gxea geyx bmdb pikb

gmxa{ ml pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl` pte ml Ml`mj tixi {bjèti` ml pbimx xi{vikpmwi texnvcjki{,

Pbi iwilp{ eg jl ilpmxi texn`j} tixi kjvpyxi` "mlkcy`mld cylkb# aiipmld{# ipk-, Pbi `jpj

7 Teail jxi bm{pexmkjcc} ylìx!xivxi{ilpi ml pbi bmdb pikb ildmliixmld gmic`,4 Pbi keavjlmi{# lep pbi xi{ijxkbix{# ìkmì` tbmkb iavce}ii{ teyc` hi eh{ixwi`,


12/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! ::

keccikpi` mlkcyì` eh{ixwjpmel{ jheyp pbi vb}{mkjc texn ilwmxelailp# pbi ljpyxi eg

keaaylmkjpmel# pbi jaeylp eg keaaylmkjpmel jl` pbi xjldi eg pikbleced} y{i`,

Ml pbi Y[# pbi xi{ijxkbix{%eh{ixwix{ tixi gjkycp} jl` dxj`yjpi {pyìlp pija{ gxea

j cjxdi [eypbij{pixl Ylmwix{mp} tbmci ml Ml`mj# jcc pbi eh{ixwix{ tixi dxj`yjpi {pyìlp{

gxea j cjxdi Ml`mjl Ylmwix{mp}, Jcc aiahix{ eg pbi pija{ tixi pxjmli` ml pbi pikblmyi

eg ljpyxjcm{pmk eh{ixwjpmel, Pbi xi{ijxkb pija{ xjldi` gxea pbxii pe {mr aiahix{

ìvil`mld el pbi lyahix eg iavce}ii{ himld {bjèti` jl` pbi cildpb eg pmai pbi pija{

tixi el cekjpmel ml ijkb eg pbi {mr gmxa{,

Vjxpmkmvjlp{

Pbi ml`mwm`yjc{ pbjp vjxpmkmvjpi` ml pbi {py`} tixi :6; jkpmwi aiahix{ eg ì{mdl

jl` ìwicevailp pija{ gex j vxe`ykp# {ixwmki ex {}{pia tmpbml j bmdb pikb ildmliixmld

gmxa, Betiwix# tmpbml pbi{i kxmpixmj# pbi vjxpmkmvjlp{ bic` j wjxmip} eg vxeoikp xeci{ jl`

xi{vel{mhmcmpmi{# jl` pbimx pilyxi jp pbi gmxa{ xjldi` gxea lit bmxi{ pe irvixmilki` {ilmex

{pjgg, Irjavci{ eg vjxpmkmvjlp oeh pmpci{ tixi? [ilmex Keavelilp @i{mdl Ildmliix#

Amkxe!Jxkbmpikpyxi jl` Cedmk @i{mdl Ajljdix# Vxmlkmvjc Icikpxelmk Ildmliix# Keavypix

[kmilpm{p jl` Vxeoikp Ajljdix# [egptjxi Ildmliix# J`wm{ex} Vxedxjaaix# Wjcm`jpmel jl`

Pi{pmld Ildmliix# jl` Pikblmkjc Cij`,

@ivjxpailpjc {pjgg aiahix{ jl` pbe{i vxewm`mld jàmlm{pxjpmwi {yvvexp ex cetix!

ciwic vxeoikp pija {yvvexp tixi lep mlkcyì` ml pbi {py`}, Ail jl` teail eg jcc

ipblmkmpmi{ tixi icmdmhci gex vjxpmkmvjpmel, Pbi vjxpmkmvjlp{ tixi {icikpi` h} pbi

exdjlmzjpmel himld {py`mi`> pbi xi{ijxkbix{ bj` le mlvyp mlpe tbmkb iavce}ii{ teyc` hi

eh{ixwi`,

Ljpyxjcm{pmk Eh{ixwjpmel


13/32


Pbm{ {py`} ypmcmzi` ljpyxjcm{pmk eh{ixwjpmel yjcmpjpmwi aipbeèced}, Ljpyxjcm{pmk

eh{ixwjpmel# jc{e nletl j{ {bjètmld# bj{ hiil y{i` ml j lyahix eg {py`mi{ gex

exdjlmzjpmeljc keaaylmkjpmel "mi? Nxjaix ' Bi{{# 8668- j{ ticc j{ pe eh{ixwi pbi

mlgexajpmel hibjwmex{ eg {ikyxmp} jljc}{p{ "Hjc`tml ' Xmki# :==4-# v{}kbeced}

jkjìamk{ "Ijdix ' Evvilbimaix# :==7-# jl` {ekmjc {ixwmki{ ìvjxpailp{ "Tmc{el '

[pxijpgmic`# :=2:-, J``mpmeljc# pbi pikblmyi bj{ hiil y{i` pe {py`} pbi mlgexajpmel

hibjwmex{ eg ay{mk {pyìlp{ "Lepi{{# 8660-# j{ ticc j{ tih mlpixgjki pi{p vjxpmkmvjlp{

"Pbeav{el# 866;-, Gmìc ip jc "8660-# iavce}i` ljpyxjcm{pmk eh{ixwjpmel j{ eli peec pe

hippix ylìx{pjl` pbi mlgexajpmel lii`{ eg bmdb pikb ildmliix{,

[eai vxmex {py`mi{ pbjp bjwi y{i` ljpyxjcm{pmk eh{ixwjpmel xiymxi` pbi eh{ixwix

pe ajmlpjml j {ekmjcc} jkkivpjhci `m{pjlki gxea pbi vix{el himld eh{ixwi` jl` xiymxi`

pbjp pbi eh{ixwix lep mlpixgixi tmpb pbi pj{n{ ex bjhmp{ eg pbi texnix "Ijdix '

Evvilbimaix# :==7> Pbeav{el# 866;-, Betiwix# pbi {py`mi{ pbjp bjwi geky{i` el

mlgexajpmel {iinmld%hibjwmex "Gmìc ip jc# 8660> Lepi{{# 8660> Tmc{el ' [pxijpgmic`#

:=2:- bjwi vixamppi` pbi eh{ixwix pe mlpixjkp tmpb pbi vjxpmkmvjlp pe kcjxmg} m{{yi{ xicjpi`

pe pbi exdjlmzjpmel{ kycpyxi,

Eh{ixwjpmel Vxeki`yxi

Ml pbm{ {py`}# pbi eh{ixwix{ tixi ilkeyxjdi` pe keaaylmkjpi `mxikpc} tmpb pbi

vjxpmkmvjlp{ jp `m{kxiip vemlp{ pbxeydbeyp pbi texn`j}, Pbi{i `m{ky{{mel{ tixi y{i` pe

kcjxmg} tbjp pbi xi{ijxkbix{ tixi eh{ixwmld, Eh{ixwix{ tixi ml{pxykpi` pe pjcn tmpb pbi

ildmliix%pikblmkjc vxegi{{meljc vjxpmkmvjlp{ gex jl} eg pbi geccetmld xij{el{? ":- pe

mìlpmg} j {egptjxi vjknjdi ex vxeki{{> "8- pe ylìx{pjl` pbi {vikmgmk kmxkya{pjlki{ eg jl

iwilp "gex irjavci# ìpixamli tbipbix j vbeli kjcc tj{ {kbi`yci`# tbipbix mp tj{


14/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! :;

vix{eljc ex tj{ hy{mli{{ xicjpi`# jl` tbipbix pbi vix{el himld eh{ixwi` xikimwi` pbi kjcc

el j cjl` cmli ex aehmci vbeli-> ";- pe jl{tix jl} yi{pmel{ pbjp pbi vjxpmkmvjlp aj} bjwi

jheyp pbi aipbeèced} jl` vyxve{i eg pbi {py`}> jl` "0- pe hippix ylìx{pjl` pbi

iavce}ii{ texn ilwmxelailp# pbi texnmld vxeki{{# pbi mlgexajpmel {iinmld vxeki{{# ex

pbi keaaylmkjpmel ml pbi texnvcjki, Hxijn{ jl` aijc{ jc{e tixi eh{ixwi` ml exìx gex

pbi xi{ijxkbix{ pe dip j hjcjlki` wmit eg pbi texn`j},

Pe vxepikp pbi vxevxmipjx} ljpyxi eg pbi texn himld eh{ixwi`# eh{ixwjpmel{ tixi

xikexì` pe elc} j dilixjc ciwic eg {vikmgmkmp}, Gex irjavci# pbi `jpj `m` lep mlkcyì

{vikmgmk mlpixljc vxe`ykp jl` vix{ellic ljai{# jkpmwmpmi{# ex keavjl}!xicjpi` mlgexajpmel#

lex `m` mp mlkcyì pbi {vikmgmk{ eg j keaaylmkjpmel iwilp "gex irjavci# pbi ljai eg pbi

epbix vjxpmkmvjlp ml j kelwix{jpmel tj{ lep xikexì`-,

Ke`mld Ml{pxyailp

@yxmld pbi eh{ixwjpmel{# pbi `jpj tixi xikexì` el jl ml{pxyailp ì{mdli`

{vikmgmkjcc} gex pbm{ {py`}, Jgpix eh{ixwjpmel{ tixi keavcipi` jp pbi gmx{p keavjl}# pbi

pija ajì xiwm{mel{ pe pbi eh{ixwjpmel ml{pxyailp jl` j`ì` j {vikmjc gexa gex

exdjlmzjpmeljc aiipmld{ {vikmgmkjcc} ì{mdli` pe kjvpyxi pbi kelpirp# jkpmwmpmi{ jl` ni}

iwilp{ pbjp ekkyxxi` `yxmld pbi{i mlpixjkpmel{, Le lit ex `mggixilp `jpj tj{ keccikpi` jp

pbi cjpix gmxa{# pbi lit gexajp {mavc} ajì pbi ke`mld vxeki{{ ij{mix,

Pbi `jpj el kycpyxi tj{ xikexì` el pbi ke`mld {biip{ jl` jc{e txmppil yv jp pbi

kelkcy{mel eg pbi ijkb `j}{ `jpj keccikpmel, Pbi{i txmppil xivexp{ tixi keahmli` jl`

pbi mlgexajpmel tj{ kjpidexmzi` mlpe pbi `mggixilp `mail{mel{ eg kycpyxi ìpjmci` hicet,

Xi{ycp{ jl` @m{ky{{mel


15/32


Eyx eh{ixwjpmel{ jheyp exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi xikex i` jxpmgjkp{# wjcyi{ jl`

hibjwmex{ "Ni}pel# 8669- tbmkb tixi ajvvi` mlpe pbi geccetmld kjpidexmi{ ":-

Keaaylmkjpmel> "8- Mlgexajpmel lii`{> ";- Bixei{> "0- Mllewjpmel% @mwix{mp}> "9-

Jxkbmpikpyxi> "7- Jppil`jlki> jl` "4- Texnvcjki Jppmxi, Pbi{i kjpidexmi{ xivxi{ilp pbi

nletci`di hj{i pbjp dymì pbi texnix{ mlpixvxipjpmel eg mlgexajpmel# jkpmel{ jl`

irvikpjpmel{ jp pbi gmxa "Timkn# :=4=- jl` pbi} jcmdl tmpb pbi keavelilp{ y{i` pe j{{i{{

pbi {pxildpb eg jl exdjlmzjpmel{ kycpyxi "@ijc ' Nilli`}# :=28-,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Wjcyi? Keaaylmkjpmel

J kexvexjpi wjcyi pbjp tj{ vxi{ilp ml ajl} eg pbi eh{ixwi` exdjlmzjpmel{ tj{

keaaylmkjpmel hiptiil jl` jaeld mp{ iavce}ii{, Pbi kycpyxi{ jcc bmdbc} wjcyi`

keaaylmkjpmel hiptiil iavce}ii{ jl` ml {eai kj{i{ tmpb epbix{ eyp{mì pbi gmxa,

Gex irjavci# Keavjl} J "Y[J- eggixi` mp{ iavce}ii{ {iwil "4- pikblecedmi{ pe

keaaylmkjpi tmpbml pbi gmxa2, Jl imdbpb aipbe` tj{ mlpxe`yki` `yxmld eyx wm{mp># mp tj{

j tih!hj{i` vxedxja pbjp keyc` hi y{i` h} vxeoikp!pija aiahix{ pe keaaylmkjpi pbimx

vxedxi{{ pe giccet texnix{ jkxe{{ pbi dcehi, Eli ylmyi kycpyxjc xyci tmpbml Keavjl}

J "Y[J- tj{ pbi ylìx{pjl`mld pbjp jl} kicc!vbeli ex vjdix ai{{jdi ay{p hi jl{tixi`

tmpbml ; amlypi{ mg pbi iavce}ii tj{ ml pbi eggmki# ex tmpbml j xij{eljhci vixme` eg pmai

"ylìx ;6 amlypi{- mg pbi iavce}ii tj{ eyp eg pbi eggmki ex jp beai, Pbm{ mavjxpi` pe

iavce}ii{ pbjp kelkivp pbjp keaaylmkjpmel tj{ bmdbc} wjcyi`,

Pbi epbix Y[ gmxa{ tixi lep j{ geky{i` el keaaylmkjpmel tmpbml pbi

exdjlmzjpmel j{ Keavjl} J hyp pbi exdjlmzjpmel{ {pmcc {yvvexpi` keaaylmkjpmel kbjllic{

pbjp ilkeyxjdi` iavce}ii kelpjkp{, Keavjl} H "Y[J- `m` lep vxewmì mp{ iavce}ii{

2 Pbi 4 pikblecedmi{ tixi? ":- cjl`!cmli picivbeli> "8- kicc vbeli> ";- wemki ajmc> "0- 8!tj} vjdix{> "9-

wmìe!kelgixilkmld> "7- mlpxjlip%iajmc> jl` "4- ml{pjlp ai{{jdmld,


16/32


tmpb kicc vbeli{> betiwix pbimx vix{eljc kicc vbeli{ tixi y{i` jp pmai{ j{ j tj} pe

keaaylmkjpi, Keavjl} K "Y[J- vxewmì` gmwi pikblecedmi{ gex ml!gmxa

keaaylmkjpmel=, Pbm{ gmxa vixamppi` vix{eljc kicc vbeli{# hyp pbi} tixi xjxic} y{i`,

Keavjl} @ "Y[J- ilkeyxjdi` pbi y{i eg MA h} vxewm`mld j kexvexjpi MA {}{pia pbjp

mlkcyì` pbi jhmcmp} pe {jwi jl` jxkbmwi pbi kelwix{jpmel# hyp mp `m{keyxjdi` kicc vbeli

y{jdi gex texn kelwix{jpmel{,

Ml Ml`mj# keaaylmkjpmel tj{ jc{e wjcyi`# jcpbeydb pbi pikblecedmi{ tixi ympi

`mggixilp, Keavjl} I "Ml`mj- jcceti` kicc vbeli y{jdi jl` pbi{i tixi y{i` ympi gxiic}#

vjxpmkycjxc} gex vix{eljc kjcc{, Cjl` cmli vbeli{ jl` iajmc tixi jc{e mavexpjlp

keaaylmkjpmel kbjllic{, Keavjl} G "Ml`mj- ajì {pxeld y{i eg cjl`cmli vbeli{ jl`

iajmc, Pbi keavjl} `m` lep jkpmwic} `m{keyxjdi kicc vbeli{# hyp pbi y{i eg kicc vbeli{

tj{ kel{mìxjhc} cetix pbixi pbjl ml pbi epbix gmxa{, Pbi y{i eg cjl`cmli vbeli{ tj{

ajxni`c} aexi keaael ml Ml`mjl gmxa{ pbjl ml Y[ gmxa{,

Ml {ya# keaaylmkjpmel tj{ geyl` pe hi jl mavexpjlp exdjlmzjpmeljc wjcyi ml jcc

{mr keavjlmi{# jcpbeydb pbi kbjllic pbxeydb tbmkb pbi keaaylmkjpmel peen vcjki tj{

`mggixilp hiptiil pbi pte keylpxmi{,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Wjcyi? Mlgexajpmel

Ml jcc {mr keavjlmi{ pbixi tj{ j {pxeld {yddi{pmel pbjp mlgexajpmel {bjxmld m{ j

vjxp eg exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi xidjx`ci{{ eg tbmkb keylpx} ml tbmkb pbi exdjlmzjpmel m{

cekjpi`, Gex irjavci# ml ijkb gmxa# j {mdlmgmkjlp jaeylp eg mlgexajpmel tj{ `m{{iamljpi`

pe iavce}ii{ jl` dxeyv%pija aiahix{ wmj i!kelgixilkmld jl`%ex vxi{ilpjpmel {egptjxi#

{eaipmai{ iwil tmpbml pbi {jai hymc`mld, Pbi vxi{ilpjpmel `jpj!gmci amdbp hi `m{pxmhypi`

= Pbi gmwi pikblecedmi{ tixi? ":- cjl`!cmli picivbeli> "8- wemki ajmc> ";- i!kelgixilkmld> "0- iajmc# jl` "9-

kicc vbeli,


17/32


icikpxelmkjcc} pe jcc aiipmld vjxpmkmvjlp{ vxmex pe pbi djpbixmld ex j{ j {yaajx} jgpix pbi

aiipmld, Jc{e# jp pbi aiipmld# pbi mlgexajpmel tj{ xivijpi` wixhjcc} jl` yi{pmel{ keyc`

hi j{ni` eg pbi vxi{ilpix jp pbjp pmai tbmci pbi epbix{ ml pbi aiipmld{ tixi xij`mld pbi

mlgexajpmel# egpil hepb el pbimx cjvpev{ jl` el pbi cjxdi vxeoikpmel {kxiil,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Wjcyi? Exdjlmzjpmeljc Bixei{

Pbi xikedlmpmel eg exdjlmzjpmeljc bixei{ tj{ jl jxij ml tbmkb ajxni` `mggixilki{

tixi lepi` hiptiil pbi keavjlmi{, Keavjl} H "Y[J- vcjki` j bmdb wjcyi el mp{

bixei{, Ml eli eg mp{ hymc mld{# pbixi tj{ j ay{iya eg pbi bm{pex} eg pbi exdjlmzjpmel jl`

vxegmci{ eg {eai eg pbi ae{p mavexpjlp iavce}ii{ ml pbi gmxa{ vj{p, Keavjl} H "Y[J-

jc{e vjmlpi` mp{ texnvcjki ml gmxa kecex{, Keavjl} K{ "Y[J- kexvexjpi bixei{ tixi mp{

mllewjpmwi vxe`ykp{ jl` pbi vievci tbe hymcp pbia, Pbi ajoex kexxmèx{ tixi cmli` tmpb

`m{vcj}{ eg pbi vxe`ykp j{ mp bj` kbjldi` jl` dxetl ewix pbi }ijx{, Pbi{i `m{vcj}{

mlkcyì` vxepep}vi mpia{# vbepe{ jl` pirp jheyp pbi vxe`ykp jl` mp{ ni} ì{mdl pija

aiahix{, Epbix bjcctj}{ tixi cmli` tmpb xikedlmpmel eg pbi vjpilp{ ijxli` h} keavjl}

iavce}ii{, Pbm{ tj{ ympi `mggixilp pbjl ml epbix gmxa{ tbixi vjpilp xikedlmpmel tj{

kelgmli` pe jl ml`mwm yjc{ texn{vjki ex ljai hj`di "mi? Keavjl} H "Y[J--,

Keavjl} I "Ml`mj-{ gjkmcmpmi{ vj} beajdi pe eli kexvexjpi bixe mp{ geylìx,

Pbi keavjl} m{ bey{i` el pbi dxeyl`{ pbjp bj` vxiwmey{c} {ixwi` j{ pbi keylpx} i{pjpi pe

pbi geylìx jl` bm{ gjamc}, Jcpbeydb pbixi bjwi hiil irpil{mwi xilewjpmel{ pe pbi

hymc`mld{ ml exìx pe kxijpi iggmkmilp eggmki {vjki# pbi hymc`mld{ xipjml ajl} eg pbi {vikmjc

jxkbmpikpyxjc gijpyxi{ j{{ekmjpi` tmpb pbi geylìx, Jcc pbi iavce}ii{ {bjèti`

ailpmeli` pbi{i gijpyxi{ jp {eai vemlp `yxmld pbi wm{mp, Keavjl} G "Ml`mj-{ icjhexjpi

kexvexjpi ay{iya gijpyxi` j aycpmai`mj vxi{ilpjpmel jheyp pbi bm{pex} eg pbi gmxa jl`


18/32


pbi xeci eg mp{ geyl`mld aiahix{, [pjpmk `m{vcj}{ `m` lep gijpyxi pbi{i ml`mwm`yjc{# hyp

ml{pij` geky{i` el pbi {ykki{{gyc vxe`ykp{ kxijpi` h} mp{ iavce}ii{,

Ml {ya# ml hepb Ml`mjl gmxa{ pbi geylìx{ jxi bmdbc} xidjxì` jl` iavce}ii{ tixi

wix} nletci`dijhci jheyp pbimx {pexmi{, Pbm{ tj{ ympi `mggixilp pbjl pbi Y[ gmxa{ tbixi

pbi bixei{ keyc` mlkcyì mlwilpex{ jl` vxe`ykp{ xjpbix pbjl geky{mld el kexvexjpi

geylìx{, Ml pbi Y[ gmxa{# pbi vxe`ykp tj{ pbi geky{ eg pbi bixe `mail{mel,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Wjcyi? Mllewjpmwi Texngexki % Exdjlmzjpmeljc @mwix{mp}

Tbmci jcc eg pbi Y[ gmxa{ tixi wix} `mwix{i ml pixa{ eg `mggixilp ipblmkmpmi{ jl`

ljpmeljcmpmi{# pbi eh{ixwi` gmxa{ ìael{pxjpi` j {pxeld wjcyi petjx`{ mllewjpmel jl`

pijatexn, Bilki pbi gmxa{ wjcyi` pbi mllewjpmwi jl` kxijpmwi texnvcjki pbjp tj{

gexai` h} j{{iahcmld jl ikcikpmk texngexki xjpbix pbjl {mavc} wjcymld `mwix{mp},

Ijkb eg pbi eh{ixwi` gmxa{ bj` ewixp irjavci{ eg aipbe`{ pbjp teyc` gjkmcmpjpi

pbi `mwix{i texnvcjki, Gex irjavci# ajl} gmxa{ bj` kjgipixmj{ tbixi pbi `mwix{mp}

iggexp{ tixi gexigxelp, Jcc p}vi{ eg gee`{ tixi jwjmcjhci gex vyxkbj{i# iwix}pbmld gxea

widipjxmjl {pmx!gx} pe ìcm {jl`tmkbi{, Betiwix# ì{vmpi pbi jwjmcjhmcmp} eg ipblmk gee`{#

ajl} lel!Jaixmkjl texnix{ ml pbi Y[ exdjlmzjpmel{ vxigixxi` pe hxmld pbimx aijc{ gxea

beai, Betiwix# tbmci pbixi tj{ `mwix{mp} tmpbml pbi texn dxeyv{# jp cylkb pbi

iavce}ii{ egpil jpi tmpb vievci eg {mamcjx ipblmk hjkndxeyl`{ xjpbix pbjl tmpb

keccijdyi{ gxea pbi texn!dxeyv,

Kjgipixmj{ jp pbi pte Ml`mj gmxa{ jc{e eggixi` j tmì xjldi eg gee` xivxi{ilpmld

kym{mli gxea ti{pixl kycpyxi{ jl` gxea wjxmey{ Ml`mjl kycpyxi{ # j{ ticc j{ belexmld pbi

`mggixilp xicmdmey{ pxj`mpmel{ eg pbi iavce}ii{, Jlepbix gexa eg `mwix{mp} ml Ml`mj tj{ pbi

y{i eg `mggixilp cjldyjdi{, Tbmci Ildcm{b tj{ hepb pbi vxièamljpi jl` ylmg}mld


19/32


cjldyjdi# epbix cjldyjdi{ tixi y{i` mlkcy`mld Bml`m# Picidy# Njlj`j# Hildjcm jl`

Pjamc,

Pbi keavjxm{el hiptiil pbi Ylmpi` [pjpi{ jl` Ml`mj m{ keavcir gex pbm{ kycpyxjc

`mail{mel j{ pbi ìgmlmpmel eg mwix{mp} m{ `mggixilp hiptiil pbi pte keylpxmi{, Tbmci jl

Jaixmkjl teyc` {yddi{p pbjp pbi Ml`mjl keavjlmi{ tixi lep `mwix{i ml ljpmeljc exmdml#

pbi Ml`mjl{ teyc` `m{jdxii j{ pbi gmxa{ iavce} vievci gxea {iwixjc `mggixilp Ml`mjl

kycpyxi{# gex irjavci# `mggixilp cmldym{pmk jl` xicmdmey{ pxj`mpmel{,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Wjcyi? Jxkbmpikpyxi

Jxkbmpikpyxi m{ jlepbix mavexpjlp vjxp eg exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi# hyp eli pbjp bj{

lep hiil pbexeydbc} j``xi{{i` h} keaaylmkjpmel {kbecjx{, J{ j kycpyxjc mail{mel#

jxkbmpikpyxi bicv{ pe mìlpmg} pbi exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi p}vi? hyxijykxjpmk# mllewjpmwi ex

{yvvexpmwi "Tjccjkb# :=2;-# j{ ticc j{ pe ylìx{pjl` pbi keaaylmkjpmel lexa{,

Betiwix jxkbmpikpyxi lii`{ pe hi ylìx{pee` ml keloylkpmel tmpb epbix exdjlmzjpmeljc

wjcyi{ pe aexi jkkyxjpic} mìlpmg} pbi kycpyxi p}vi,

Ae{p eg pbi gmxa{ ti eh{ixwi` vxewmì` kyhmkci{ gex pbi ildmliix{, Keavjl} @

"Y[J- tj{ pbi irkivpmel j{ ijkb aiahix eg pbm{ pija bj` j {ivjxjpi eggmki# keavcipi

tmpb j èex jl` {ecm` tjcc{, Ajl} eg pbi eggmki{ bj` cjxdi tmlèt{, [iwixjc eg pbi eggmki{

tixi jxxjldi` ml ve`{ tbixi pbi èex{ tbixi cekjpi` lijx eli jlepbix ml exìx pe

gjkmcmpjpi mlpixjkpmel, Pbi ajljdix lepi` pbjp pbm{ jxxjldiailp bj` hiil ì{mdli` pe

hxmld pedipbix mllewjpmwi ilixdmi{ liki{{jx} gex {egptjxi ìwicevailp, Pbm{ {yddi{pi`

jl mllewjpmwi kycpyxi {mlki texnix{ tixi dmwil vxmwjk} pe j``xi{{ kbjccildi{ hyp jc{e

vxewmì` tmpb vb}{mkjc vxermamp} pe vxeweni {pmaycjpmel,


20/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! :=

Ml epbix gmxa{# ildmliix kyhmkci{ tixi p}vmkjcc} jxxjldi` ml cjxdi xeea{# jl` pbi

hymc`mld{ teyc` bjwi xeea jgpix xeea eg pbi{i kyhi!kcy{pix{, Ml Keavjl} J "Y[J-#

pbixi tj{ j bmixjxkb} pe pbi cekjpmel eg pbi kyhi# jl` ajljdiailp bj` eggmki{ pbjp tixi

cekjpi` jxeyl` pbi vixmaipix eg cjxdi kyhmkci xeea{, Keavjl} K "Y[J- bj` kyhmkci{ gex

pija aiahix{# hyp pbi kyhmkci{ gex pbi dxeyv tixi ml j xeea pbjp bic` jheyp 80 kyhi{

jl` mlkcyì` tmlèt{ pbjp vxewmì` ljpyxjc cmdbp, Pbi bmdbix!ciwic pija aiahix{ bj`

kyhi{ ml jl jxij pbjp mlkcyì` gceex pe kimcmld tmlèt{ jl` elc} eli ex pte kyhi

limdbhex{ higexi himld {ivjxjpi` h} j gceex pe kimcmld tjcc, Hepb eg pbi{i {yddi{pi` j

hyxijykxjpmk kycpyxi hikjy{i mp iriavcmgmi` pbi cmli eg jypbexmp} jl` vxeaepi`

keavjxpailpjcmzi` texn,

Betiwix# ml Keavjl} H "Y[J-# iwix} iavce}ii tj{ pxijpi` iyjcc}# jl` pbixi

tixi le eggmki{ gex jl} eli xidjx`ci{{ eg {pjpy{ tmpbml pbi exdjlmzjpmel, Gyxpbix# ijkb

gceex eg Keavjl} H "Y[J-{ hymc`mld tj{ mìlpmkjc ml cj}eyp jl` ml `kex, Pbm{

{yddi{pi` j {yvvexpmwi kycpyxi {mlki mp vxeaepi` iyjcmp}# jcpbeydb pbm{ mìlpmgmkjpmel `m`

lep ajpkb tmpb pbi ciwic eg keaaylmkjpmel pbjp peen vcjki hiptiil texnix{ ml pbi

kyhmkci{, Pbm{ m{ m{ky{{i` aexi gycc} hicet,

Keavjlmi{ I jl` G "Ml`mj- hepb kxijpi` kyhmkci kcy{pix{ pbjp kxijpi` j vjppixl pbjp

tj{ lep dieaipxmk ml ljpyxi# jl` tbmkb tixi ì{mdli` pe ilkeyxjdi mlpixjkpmel ml texn

dxeyv{ jl` vxmwjk} gxea epbix texn dxeyv{, Ml Keavjl} I "Ml`mj-# ajljdix{ bj`

{cmdbpc} cjxdix kyhmkci{ {mpyjpi` el pbi i`di{ eg pbi xeea lijx pbi tmlèt{, Ml Keavjl}

G "Ml`mj-# pbi ajljdix bj` j cjxdi kexlix eggmki tmpb tmlèt{ pbjp tj{ lijx bm{%bix

pija{ kyhmkci{, Pbm{ kyhmkci jxxjldiailp {yddi{pi` j {yvvexpmwi kycpyxi tbmkb wjcyi`


21/32


gjamc} wjcyi{ {ykb j{ bjxael}# evilli{{# gxmil`{bmv# keccjhexjpmel jl` pxy{p, Pbm{ gmp{

tmpb pbi aexi keccikpmwm{p ljpyxi eg Ml`mj,

Jxkbmpikpyxi jc{e mlgcyilki{ exdjlmzjpmeljc wjcyi{ {ykb j{ keaaylmkjpmel, Gex

irjavci# pbi bimdbp eg pbi kyhmkci tjcc jc{e bj` jl mavjkp el pbi jaeylp eg

keaaylmkjpmel pbjp peen vcjki hiptiil ke!texnix{, Ml Keavjl} J "Y[J-# pbi tjcc{

tixi jheyp gmwi giip bmdb# vixamppmld vievci tjcnmld h} pe ceen mlpe pbi kyhi jl`

jknletci`di pbi texnix ml{mì, Ml Keavjl} H "Y[J-# pbi tjcc{ tixi {mr giip bmdb#

cmampmld pbi jhmcmp} pe ceen ewix pbi pev pe j {ajcc lyahix eg pjcc iavce}ii{, Jc{e# pbi

kyhmkci ì{mdl ml Keavjl} H "Y[J- mlkcyì` jl j``mpmeljc tjcc pbjp vixamppi` pbi

texnix ml{mì pbi kyhi pe hi bm ìl gxea epbix{, Mp tj{ lepi` pbjp Keavjl} H "Y[J-

bj` pbi ceti{p jaeylp eg mlpixljc keaaylmkjpmel:6, Keavjl} K "Y[J- bj` 9!geep pjcc

tjcc{ gex ae{p kyhmkci{# jcpbeydb pbi kyhmkci eg pbi bmdbix!ciwic ajljdix tj{ {eaitbjp

pjccix jl` vxewmì` jl jxij pbjp tj{ lep `mxikpc} wm{mhci j{ {eaieli tjcni` h}, Keavjl}

I "Ml`mj- bj` gmwi geep tjcc{ ml pbi kcy{pix# hyp pbixi tixi {eai tjcc{ pbjp tixi pjccix pe

{ivjxjpi pbi kyhmkci{, Keavjl} G "Ml`mj- bj` tjcc{ eg jvvxermajpic} gmwi giip pjcc,

Ml pbi {mr gmxa{# jcc pbi kyhmkci{ bj` gycc {ip{ eg texn peec{ {ykb j{ pbi

tbmpihejx`{ jl` aycpmvci keavypix{ {e mp jvvijxi` pbjp pbi vix{eljcmzjpmel `m` lep

kelgcmkp tmpb texn vxe`ykpmwmp}, Betiwix pbixi tj{ j ajxni` `mggixilki ml pbi ìdxii eg

kyhmkci vix{eljcmzjpmel eh{ixwi` jp pbi {mr gmxa{,

Pbi jaeylp eg ml`mwm`yjcmzjpmel eg kyhmkci{ tj{ cet ml Keavjlmi{ J jl` H#

tbmkb teyc` pil` pe pxjmp{ mìlpmgmi` tmpb j hyxijykxjpmk kycpyxi, Pbi ae{p keaael

gexa{ eg vix{eljcmzjpmel tixi vbepe{, [eai iavce}ii{ teyc` ve{p aiae{ gxea

:6 Betiwix# pbi yi{pmel m{ kjy{jcmp}# `m` pbi tjcc {pmgci keaaylmkjpmel ex `m` pbi cjkn eg keaaylmkjpmel

{yddi{p pbi lii` gex bmdbix tjcc{, Gypyxi xi{ijxkb {beyc` irjamli pbm{ vbileailel ml dxijpix ìpjmc,


22/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! 8:

ajljdiailp# vcy{ jtjx`{ ex xikedlmpmel{, Ml kelpxj{p# Keavjl} K "Y[J- {iiai` pe

ilkeyxjdi ml`mwm`yjc{ pe vix{eljcmzi pbimx kyhmkci, Ml j``mpmel pe vbepe{# pbixi tixi

{ajcc niiv{jni{ {ykb j{ {pjpyi{ jl` byaexey{ vmkpyxi{, [eai kyhmkci etlix{ bj` av;

vcj}ix{ "tbmkb pbi} y{i` tmpb ijxvbeli{- jl` j keyvci bj` hxeydbp {ajcc kejp xjkn{ ex

vix{eljc ì{n cjav{, Pbm{ `m` lep ajpkb tmpb hyxijykxjpmk exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi

{yddi{pi` h} pbi kyhmkci ì{mdl, Pbi eggmki {vjki{ ml Keavjl} @ "Y[J- wix} aykb

xigcikpi` pbi vix{eljcmp} eg pbi texn {vjki etlix, @ikexjpmel{ mlkcyì` vcjyi{ gxea

texn jkkeavcm{bailp{ "kexvexjpi xikedlmpmel# vjpilp{-# vbepe{# ajv{# jl` mpia{ xicjpi`

pe pbi iavce}ii{ behhmi{ eyp{mì eg texn, Pbm{ gmp ticc tmpb jl mllewjpmwi kycpyxi

tbmkb ilkeyxjdi{ kxijpmwmp} jl` xm{n pjnmld,

Keavjl} I "Ml`mj- ilkeyxjdi` vix{eljcmzjpmel hyp {iiai` pe bjwi {eai xyci{

xidjx`mld bet aykb {vjki tj{ jcceti` gex pbi `m{vcj} vix{eljc mpia{, Keavjl} G

"Ml`mj- bj` cmppci vix{eljcmzjpmel hi}el` gjamc} vbepe{ jl` ve{{mhc} j kycpyxjc mkel,

Tbmci pbi{i gmxa{ `m` lep ilkeyxjdi cjxdi `m{vcj}{ eg vix{eljcmzjpmel# pbi ljpyxi eg pbi

vix{eljcmzjpmel ml pixa{ eg gjamc} jl` kycpyxjc kelpilp {yddi{pi` j {yvvexpmwi kycpyxi pbjp

ilkeyxjdi` evilli{{ jl` gxmil`{bmv pbxeydb `m{vcj}{ pbjp kjvpyxi` pbi i{{ilki eg pbi

vxmwjpi vix{el,

Ml {ya# pbi ì{mdl eg pbi pte Ml`mjl gmxa{ {yddi{p{ j {yvvexpmwi kycpyxi tbmkb

amxxex{ pbi keccikpmwm{p ljpyxi eg pbi keylpx}, Pbi Y[ gmxa{ jxkbmpikpyxi ìael{pxjpi`

aexi wjxmip} ml kycpyxi p}vi# {yddi{pmld pbjp pbi kycpyxi p}vi tj{ `mkpjpi` h} pbi gmxa jl`

lep pbi ljpmeljc kycpyxi,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Xmpi{ jl` Xmpyjc{? Jppil`jlki


23/32


Dilixjcc} {vijnmld# pbi texnvcjki gex bmdb pikb ìwicevailp m{ nletl gex

ilkeyxjdmld mllewjpmel h} ge{pixmld j cjm`!hjkn jppmpyì jl` bjwmld git xyci{ gex

iavce}ii hibjwmex, Betiwix# pbi {mr gmxa{ jvvxejkbi` pbm{ ml wjxmey{ tj}{, Ml pbi Y,[,#

Keavjlmi{ J jl` K `m` lep xiymxi `jmc} jppil`jlki# jcpbeydb ildmliix{ tixi irvikpi`

pe hi jwjmcjhci pe jkkeavcm{b liki{{jx} pj{n{ vjxpmkycjxc} lijx j vxeoikp ij`cmli, Pbi

epbix Y[ gmxa{ irvikpi` pbjp jcc iavce}ii{ teyc` hi ml pbi eggmki `jmc}# jcpbeydb pbixi

tixi wjx}mld ìdxii{ eg gcirmhmcmp} xidjx`mld pbi jkpyjc texn`j} {kbi`yci,

Jp Keavjl} G "Ml`mj-# iavce}ii{ tbe tixi bmdbix ciwic ajljdix{ bj` dxijpix

gcirmhmcmp} gex pbimx {kbi`yci, Gex irjavci# jl ildmliix jp j bmdbix ajljdiailp ciwic

amdbp {pj} beai pe kel`ykp mlpixkelpmlilpjc aiipmld{ tbmci jl ildmliix jp j cetix ciwic

teyc` hi irvikpi` pe jppil` pbi aiipmld gxea bm{%bix eggmki, Jp Keavjl} I "Ml`mj-#

ildmliix{ texni` j wix} xidycjx {kbi`yci, Mp {beyc` hi lepi` pbjp pbi keavjl} vxewmì{

gxii pxjl{vexpjpmel pe iavce}ii{ gxea pbi vxmajx} xi{mìlpmjc jxij{# jl` pbi{i hy{i{ jxi

nivp pe j {pxmkp {kbi`yci, [ikel`# pbi vbmce{evb} eg pbi yvvix ajljdix{ m{ pbjp texn kjl

hi keavcipi` `yxmld xidycjx beyx{ jl` pbjp iavce}ii{ lii` pmai pe hi tmpb pbimx gjamcmi{,

Ml {ya# pbm{ kycpyxi `mail{mel jvvijx{ pe hi `mkpjpi` h} pbi ml`mwm`yjc

exdjlmzjpmel xjpbix pbjl pbi ljpmeljc kycpyxi,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Xmpi{ jl` Xmpyjc{? Texnvcjki Jppmxi

Iavce}ii jppmxi `m` xigcikp pbi xidmeljc kycpyxi eg pbi jxij "Beg{piì# :=26-, Ml

pbi Y,[, keavjlmi{ pbi `xi{{ keì tj{ kexvexjpi kj{yjc# jl` mp tj{ `mggmkycp pe

`mggixilpmjpi pbi {pjpy{ eg pbi `mggixilp iavce}ii{, Gex ail pbm{ tj{ dilixjcc} {eaipbmld

cmni @eknix!{p}ci {cjkn{ jl` j vece {bmxp# jl` ml {eai kj{i{ `xi{{ oijl{, Teail amdbp


24/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! 8;

tijx {eaipbmld {mamcjx ex j kj{yjc {nmxp, Jp Keavjlmi{ J jl` H elc} j git ildmliix{

kjai pe texn `xi{{i` wix} kjy{jcc} "m,i,# {bexp{ jl` p!{bmxp{-, Pbm{ wix} kj{yjc `xi{{ tj{

gxetli` yvel jp Keavjlmi{ K jl` @ ylci{{ pbixi tj{ j {vikmgmk kj{yjc `j}, Jp ijkb eg

pbi Y,[, gmxa{# pbi ajoexmp} eg vievci tijxmld pxj`mpmeljc hy{mli{{ jppmxi "m,i, kejp jl` pmi-

tixi xivxi{ilpjpmwi{ gxea epbix exdjlmzjpmel{# impbix wilèx{ ex ky{peaix{,

Kexvexjpi kj{yjc tj{ jc{e pbi {p}ci jp Keavjl} I "Ml`mj- betiwix# ildmliix{

amdbp tijx Iyxevijl {p}ci ex Ml`mjl {p}ci kexvexjpi kj{yjc, Jp Keavjl} G "Ml`mj-# pbi

`xi{{ keì tj{ aexi gexajc geyx `j}{ j tiin tmpb Gxm j} himld j kj{yjc `j}, Jp

Keavjl} G "Ml`mj- {ymp{ jl` {vexp kejp{ tixi keaael# jcpbeydb pmi{ tixi elc} y{i` gex

kixpjml ekkj{mel{ {ykb j{ mavexpjlp aiipmld{, Jp hepb Ml`mj keavjlmi{# {iwixjc teail

ildmliix{ lepi` pbjp pbi Ml`mjl teail{ hy{mli{{ {ymp bj{ hikeai pbi {jctjx!njaiiz "ex

njaiio-# tbmkb m{ j celd pylmk texl ewix keavciailpjx} vjlp{, Pby{# pbi gml`mld{ jheyp

texnvcjki jppmxi jvvijx pe xigcikp `mggixilki ml ljpmeljc kycpyxi,

Gyxpbix @m{ky{{mel

Pbi kelkivp eg exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi bj{ hiil ìgmli` j{ pbi {}{pia eg lexa{#

jppmpyì{# wjcyi{# hicmig{ jl` ky{pea{ pbjp dewixl pbi hibjwmex eg vievci tmpbml jl

exdjlmzjpmel, Kycpyxi m{ jc{e pbi ylìx{pjl`mld eg mahi`ì` keaaylmkjpmel vjppixl{# pbi

jwem`jlki eg kelgcmkp ml pbi texndxeyv jl` pbi jkkivpjlki eg lit pikblecedmi{, Pby{#

kycpyxi m{ {iil j{ eli irvcjljpmel gex tbjp ajni{ ijkb exdjlmzjpmel ylmyi,

Pbxeydb pbi xi{ijxkb# mp tj{ ehwmey{ pbjp pbi ildmliix{ bj` j kcijx ylìx{pjl`mld

eg pbimx keavjl}{ irm{pmld kexvexjpi kycpyxi, Pbi mlgexajpmel jl` keaaylmkjpmel

hibjwmex eg pbi ildmliix{ tj{ dewixli` h} hepb txmppil jl` yltxmppil xyci{, Tbil j{ni`

jheyp kycpyxjc m{{yi{# egpil pbi ildmliix keyc` lep eggix jl irvcmkmp irvcjljpmel> betiwix#


25/32


tbil j{ni` j {vikmgmk yi{pmel# pbi ildmliix ajì mp kcijx pbjp bi%{bi bj` j {pxeld

ylìx{pjl`mld eg pbi kycpyxjc m{{yi,

Pbi {mr gmxa{ ijkb bj` {pxeld kycpyxi{ "@ijc jl` Nilli`}# :=28-, Pbi ildmliix{

tixi jtjxi eg pbi keavjl}{ wjcyi{# bixei{# jl` mp{ xmpi{ jl` xmpyjc{, Eli irjavci m{ pbjp

jp Keavjl} @ "Y[J- jl` Keavjl} I "Ml`mj-# ijkb ildmliix keyc` xikmpi pbi bm{pex} eg

pbi gmxa iwil mg bi%{bi bj` elc} hiil jp pbi gmxa gex elc} j {bexp pmai, Jlepbix irjavci

tj{ pbjp Keavjl} G "Ml`mj- ildmliix{ peen vxmì ml iriavcmg}mld pbi keavjl}{ wjcyi{

ml pbimx jkpmel{ hepb ml pixa{ eg pbi kelpilp eg pbimx texn jl` pbi tj} pbi} keavexpi`

pbia{icwi{ tbmci kjxx}mld eyp pbimx texn,

Kcijxc}# ml ijkb eg pbi{i keavjlmi{# ildmliix{ bjwi kexi hicmig{ jl` wm{mel{ jheyp

pbi gmxa, Gyxpbix# exdjlmzjpmeljc jppmpyì{ petjx`{ keaaylmkjpmel# mllewjpmel jl`

keccjhexjpmel# egpil mlgcyilki` bet ildmliix{ y{i` jl` keaaylmkjpi` mlgexajpmel, Gex

irjavci# jp Keavjl} J "Y[J- vjdix{ tixi iahxjki` j{ jl mllewjpmwi jvvxejkb pe

keaaylmkjpmel jl` iavce}ii{ tixi cmnic} pe y{i pbi ìwmki{ pe {il` lepi{ pe ijkb epbix#

iwil `yxmld aiipmld{, Keavjl} @ "Y[J- gycc} {yvvexpi` pbi y{i eg MA h} kxijpmld

vxevxmipjx} {egptjxi pbjp irpilì` pbi gylkpmeljcmp} eg j pxj`mpmeljc MA {}{pia,

Exdjlmzjpmeljc bixei{ jxi jl mavexpjlp vjxp eg pbi kycpyxi jp ajl} eg pbi{i gmxa{,

Gex irjavci# jp Keavjl} I "Ml`mj-# pbi geylìx tj{ bmdbc} xi{vikpi`# Keavjl} K bj`

irpil{mwi `m{vcj}{ ml pbi bjcc{ jl` Keavjlmi{ H jl` G bj` el!{mpi keavjl} ay{iya{,

Pbixi tj{ j tmì jxxj} eg kycpyxjc jxpmgjkp{ eh{ixwi` jp pbi wjxmey{ gmxa{, Pe

hidml tmpb# pbixi tj{ j xjldi eg pikblecedmkjc jèvpmel iwmìlp ml ijkb kycpyxi, Gex

irjavci# Keavjl} @ "Y[J- tj{ wix} keagexpjhci y{mld MA# betiwix# ae{p eg pbi epbix

gmxa{ tixi lep, J``mpmeljcc}# mp jvvijxi` pbjp Keavjl} J "Y[J- tj{ irpxiaic}


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keagexpjhci iahxjkmld lit keaaylmkjpmel pikblecedmi{ tbmci Keavjl} H "Y[J-

vxigixxi` j aexi pxj`mpmeljc jvvxejkb,

Eli {yxvxm{i tj{ pbjp leli eg pbi keavjlmi{ bj` j kycpyxi pbjp vxeaepi` gxii

{bjxmld eg mlgexajpmel, Mp aj} hi hikjy{i# j{ eli ildmliix lepi`# ildmliix{ jxi lep

jctj}{ keagexpjhci tmpb {bjxmld, Ae{p eg pbi gmxa{ ilkeyxjdi` ildmliix{ pe texn

pedipbix# jcpbeydb pbi gcym`mp} eg pbm{ keccjhexjpmel wjxmi` dxijpc}, Keavjl} H{ "Y[J-

texnix{ keccjhexjpi` `yxmld aiipmld{ tbmci jp Keavjl} @ "Y[J- j {ixmi{ eg mlgexajc

gjki!pe!gjki iwilp{ jl` MA ilkeyxjdi` pbi texnix{ pe {bjxi mlgexajpmel, Jcc pbi gmxa{

vxegi{{i` tjlpmld iavce}ii{ pe {bjxi mlgexajpmel gxiic}# betiwix {eai bj` jl

mlgxj{pxykpyxi pbjp ajì pbm{ ij{mix pbjl epbix{, Pbi kelkivp{ eg pxy{p# gjmxli{{ jl`

ilpby{mj{a tixi aykb peydbix gex y{ pe eh{ixwi,

Pbi wjxmip} eg kexvexjpi kycpyxi{ jl` irvikpi` vxjkpmki{ iavbj{mzi{ pbi liki{{mp}

eg `mggixilp jvvxejkbi{ pe mlgexajpmel vxe`ykp{ jl` {ixwmki{ eggixi` pe pbi{i p}vi{ eg

gmxa{, Xicmjlki el jl mlpxjlip jl` ml{pmpypmeljc keccikpmel tmcc hi iahxjki` h} {eai# hyp

lep h} jcc, Mlpidxjpmel eg mlpixljc jl` irpixljc mlgexajpmel {eyxki{ m{ jvvxevxmjpi gex

ajl}# hyp lep gex jcc,

Cmampjpmel{ jl` Gypyxi Xi{ijxkb

J ajoex cmampjpmel eg pbm{ {py`} m{ pbi m{{yi eg pbi dilixjcmzjpmel eg pbi{i gml`mld{

mlpe j lel bmdb!pikb texnvcjki, Gypyxi xi{ijxkb ml epbix p}vi{ eg exdjlmzjpmel{ lii`{ pe

hi ylìxpjnil pe ìpixamli mg pbi{i gml`mld{ jxi bjvvilmld ml jcc exdjlmzjpmel{ ex elc} ml

pikbleced}!hj{i` gmxa{, J``mpmeljcc}# ljpyxjcm{pmk eh{ixwjpmel jctj}{ cij`{ pe pbi

ve{{mhci cmampjpmel{ ae{p egpil j{{ekmjpi` tmpb pbi Bjtpbexl iggikp,


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[mlki pbi xi{ijxkbix{ bj` le mlvyp ml pbi {icikpmel eg pbi iavce}ii{ pbjp tixi

{bjèti`# pbixi m{ j ve{{mhmcmp} pbjp pbi gmxa{ {icikpi` ml`mwm`yjc{ tbe tixi cmnic} pe

gycc} ìael{pxjpi pbi kexi wjcyi{ eg pbi exdjlmzjpmel, Jc{e# pbm{ aipbeèced} eg pbm{

{py`} vixamppi` elc} pbi eh{ixwjpmel eg kycpyxi hyp le ylìx{pjl`mld eg pbi iavce}ii{

vixkivpmel{ eg pbi kycpyxi ex eg mp{ ve{mpmwi ex lidjpmwi mavjkp el pbimx texn cmgi,

J{ jl irvcexjpex} {py`}# pbm{ xi{ijxkb kjl hi y{i` j{ hj{icmli aij{yxi gex gypyxi

mlymx} mlpe exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi hepb hiptiil jl` tmpbml `mggixilp ljpmel{, Eli

`mggixilki pbjp tj{ lepi`# hyp lep xivexpi` ml pbm{ vjvix# tixi pbi `mggixilki{ ml {yvixmex

{yhex`mljpi keaaylmkjpmel hiptiil pbi Y[ jl` Ml`mj, Pbi jypbex{ hicmiwi pbjp pbm{ m{

j gxympgyc jxij gex kelpmlyi` mlymx}, Exdjlmzjpmeljc keaaylmkjpmel {kbecjx{ lii` pe

ylìx{pjl` pbm{ `mggixilki ml exìx pe hidml pe j{{m{p vxjkpmpmelix{ ml ylìx{pjl`mld pbi

irvikpjpmel{ eg texnix{ ml j dcehjc ilwmxelailp,

Jc{e# j {py`} eg exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi tbmkb `mxikpc} pi{p{ Beg{piì{ gmwi "9-

`mail{mel{ eg kycpyxi teyc` dmwi j aexi {ecm` ylìx{pjl`mld eg pbi ewixcjv hiptiil

ljpmeljc jl` exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi, Cj{pc}# jl irjamljpmel eg pbi {pjnibecìx{

vixkivpmel{ eg exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi teyc` bicv pe ylìx{pjl` bet ticc kycpyxi

pxjl{cjpi{ gxea tmpbml pbi {bjxi` irvixmilki eg pbi exdjlmzjpmel pe pbi yl{bjxi`

irvixmilki eg pbi irpixljc ilwmxelailp,


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Xigixilki{

Hjc`tml# L,[, ' Xmki# X,I, ":==4-, Mlgexajpmel!{iinmld hibjwmex eg {ikyxmpmi{ jljc}{p{?

Ml`mwm`yjc jl` ml{pmpypmeljc mlgcyilki{# mlgexajpmel {eyxki{ jl` kbjllic{# jl`

eypkeai{,Oeyxljc eg pbi Jaixmkjl [ekmip} gex Mlgexajpmel [kmilki# 02# 740!7=;,

Hjxci}# [,X, ":=27-, Pikbleced} j{ jl Ekkj{mel gex [pxykpyxmld? Iwmìlki gxea

Eh{ixwjpmel{ eg KP [kjllix{ jl` pbi [ekmjc Exìx eg Xj`meced} @ivjxpailp,

Jàmlm{pxjpmwi [kmilki Zyjxpixc}# ;:# 42!:62

Hy`btjx# V,[, ' Nbjpxm# L, "866:-, J keavjxjpmwi {py`} eg BX vxjkpmki{ ml Hxmpjml jl`

Ml`mj, Pbi Mlpixljpmeljc Oeyxljc eg Byajl Xi{eyxki Ajljdiailp# :8# 266!287,

Hyxxm{# H, ":==2-, Keavypixmzjpmel eg texnvcjki,Jllyjc Xiwmit eg [ekmeced}, 80#

:0:!:94,

Keevix# A, "8666-, Himld pbi De!pe Dy}? Gjpbixbee`# aj{kycmlmp}# jl` pbi

exdjlmzjpmel eg texn ml [mcmkel Wjcci}, Zyjcmpjpmwi [ekmeced}# 8;# ;4=!069,

Kzjlìx# T,A,# ' Cii# @,B, "866:-, Iavce}ii keaampailp? V{}kbe!{ekmjc vix{vikpmwi

el J{mjl jl` Jaixmkjl hy{mli{{i{, Ml O,H, Nm``# R, Cm jl` G, Xmkbpix "I`{,-

Ajrmamzmld byajl mlpiccmdilki ìvce}ailp ml J{mjl hy{mli{{i{ "vv, 94!42-, Lit

]exn? Vjcdxjwi,

@j}jc# M, ":=47- Kycpyxjc gjkpex{ ml ì{mdlmld vixgexajlki jvvxjm{jc {}{pia{, Lit

@icbm? [bxm Xja Kilpxi gex Ml`y{pxmjc Xicjpmel{ jl` Byajl Xi{eyxki{,

@ijc# P,I, ' Nilli`}# J,J, ":=28-, Kexvexjpi kycpyxi, Xi``mld# AJ? Hjccmldix

Vyhcmkjpmel{,

@bjtjl# L,# Xe{iajl# M,# Ljm`y# X, N,# ' Xippin# J, M, ":==9-, [icg!kelkivp{ jkxe{{ pte

kycpyxi{,Oeyxljc eg Kxe{{!Kycpyxjc V{}kbeced}# 87# 767!78:,


29/32


Ijdix# K, ' Evvilbima# K, ":==7-, Jl eh{ixwjpmeljc aipbe` gex ylìxpjnmld y{ix lii`{

{py`mi{,Oeyxljc eg Cmhxjxmjl{bmv jl` Mlgexajpmel [kmilki# 82# :9!80,

Izz}# @, "866:-, J {maycjkxya eg texnvcjki keaaylmp}? Ml`mwm`yjcm{a jl` ildmliixmld

kycpyxi# [ekmeced}# ;9# 7;:!796,

Gmìc# X,# Vioix{il# J,A,# Kcijl# H, ' Hxyki# B, "8660-, J aycpm`mail{meljc jvvxejkb pe

pbi {py`} eg byajl!mlgexajpmel mlpixjkpmel? J kj{i {py`} eg keccjhexjpmwi

mlgexajpmel xipxmiwjc,Oeyxljc eg pbi Jaixmkjl [ekmip} gex Mlgexajpmel [kmilki

jl` Pikbleced}# 99# =;=!=9;,

Bjxvix# D,X, ' Ypci}# @,X, "866:-, Exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi jl` {ykki{{gyc pikbleced}

mavciailpjpmel,Ildmliixmld Ajljdiailp Oeyxljc# :;# ::!:9,

Beg{piì# D,O, ":=26-, Kycpyxi${ Kel{iyilki{, Hiwixc} Bmcc{# KJ? [jdi,

Beg{piì# D,O, "8669-, Kycpyxi{ jl` exdjlmzjpmel{? [egptjxi eg pbi Aml`# 8!l` i`, Lit

]exn? AkDxjt!Bmcc,

Ojml# B, K,# ' Wilnjpj Xjplja# K, [, ":==0-, Jggmxajpmwi jkpmel ml iavce}ailp gex pbi

{kbi`yci` kj{pi{ jl` pbi {kbi`yci` pxmhi{ ml Ml`mj, Mlpixljpmeljc Oeyxljc eg

Ajlvetix# :9# 7!89,

Njbjx# [, ":=42-, Pbi mllix irvixmilki? J v{}kbejljc}pmk {py`} eg kbmc`bee` jl` {ekmip}

ml Ml`mj, Lit @icbm? Ergex` Ylmwix{mp} Vxi{{,

Njlylde# A, ' Ailèlkj# X, ":==0-, Kycpyxi jl` vixgexajlki mavxewiailp,

Vxe`ykpmwmp}# ;9# 004!09;,

Ni}pel# O, "8669-, Keaaylmkjpmel jl` exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi? J ni} pe ylìx{pjl`mld

texn irvixmilki{, Pbey{jl` Ejn{? [jdi Vyhcmkjpmel{,


30/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! 8=

Nele# P, ' Kcidd [,X, ":==2-, Pxjl{gexajpmel{ eg kexvexjpi kycpyxi? Irvixmilki{ eg

Ojvjli{i Ilpixvxm{i{,Lit ]exn? Tjcpix ì Dxy}pix,

Nepbjxm# X, ":=46-,Vecmpmk{ ml Ml`mj, Lit @icbm? Exmilp Celdajl,

Nxjaix# A, T,# ' Bi{{# O, J, "8668-, Keaaylmkjpmel xyci{ gex pbi `m{vcj} eg iaepmel{

ml exdjlmzjpmeljc {ippmld{, Ajljdiailp Keaaylmkjpmel Zyjxpixc}# :7# 77!26,

Nyl`j# D, "8667-,Ildmliixmld kycpyxi? Kelpxec jl` keaampailp ml j bmdb!pikb

kexvexjpmel, Vbmcjìcvbmj? Piavci Ylmwix{mp} Vxi{{,

Amccix# N, "866;-, Exdjlmzjpmeljc Keaaylmkjpmel? Jvvxejkbi{ jl` vxeki{{ ";x` i`,-,

Hicaelp# KJ? Pbea{el,

LJ[[EA, "8669-, Xipxmiwi` el Oyli 89# 8664 gxea

bppv?%%ttt,lj{{kea,ml%ky{peavjdi{%lj{{kea8669%ìgjycp,j{v

Lepi{{# A, "8660-, Pbxii ceen{ jp y{ix{? j keavjxm{el eg aipbe`{ gex {py`}mld `mdmpjc

cmhxjx} y{i,Mlgexajpmel Xi{ijxkb# =# Xipxmiwi` Ajxkb 89# 8667# gxea

bppv?%%mlgexajpmelx,lip%mx%=!;%vjvix:44,bpac

Vipix{# P,O, ' Tjpixajl# X,B, ":=28-,Ml {ijxkb eg irkiccilki, Lit ]exn# L]? Bjxvix

jl` Xet,

Xjakbjl`xjl# N, ' Wecipm# [, "8660-, Hy{mli{{ vxeki{{ eyp{eyxkmld "HVE-? Iaixdmld

{kiljxme jl` {pxjpidmk evpmel{ gex MP!iljhci` [ixwmki{, Wmnjcvj# 8=# 0=!78

Xecjl`# J, ":=26-, Petjx` j v{}kbe!jljc}pmk v{}kbeced} eg bmixjxkbmkjc xicjpmel{bmv{ ml

Bml`y Ml mj, Ml`mjl V{}kbejljc}pmk [ekmipmi{# Heahj},

Xeazin# H,[, ":=2=-,Vix{eljc kel{iyilki{ eg iavce}ii keaampailp,Pbi Jkjìa} eg

Ajljdiailp Oeyxljc# ;8# 70=!77:


31/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! ;6

[jmlm# @, ' Hy`bjtjx# V, "8660-, Byajl xi{eyxki ajljdiailp ml Ml`mj, Ml V, Hy`bjtjx#

"I`,- Ajljdmld byajl xi{eyxki{ ml J{mj!Vjkmgmk "vv, ::;!:84-, Celèl?

Xeypci`di,

[kbiml# I, B, ":=29-, Exdjlmzjpmel kycpyxi jl` cijìx{bmv, [jl Gxjlkm{ke# KJ? Oe{{i}!

Hj{{,

[kbiml# I,B, ":==8-, Exdjlmzjpmeljc kycpyxi jl` cijìx{bmv, "8l` i`,-, [jl Gxjlkm{ke?

Oe{{i}!Hj{{

[bjxaj# M,O, ":=20-, Pbi kycpyxi kelpirp eg Ml`mjl ajljdix{,Ajljdiailp jl` Cjhex

[py`mi{# =# 48!26,

[mlbj# O,H,V, ' [mlbj# @, ":==6-, Xeci eg {ekmjc wjcyi{ ml Ml`mjl exdjlmzjpmel{,

Mlpixljpmeljc Oeyxljc eg V{}kbeced}# 89# 469!4:0,

[mlbj# O,H,V, ":==6-, Texn kycpyxi ml pbi Ml`mjl Kelpirp, Lit @icbm? [jdi Vyhcmkjpmel{,

Pj}ih# A, ":=24-, Kelpmldilk} pbiex} jl` kycpyxi? J {py`} eg ajpkbi` Ildcm{b jl` pbi

Ml`mjl ajlygjkpyxmld gmxa{, Exdjlmzjpmel [py`mi{# 2# 80:!87:,

Pbi Ikeleamk Pmai{, "8669# Ojlyjx} 84-,Ml`mjl HVE{ kjl {jwi $;6 hl gex Y[#

Xipxmiwi` Oyli 89# 8664# gxea

bppv?%%ikeleamkpmai{,ml`mjpmai{,kea%jxpmkci{bet%:66:=64,ka{

Pbeav{el# [,A, "866;-, Xiaepi eh{ixwjpmel {pxjpidmi{ gex y{jhmcmp} pi{pmld,

Mlgexajpmel Pikbleced} jl` Cmhxjxmi{# 88# 88!;:,

Wjxaj# J,# Vmkbcix# [, ' [xmlmwj{# I, [, "8669-, Pbi xeci eg mlpixvix{eljc jggikp ml

vixgexajlki jvvxjm{jc? iwmìlki gxea pte {javci{ ! pbi Y[ jl` Ml`mj,

MlpixljpmeljcOeyxljc eg Byajl Xi{eyxki Ajljdiailp# :7# 868=!8600,


32/32

Exdjlmzjpmeljc Kycpyxi ml Y[ jl` Ml`mj ! ;:

Tjccjkb# I,O, ":=2;-, Ml`mwm`yjc{ jl` exdjlmzjpmel{? Pbi kycpyxjc ajpkb, Pxjmlmld jl`

@iwicevailp Oeyxljc# ;4# 8=!;7,

Timkn# N,I, ":=4=-, Pbi {ekmjc v{}kbeced} eg exdjlmzmld "8l` I`-, Xi``mld# AJ?

J``m{el!Ti{ci},

Tmc{el# P,@,# ' [pxijpgmic`# @, X, ":=2:-, [pxykpyxi` eh{ixwjpmel ml pbi mlwi{pmdjpmel eg

mlgexajpmel lii`{, [ekmjc [kmilki Mlgexajpmel [py`mi{# :# :4;!:20,

Txmdbp# X, ":==7-, Pbi ekkyvjpmeljc aj{kycmlmp} eg keavypmld, Ml K, Kbild "I`,-

Aj{kycmlmpmi{ ml exdjlmzjpmel{ "vv, 44!=7-, Pbey{jl` Ejn{? [jdi Vyhcmkjpmel{,

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