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OrganicSynthesisIII8x1hrLectures:MichaelmasTerm
Weeks5-82016Monat10am;Wedat9amDysonPerrinslecturetheatre
CopiesofthishandoutwillbeavailableathEp://donohoe.chem.ox.ac.uk/page16/index.html
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OrganicSynthesisIIISynopsis
1)Introduc5ontosynthesis:(i)Whydowewanttosynthesisemolecules-whatsortofmoleculesdoweneedtomake?(ii)WhataspectsofselecAvitydoweneedtoaccomplishagoodsynthesis(chemo-,regio-andstereoselecAvity)?(iii)ProtecAnggroupchemistryiscentraltoanysyntheAceffort(examplesandprinciples)(iv)Whatistheperfectsynthesis(performedinindustryversusacademia)?
2)Thechiralpool:wheredoesabsolutestereochemistrycomefrom?
3)Retrosynthesis-learningtothinkbackwards(revisionfromfirstandsecondyear).ImportanceofmakingC-CbondsandcontrollingoxidaAonstate.Umpolung
4)Someproblemstothinkabout5)Examplesofretrosynthesis/synthesisinac5on.6)Tenhandyhintsforretrosynthesis7)Solu5onstotheproblems
Recommendedbooks:General:OrganicChemistry(Warrenetal)OrganicSynthesis:TheDisconnecRonApproach(S.Warren)ClassicsinTotalSynthesisVolumesIandII(K.C.Nicolaou)TheLogicofChemicalSynthesis(E.J.Corey)
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(i)Whydowewanttosynthesisecomplexmolecules?
Foralistofthestructuresofthetop200bandnamedrugsbyretaildollarssee:hEp://cbc.arizona.edu/njardarson/group/top-pharmaceuRcals-poster
IsolatedfromthePacificYewin1962Prescribedforprostate,breastandovariancancerUniquemodeofacRon1x100yearoldtree=300mgTaxol
619461 Strychniqae and BYucine. Pavt X L I I . 903
198. Strychnine and Brucine. Part XLII. Constitution of the neo-Series of Bases and their Oxidation Products.
By L. H. BRIGGS, H. T. OPENSHAW, and SIR ROBERT ROBINSON. An alternative strychnine (brucine and colubrine) formula is feasible in which N(b) is joined to position 4
of the tetrahydrocarbazole nucleus, instead of to position 3 as hitherto postulated. An advantage is gained in that the new possible structure contains a 8-collidine skeleton in addition to those of carbazole and tryptamine. In addition a biogenetic relation to cinchonine can be perceived.
The obstacles to consideration of this modification of the formulae were the formation and properties Of methoxymethylchanodihydrostrychnone and these have not yet been removed by a reinterpretation of the chemistry of the neo-series of bases.
The action of p-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride on neostrychnine and methoxymethyldihydroneostrychnine results in the formation of derivatives that are devoid of basic properties. They are undoubtedly p-nitro- phenylhydrazones of keto-amides containing :N(b).CO.. The consequences are discussed and it is concluded that a change of view in regard to the skeleton of the alkaloids could only be entertained after acceptance of one of two alternative theories of the structure of the oxidation products of the neo-bases. It is now found that the reduction of methylneostrychnidinium chloride by means of sodium amalgam does not afford methylchanodihydroneostvch- nidine des-base-A, m. p. 143", but instead methyldihydrostrychnidinium-A chloride. The des-base-A, m. p. 143", is therefore, in all probability, methylchanodihydrostrychnidine. The constitutions of the series of Hofmann elimination products on this basis are indicated.
UNAMBIGUOUS experimental proofs are now available covering the whole periphery of the strychnine molecule and what is certainly known * is formulated in the expression I.
* The hydrogen atom shown attached to the a-position of the indole nucleus is included because evidence has been This work will shortly obtained that one of the so-called " colourlegs " benzylidene derivatives is a benzyl-a-pyridone.
be submitted for publication.
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View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue
Isolatedin1818-poisonousStucturalelucidaRontookR.Robinson40years
DevelopedintheUK(Pfizer)
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(ii)Inordertoundertakethesynthesisofacomplexorganicmolecule,weneedtocontrolthefollowing:1)Carbonskeleton:iethecorrectCONNECTIVITY2)FuncRonalgroups:inthecorrectposiRon3)Stereochemistry:controlofBOTHrelaRveandabsoluteInordertocontrol1)and2)aboveweneedthefollowingaspectsA)ChemoselecRvity:PreferenRalreacRonofonefuncRonalgroupoveranother
AND
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B)RegioselecRvity:PreferenRalformaRonofonestructuralisomeroveranother;fourexamples
B2H6
NaOH,H2O2
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C)StereoselecRvity:PreferenRalformaRonofonestereoisomeroveranother(i)Usethebiasofthemolecule: Sterics
Direc5ngeffects
(ii)OranexternalchiralreagenttoIMPOSEstereochemistryonthemolecule
NaBH4gavea1:1mixtureofdiastereoisomers
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Protec5nggroups:SadlythesearesRllessenRaltomostchemicalsyntheses
BulkersilicongroupsmayrequireamorereacRvereagent:useR3Si-OSO2CF3=R3SiOTf
TherearetacRcsforprotecRngthemostANDtheleasthinderedfuncRonalgroups,eg
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CyclicprotecRnggroupscanbeusefulinachievingselecRvity
PrimaryOHisunabletoformastable,cyclicacetalandREMAINSunprotected
SomeRmestheirintrinsicproperRescanhelp
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(iii)Whatistheperfectsynthesis(performedinindustryversusacademia)?‘createsacomplexmolecule...inasequenceofonlyconstrucRonreacRonsinvolvingnointermediaryrefuncRonalizaRons,andleadingdirectlytothetarget,notonlyits skeletonbutalsoitscorrectlyplacedfuncRonality.”
IdeallyasynthesiswouldbeLength-Non-CommerciallySolventMildAtmosphereofPurificaRonYieldWaste
Academicresearchersandmedicinalchemistsarehighlyfocusedonatargetoranalogsthereofandemploywhatevermeanstogetthemmade.Processchemistsaimtowardsmore"ideal"construcRonofmoleculeswhichtendstowardminimizaRonofsteps/costsandanincreasedemphasisonyieldsandreproducibility.
Constraintsonanindustrialsynthesis:AmenabletoReliableAvailabilityandcostofToxicityofPurityofPRODUCTS;IntellectualPROPERTY(noIPinfringements)
Ideassuchas,atomeconomy,stepeconomy,redoxeconomyhaveemerged.Foranin-depthdiscussionofthe‘ideal’synthesissee:J.Org.Chem.2010,75,4657.
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2)Thechiralpool:wheredoesabsolutestereochemistrycomefrom?
NaturehasprovidedawiderangeofenanRopurecompoundsingreatabundanceAminoacids,carbohydrates,terpenes.CalledtheCHIRALPOOLNewcompoundsaddedbychemicalsynthesis-alsoavailableinscale.Thesecompoundscanbecomethetargetthemselves,oralsothebasisofreagents,ligandsandchiralauxiliaries,topassontheirstereochemicalinformaRonindirectly. Advantages:CHEAP;
availableonalargeSCALEDisadvantages:onlyoneenanRomerFuncRonalgroupinterconversionscanleadto
Aminoacids20proteinogenicAAsAllaminoacidsfoundinproteinsoccurintheL-configuraRonaboutthechiralcarbonatom.
Q.WorkouttheabsoluteconfiguraRonsofthefouraminoacidsshownabove.
D-alanine-£3perg(5g)L-alanine-30ppergram(1kg)DLalanineis6pperg(5Kg)
D-proline-£12perg(5g)L-proline-40ppergram(5kg)DLprolineis£10perg(5g)
RepresentaRveprices
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Carbohydrates:theDenanRomertendstofoundinNatureD-glucose1ppergram(>5Kg)L-glucose-UNAVAILABLE
However,LsugarsAREfoundinNature
TerpenesTheclassofterpenechemicalsareabundantamongnaturalproductsandmanycompoundshavecommercialapplicaRons,e.g.camphor.OthercompoundsofthisclassareusedinpharmaceuRcalpreparaRonsorasfragrants,e.g.limoninefromcitrusfruit.
Miscellaneousothers:α-hydroxyACIDSandalkaloids:Qlookupthestructuresofmandelicacid,malicacidandquinine.
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Howelsemightweobtainenan;opurecompounds?RESOLUTIONTartaricacid:isolatedfromthesaltinc.800AD.NaturallyoccurringacidisCHIRALFoundinfruitsandwine:UnnaturalenanRomerismadesyntheRcally
LouisPasteur(c.1848)AsoluRonoftartaricacidderivedfromlivingthings(specificallyWINE)rotatedtheplaneofpolarizaRonoflightpassingthroughit.However,tartaricacidderivedbychemicalsynthesishadnosucheffect,eventhoughitselementalcomposiRonwasthesame.DuringaninvesRgaRonoftheshapesofamonaiumsodiumtartratecrystals,hefoundthemtobeCHIRAL(iemirrorimagesofoneanother)
ManualsorRngunderaMICROSCOPE.AllowedtheproducRonofbothenanRomersoftartaricacid.HappenedbecausethissaltcrystallisesasaCONGLOMERATE
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AmoreClassicalResolu5ontechniqueisshownbelow:
3stepguidetoresoluRon:1)Makeaderiva5ve(useenan5opurereagent)ProductsareDIASTEREOISOMERS(iedifferentcompounds)3)Releasetheoriginalcompound(egbyaddingHCltoA).However,themaximumyieldis50%-wasteful
AmoresophisRcatedexampleofthisisfoundinanindustrialvariantofLilly’ssynthesisofduloxeRne(Cymbalta)Usedforthetreatmentofdepression.Annualsalesin2010were$2.6billion.
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CompleRonofthesynthesis
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RecyclingoftheunwantedenanAomer?
SeeOrganicProcessResearchandDevelopment,2006,10,905.
TherearemanyvariantsoftheresoluRonprocessincludingKine5cResolu5on(seetheSharplessAsymmetricEpoxidaRonandenzymaRcresoluRon).BasicprincipleofKine5cResolu5on:
Achiral(andenanRopure)reagent,reactsfasterwithONEenanRomerthantheOTHER.ProductsareDIFFERENTandusuallyseparable.TheenanRomersareobtainedasdifferentcompounds;bothareenanRoenriched(butnotusuallytothesamedegree).
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3)RETROSYNTHESISThetheory(Corey-Nobelprizein1990)1)Thinkaboutreac5onsinreverse
2)Usedisconnec5onstobreakdownmolecules
3)Synthons:Thesearesimplyhypothe5calreac5onintermediatesTherearetwowaysofanalysingasingledisconnecRon
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RemembertheconceptofUMPOLUNGishelpful(especially)withcarbonylgroups:1)NormalreacRvityofthecarbonylgroup
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2)UseUMPOLUNGtoreversethereacRvityofthecarbonylgroup
3)SomeRmesfuncRonalgroupinterconversiononthetargethelps
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Evenstereochemistrycanbealteredinthisway.
ForadvancedandfurtherreadingabouttheDielsAlderreacRoninnaturalproductssynthesisseeareviewbyK.C.Nicoloau,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2002,41,1668-1698.
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4)Someproblemstothinkabout
a)Suggestreagentsforthefollowingsynthons
b)SuggestsyntheAcroutestothefollowingfivecompoundsusingretrosyntheAcanalysis
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Synthesis1)Eletriptan(Pfizer)Migraine(salesin2008,$0.21billion)
Thesynthesis
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Synthesis2)Estradiol(HelveAcaChimicaActa,1980,63,1703)
Thesynthesis
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Theendgame
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Finally,
Synthesis3)(+)-Laurencin Isolatedin1965fromredalgae-LaurenciaglanduliferaStructureprovenbyX-raycrystallographyRepresentaRveofalargenumberofmediumringmarinemetabolitesfoundasnaturalproductsSynthesisofthemedium(here8)memberedringisaformidablechallenge
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Retrosynthesis
OnerecurringrequirementhereisamethodtocontrolthestereochemistryofenolatealkylaRon
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ASIDE;Evanschiralauxiliary(Xc)isaveryGENERALmethodwhichisusedwidelyinorganicsynthesis
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