Organic wastes for biostimulation of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus R. CAMACHO ‐ ARÉVALO 1 , J. GÓMEZ ‐ HERNÁNDEZ 1 , B. MAYANS 12 , R. ANTÓN 1 , C. ESCOLÁSTICO 2 , C. GARCIA ‐ DELGADO 3 E. EYMAR 1 1 Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain 2 Department of Organic and Biorganic Chemistry. National Distance Education University (UNED) 3 Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA) Spain
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Organic wastes for biostimulation of Agaricusbisporus and Pleurotus
ostreatusR . C AMACHO ‐A R É VA LO 1 , J . GÓME Z ‐HE RNÁND E Z 1 , B . MAYAN S 12 , R . AN TÓN 1 , C . E S CO L Á S T I CO 2 , C . GARC I A ‐D E LGADO 3 E . E YMAR 1
1Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain2Department of Organic and Biorganic Chemistry. National Distance Education University (UNED)
3 Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA) Spain
Bioremediation• Oxidation by free radicals• Degradation of organic pollutans
Edible mushroom• Residues generation• Solid waste and mycelia
Degradation improvement
Media conditions
Geneticalmodification
Mushroom cultivation straw
Compost
Deinkingsludgefrom
paper mill
Enzyme production is influence by:
Moisture
C/N ratio
pH (4.5 optimum for fungi growth)
Microbial competition
Objectives and experimental designTo obtain an organic material from agricultural or industrial wastes to revitalize the mycelia remnant in spentmushroom substrates from A. bisporus and P. ostreatus.
• Compost from goat manure (GC)
•Wheat Straw (WS)
• Deinking sludge from paper mil
(PW)
• Spent mushroom substrate of
P.ostreatus and A.bisporus (SM)
Chemicalcharacterization
• Fungi: A.bisporus and
P.ostreatus
• Amendments: GC, SM, WS, PW
• Treatments: Sterilized (E) and no
sterilized (X)
Fungi Inoculation
• Time: 28 days
• Dark
• Room Temperature
• Aired every 48 hours for 30
minutes
• Sampled at 14 and 28 days
Incubation
• Ergosterol
• Ligninolitic enzymes activities
Analysis
Chemical Characterization of amendments• C and N determination• LECO CHNS‐932 Elemental Chemical AnalyzerElemental analysis
• pH and EC determined in the aqueous extract 1:10 (w/v)• For WSOC, H2SO4 and K2Cr2O7 were added to the aqueous extract to determine the Cr6+ by valoration with Möhr salt.
Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC)
•Microwave digestion• Determination by atomic absorption spectroscopy (λ: 324. nm, and 279.5 nm for Cu and Mn respectively)Cu and Mn
• Bruker AV‐400‐WB unit at 300 K.• Samples were packed in a 4 mm diameter zirconium rotor with Kel‐F cap, with a rotor spin rate set at 14 kHz. For each sample of about 100 mg, 28,500 scans were accumulated with a relaxation delay of 2 s and 5 ms of contact time.
Solid‐State nuclear magnetic resonance,
13C‐CP‐MAS NMR
Sample analysis‐ Ergosterol
Sonication
• 0,5 of sample + 3 mL of KOH 10% at 70 oCfor 90 min
washing
• Filtered (42 nm) and washed with3 mL of metahnol
Extraction
• 3 times with3 mL of hexane
Drying
• N2 sparging
Analysis
• Redisolvedwith 3 mL of metanol
• HPLC‐PDA
HPLC Conditions
PDA detector (Waters‐PDA 996)
Column Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 mm x 4.60 mm; particle size 5 µm; pore size 100 Å)
MBMR1 Son los esterilizados (E) y no esterilizados (X)MARIA BEGOÑA MAYANS RIVILLA; 14/6/2018
Sterilization effect in the substrates
GC SM WS PWC (%) X 14.2 23.7 43.8 23.0N (%) X 1.5 2.5 0.4 0.4C/N X 9.5 9.5 109.5 57.5
Cu (mg/Kg) X 10.90 50.29 1.15 195.90Mn (mg/Kg) X 428.9 400.3 47.86 63.78
pHE 7.58 7.17 5.55 b 8.01X 7.65 7.20 5.82 a 7.76
EC (dS/m)E 3.24 7.47 a 3.53 a 0.40X 3.38 6.99 b 2.84 b 0.44
WSOC (mg/kg)E 584.6 a 580.5 a 2347.3 a 304.4X 236.7 b 350.4 b 1831.4 b 282.2
‐ C/N ratio higher in WS
‐ Cu higher in PW while Mn is higherin GC
‐ pH: WS more acid conditions.
‐ Sterilization affects:
‐ EC: increasing in SM and WS a 20 %
and a 6.5 % respectively.
Sterilization effect in the substrates
GC SM WS PWC (%) X 14.2 23.7 43.8 23.0N (%) X 1.5 2.5 0.4 0.4C/N X 9.5 9.5 109.5 57.5
Cu (mg/Kg) X 10.90 50.29 1.15 195.90Mn (mg/Kg) X 428.9 400.3 47.86 63.78
pHE 7.58 7.17 5.55 b 8.01X 7.65 7.20 5.82 a 7.76
EC (dS/m)E 3.24 7.47 a 3.53 a 0.40X 3.38 6.99 b 2.84 b 0.44
WSOC (mg/kg)E 584.6 a 580.5 a 2347.3 a 304.4X 236.7 b 350.4 b 1831.4 b 282.2
‐ C/N ratio higher in WS
‐ Cu higher in PW while Mn is higherin GC
‐ pH: WS more acid conditions.
‐ Sterilization affects:
‐ EC: increasing in SM and WS a 20 %
and a 6.5 % respectively.
‐ WSOC increases in GC, SM and WS.
A. bisporus P. ostreatus
GC(E) 21.0 ± 0.4c 61 ± 8 c
(X) 21 ± 1 c 60 ± 5c
SM(E) 11.5 ± 0.9b 34 ± 4ab
(X) 19 ± 1 b 38 ± 11ab
WS(E) 18 ± 2b 41 ± 3b
(X) 13.7 ± 0.5b 35 ± 5b
PW(E) 6.5 ± 0.8 a 19 ± 2a
(X) 9.8 ± 0.8 a 24 ± 3a
Ergosterol content
‐ Sterilization: No significant differences
‐ Fungi: P. ostreatus > A. bisporus
‐ Waste: In both fungi GC > WS > SM > PW
MBMR3MBMR4
Slide 15
MBMR3 MARIA BEGOÑA MAYANS RIVILLA; 14/6/2018
MBMR4 Con el título me refiero a que cada enmienda influye en el nivel de ergosterol, quito lo de esterilización al no haber diferencias?MARIA BEGOÑA MAYANS RIVILLA; 14/6/2018
0
5
10
15
20
25
Laccase Activ
ity U/g
0
5
10
15
20
25
Laccase Activ
ity U/g
t14 t28
a) b)
Ligninolytic activitiesLaccase
Sterilized No sterilized
‐ Under non‐sterile conditionslaccase activities were slightlylower than in sterilizedconditions.
‐ WS and PW were the mosteffective wastes to preservethe laccase activity of bothfungi.
‐ Laccase activity was notrelated to ergosterol.
‐ Cu concentration could havesome incidence in theexpression of laccase in PW
Mn Peroxidase
‐ Behaviour in the no sterilizedamendments was similar to thesterilized treatments but with lowervalues.
‐ P.ostreatus with sterilized straw trendsto maintain its enzymatic activity overtime, both laccase and MnP.
‐ VP activity was lower than laccase andMnP
a) Sterilized b) No sterilized
Selection of the most effective treatment
Substrates
GC and SM
Low enzymatic activity Even their high Mn2+concentracion
pH (7.10 ‐7.65) Favours bacterial growth
Low C/N rate
PW
High enzymatic activities
pH (7.7 – 8.0)
Medium C/N rate
WS
High enzymatic activities
Laccase and MnP mantain theiractivity over time
Peroxidases activities triplicateother treatments
acid pH
High C/N rate
Selection of the most effective treatment
The values of no sterile treatments (X) were lower than the sterile treatment (E). This fact suggested that theamendments should be incubated for at least 14 days in this condition before their application.
P.ostreatus A.bisporus
Enzymatic activity ‐ Persisted over time ‐ ↑ Peroxidase
↑ LaccaseandMnP
Ergosterol ↑More competive and vigorous
ConclusionsWS was the best waste for bioremediation purposes because of its capability of enzymatic stimulation which was also themost persistent over time.
Regardless the specie, PW was the waste which caused more enhanced stimulation of laccase activity due to its high Cucontent, its presence could affect more than the specie factor in laccase activity.
The sterilization of amendments did not have influence in fungi growth of P.ostreatus specie but it had a little impact onA.bisporus.
P.ostreatus was competitive and adequate to bioremediation the waste factor had also influence in the enzymatic activity.
Aplications
Biofilters
Removal of antibiotics (Poster 52)
Straw inoculated with Pleurotus
Biofilters Development
Further research has been done in different media conditions and with more fungi species. (Poster 51 and 69)