Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY • ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS •CARBON •HYDROGEN •OXYGEN •NITROGEN • A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON IS CALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO2) •PHOSPHORUS •SULFUR aka “CHNOPS”
Dec 18, 2015
Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED
OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS
•CARBON
•HYDROGEN
•OXYGEN
•NITROGEN
• A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON ISCALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO2)
•PHOSPHORUS•SULFUR
aka “CHNOPS”
Unique Properties of Carbon
• Forms 4 covalent bonds• Long Carbon chains are formed.
THERE ARE 4 Major CARBON CARBON COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING THINGS:
1. 1. CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDSLIPIDS
4. 4. NUCLEICNUCLEIC ACIDSACIDS
3. 3. PROTEINSPROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
• Chemical Structure
Saccharide(monomer/subunit)One saccharide or Monosaccharide
Common Monosaccharides• Glucose• Galactose• Fructose
gl
ga
Common Disaccharides
• Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
• Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
• Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
gl ga
fr
+ =
gl fr+ =
gl gl+ =
gl ga
gl fr
gl gl
“ose” = sugar
Common Polysaccharides
gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl glStarch
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
gl
…..
…..Cellulose
Starch = SugarCellulose is undigestible sugar (cotton, paper, wood, stems)
Glycogen = quick sugar because of branching
gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl …..Glycogen gl
glgl
glgl
gl
glgl
gl
CARBOHYDRATES•INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, & CELLULOSE
• PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS
•Glucose: C6H12O6.– Main product of photosynthesis– Starting material for Cellular
Respiration– “fuel” in living things
•transported by body fluids to all cells, where is it METABOLIZED to release energy.
Polysaccharides: complex carbs•Formed by linking many monosaccharides•Starches: hundreds of glucose units linked
together– Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS
•Glycogen: stored in human liver– Thousands of glucose units
•Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT)
– Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms
»Wood»Cell walls of plants ***Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!***
Lipids• Chemical Structure
Fatty Acid(monomer/subunit)
Lipids
Lipids
LIPIDSINCLUDE FATS, OILS,, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS,.
•CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDSFOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE = FAT
•PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE
Nonpolar & Polar portions
Cell Membrane – LipidsPhospholipid bilayer
Lipids
Saturated: C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
UnsaturatedC-C-C=C-C-C-C-C
PROTEIN• Chemical Structure
Amino Acid(monomer/subunit)
PROTEIN
PROTEINS
•Most complex organic molecules
•COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS
•There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs)
Protein Functions
• enzymes, muscles, skin, hair
NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA/RNA)
Nucleotide(monomer/subunit)
• Nitrogen Base• Sugar• Phosphate
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS•LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIALMade of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base)1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A
(deoxyribose sugar)2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar)
•D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES
Carbon Cycle