Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules

What’s an organic molecule??• Compounds made up of carbon atoms

(Except CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!)• You’re organic!!

• Many carbon compounds are polymers made up of monomers…..

Now, we will look at a few organic molecules and their functions

• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Nucleic Acids• Proteins

Carbohydrates – C, H and O(Mainly Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)

• Glucose (Monomers of the following:•Cellulose•Starch•Glycogen

Carbohydrate Examples

Monosaccharides ONE sugar molecule

• Glucose is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide, has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and is a monomer of starch, glycogen and cellulose

• The food you eat is eventually broken down into glucose for energy

• As a glucose molecule is broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondrion, ATP is produced (about 36 per glucose)

Polysaccharides Many Glucose Molecules Bonded Together

• A disaccharide, such as sucrose, contain 2 sugar monomers and a polysaccharide contain numerous…….Below is the polymer starch which is also a polysaccharide!

• What is the monomer??

Starch is a Glucose Polymer That is a Source for the Plant’s Food

Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in

starch.

Glycogen in Animals – Glucose Polymer Stored in the Liver and Muscles of Mammals

**A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers

**Long-term energy storage

** Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy

Cellulose - Storage in Plants’ Cell Walls

** Also a polymer of Glucose

**Offers the plant support

** Energy storage

** Makes up cell wall

** Food source for seeds and plant bulbs

The differences in structures of carbohydrates – but remember ALL

are glucose polymers!!!

Lipids – C,H very little O

• Fatty Acid Monomers•Phospholipids•Steroids

Lipid Examples

Fats

Only Carbon-Carbon single Bonds

Has Carbon-Carbon double Bonds

FatsSaturated

• From animal products (meat, dairy, etc.)

• Solid at room temperature (Think of a stick of butter

Unsaturated• Found in most veggies

and oils

• Usually liquid at room temperature

~~You need some fat!! It cushions organs and gives you insulation…….Too many saturated fats in your diet, however, can clog your arteries!!

Remember the cell membrane? Phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane? The

fatty acid tails are lipids! It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain

molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.

Steroids are Lipids!• Cholesterol is a steroid lipid

• The body needs some cholesterol • important to the

body's cell membranes

• the production of certain hormones

• helps act as insulation for your nerves.

Proteins – C,H,O,N (Mainly Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.

• Amino Acid Monomers• Insulin• Enzymes• Hemoglobin

ProteinExamples

** The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids.

**Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and translation?

**A peptide bond bonds amino acids together

**Creates a polypeptide

Insulin• Chemical signaler protein produced in the

pancreas• Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue

to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles• Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

Hemoglobin• A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Enzymes• Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by

lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)• Re-usable• Molecule specific – like a lock and key• -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose.

It will NEVER break down proteins

Enzymes• Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key

model!

Lactase breaks down lactose sugar

Pepsin breaks down proteins

Amylase breaks down amylose

Active Site

Specific Enzyme

Starch

***** Remember That Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!

Simple useable sugars (product)

Protein

Lipid

Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme??

Enzymes are affected by:

Rat

e of

Rea

ctio

n

pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity

1 3 42 5 6 7 8 9

pH scale

This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic

Nucleic Acids – Polymer of Nucleotides

• Monomers are nucleotides• DNA• RNA

Nucleic Acid Examples

**Recall the nucleotide structure!)

RNA DNA Single-

Stranded Nitrogen

bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)

Remember NO Thymine (T)

Ribose sugar

Double-Stranded double helix

Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

Remember NO Uracil (U)

Deoxy-ribose sugar

Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Traqnslation?

*DNA

*mRNA

*At ribosome

*tRNA Brings in Amino Acids

*Amino Acids form the protein (a polypeptide)