Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules

Atoms Identify an Element

• Atom - smallest particle of an element• basic building blocks

molecules

Negative

What’s an organic molecule??• Molecules made up of carbon atoms !!!!!

Carbon – The Atom of All Organisms• Carbon atoms are unique in that they can

bond together and create large polymers or macromolecules

Single Bond- Double Bond Triple Bond

What’s a polymer?Polymers – Many Monomers

A monomer is a single unit such as this link in the entire chain.

Now, we will look at a few organic molecules and their functions

• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Nucleic Acids• Proteins

Carbohydrates – C, H and O

• Glucose and fructose are simple sugars called a monosaccharide – Both have the chemical formula C6H12O6

• A disaccharide, such as sucrose, contain 2 sugar monomers and a polysaccharide contain numerous…….Below is the polymer starch which is also a polysaccharide! What is the monomer??

Starch is a chain of hundreds of glucose monomers bonded together…..

Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in

starch.

Glycogen in Animals**A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers

** Stored in the Liver and muscle of mammals

**Long-term energy storage

** Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy

Cellulose - Storage in Plants

** Polymer of Glucose** Stored in Plant cells walls**Offers the plant support** Energy storage** Makes up cell wall ** Food source for seeds and plant bulbs

The differences in structures of carbohydrates – but remember all are

glucose polymers!!!

Lipids – C,H very little O

Fats

Only Carbon-Carbon single Bonds

Has Carbon-Carbon double Bonds

Remember the cell membrane? Phospholipid bilayer!!! Semi-permeable, allowing only certain

molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.

Steroids• One example is cholesterol

• Most of the cholesterol in our bodies is produced in the liver, though some of it comes from the foods we eat.

• The body needs some cholesterol • important to the body's cell

membranes • the production of certain

hormones• helps act as insulation for

your nerves.

Proteins – C,H,O,N sometimes sulfur

** The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids.

**Remember protein synthesis????

**A peptide bond bonds amino acids together

**Creates a polypeptide

Insulin• Chemical signaler protein produced in the

pancreas• Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue

to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles• Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

Hemoglobin• A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Enzymes• Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by

lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)• Re-usable• Molecule specific – like a lock and key• -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose.

It will NEVER break down proteins

Active Site

Specific Enzyme

Starch

***** Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!

Simple useable sugars (product)

Protein

Lipid

Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme??

Enzymes are affected by:

Rat

e of

Rea

ctio

n

pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity

1 3 42 5 6 7 8 9

pH scale

This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic

Nucleic Acids – A Polymer of Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) are Made up of monomers or subunits called nucleotides

RNA DNA Single-

Stranded Nitrogen

bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)

Remember NO Thymine (T)

Ribose sugar

Double-Stranded double helix

Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

Remember NO Uracil (U)

Deoxy-ribose sugar

Remember How These Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis??

Your Turn….• Complete the table of organic molecules• Use the handout and this PowerPoint to guide you• Cut out the illustrations and paste them in the

appropriate place!