Organic Functional Groups
Dec 23, 2015
OrganicFunctional
Groups
Functional Groups
See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 & 11.6
AlcoholsEthersAldehydesKetonesAcidsAmines
Alcohols are a derivative of water Many alcohols dissolve in water
Methanol dissolves in
water.
Methanol dissolves in
water.
Butanol is NOT soluble in water.
Butanol is NOT soluble in water.
O
HH
methyl alcohol (methanol)
O
CH3H
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
O
CH2CH3H
n-propyl alcohol (1-propanol)
O
CH2CH2CH3H
O
CHHCH3
H3C
2-propyl alcohol (isopropanol)
an ALCOHOLR – OH
Name: add – ol to name of hydrocarbon
Indicate position of -OH with number
TYPES OF ALCOHOLSTYPES OF ALCOHOLS
R C OH
H
H
R C OH
R
H
R C OH
R
R
CH3CH2OH, ethanol
rubbing alcohol H3C C OH
CH3
H
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
GLYCOLSGLYCOLSAlcohols with Two OH GroupsAlcohols with Two OH Groups
Propylene Propylene glycolglycol
EthyleneEthylene glycolglycol
Sugars: Related to AlcoholsSugars: Related to AlcoholsSugars are carbohydrates, cmpds
with the formula Cx(H2O)y.
O
H
HO
H
HO
HOHH
OH
OHCHO
OHH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OH
O
H
HO
H
HO
OHOHH
H
OH
1
23
4 5
12
3
45
1
2
3
4
5
-D-glucose -D-glucose
Open chain form
H H
Ethers are another derivative of water
Many ethers dissolve in water
diethyl ether
O
CH2CH3H3CH2C
ethylmethyl ether
O
CH2CH3H3C
an ETHER
R - O - R’
Compounds with Compounds with Carbonyl GroupCarbonyl Group
AldehydeAldehydeAldehydeAldehyde Carboxylic acidCarboxylic acidCarboxylic acidCarboxylic acid KetoneKetoneKetoneKetone
O
C
methanalFORMALDEHYDE
O
C
HH
propanal
O
C
CH2CH3H
O
C
HR
an ALDEHYDEName: add – al to name of hydrocarbon
O
C
HR
CinnamaldehydeCinnamaldehyde
Odors from Odors from aldehydes and aldehydes and
ketonesketones
O
C
CH3H3C
dimethylketonepropanoneACETONE
2-pentanone
O
C
CH2CH2CH3H3C
3-pentanone
O
C
CH2CH3H3CH2C
O
C
R’R
O
C
R'R
a KETONEName: add – one to name of hydrocarbonIndicate position of =O with number
Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids
Benzoic Benzoic acidacid
Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid group with acidic group with acidic
HH++
All are All are WEAKWEAK acids acids
Acetic acidAcetic acid
Acids are found in Acids are found in many natural many natural substances: bread, substances: bread, fruits, milk, winefruits, milk, wine
Acids are found in Acids are found in many natural many natural substances: bread, substances: bread, fruits, milk, winefruits, milk, wine
methanoic acidFORMIC ACID
HCOOH, HCOOH, gives the gives the sting to sting to
ants.ants.
HCOOH, HCOOH, gives the gives the sting to sting to
ants.ants.
O
C
HHO
ethanoic acidACETIC ACID
O
C
OHH3C
butanoic acidBUTYRIC ACID
O
C
CH2CH2CH3HO
a CARBOXYLIC ACIDName: add – oic to name of
hydrocarbon + acid
O
C
RHO
While alcohols are derivatives of H2O
(R–OH), amines are derivatives of NH3.
Methylamine
Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
NH
HH
Amines generally have Amines generally have terrible odors!terrible odors!
Cadaverine
PyridinePyridine
Amines, like NH3, are bases
2 C6H5NH2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2 C6H5NH3+(aq) + SO4
2- (aq)
NH2
+ H2SO4
NH3+
+ SO42-
aniline anilinium ion
Many natural products and drugs (such as nicotine and cocaine)
are bases.
NicotineNicotineH+
C C
H
H2N
R
OH
O
an AMINO ACID
GlycerolGlycerolAlcohol with 3 OH GroupsAlcohol with 3 OH Groups
Combine this with long chain acids Combine this with long chain acids ??? ???Fatty acids Fatty acids fats and oils fats and oils
Combine this with long chain acids Combine this with long chain acids ??? ???Fatty acids Fatty acids fats and oils fats and oils
Fats and OilsFats and Oils
R = organic group R = organic group with with NONO C=C bonds C=C bondsCC1212 = Lauric acid = Lauric acid
CC1616 = Palmitic acid = Palmitic acid
CC1818 = Stearic acid = Stearic acid
R = organic group R = organic group with with NONO C=C bonds C=C bondsCC1212 = Lauric acid = Lauric acid
CC1616 = Palmitic acid = Palmitic acid
CC1818 = Stearic acid = Stearic acid
O
O
O
H2C
HC
H2C
CRO
CRO
CR
O
R = organic R = organic group with C=C group with C=C
bondsbondsCC1818 = oleic acid = oleic acid
R = organic R = organic group with C=C group with C=C
bondsbondsCC1818 = oleic acid = oleic acid
What is the What is the functional functional
groupgroup in a fat in a fat or oil?or oil?
What is the What is the functional functional
groupgroup in a fat in a fat or oil?or oil?
Fats and OilsFats and OilsO
O
O
H2C
HC
H2C
CRO
CRO
CR
O
Fats with C=C bonds are usually Fats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSLIQUDS
Fats with C=C bonds are usually Fats with C=C bonds are usually LIQUDSLIQUDS
Oleic acid: a Oleic acid: a monounsaturatmonounsaturated fatty acid ed fatty acid
Oleic acid: a Oleic acid: a monounsaturatmonounsaturated fatty acid ed fatty acid
C=C bondC=C bondC=C bondC=C bond
Fats and OilsFats and Oils
Fats with saturated acids Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) are (no C=C bonds) are
SOLIDS.SOLIDS.
Fats with saturated acids Fats with saturated acids (no C=C bonds) are (no C=C bonds) are
SOLIDS.SOLIDS.
O
O
O
H2C
HC
H2C
CRO
CRO
CR
O
Saturated fats Saturated fats are more are more
common in common in animals. animals.
Saturated fats Saturated fats are more are more
common in common in animals. animals.
Fats and Polar Fats and Polar BearsBears
•Bears gorge on blubber in the Bears gorge on blubber in the winter.winter.•During the summer bears rely on During the summer bears rely on stored fat for energy.stored fat for energy.•Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.•Water for metabolism comes Water for metabolism comes from fat burning.from fat burning.
•Bears gorge on blubber in the Bears gorge on blubber in the winter.winter.•During the summer bears rely on During the summer bears rely on stored fat for energy.stored fat for energy.•Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.Burn 1-1.5 kg of fat per day.•Water for metabolism comes Water for metabolism comes from fat burning.from fat burning.
Trans Fatty AcidsTrans Fatty Acids•Oleic acid is a mono–Oleic acid is a mono–unsaturated unsaturated cis-cis-fatty acidfatty acid•Trans fatty acids have Trans fatty acids have deleterious health effects. deleterious health effects. •Trans fatty acids raise plasma Trans fatty acids raise plasma LDL cholesterol and lower HDL LDL cholesterol and lower HDL levels.levels.
CHCH33(CH(CH22))77CH=CH(CHCH=CH(CH22))77COCO22H H
Trans Fatty AcidsTrans Fatty Acids
Food Percentages of Food Percentages of Trans-Fatty AcidsTrans-Fatty Acids
ButterButter 3.63.6
Soft MargarineSoft Margarine 5.25.2
Hard MargarineHard Margarine 12.412.4
Vegetable Oils, Including Vegetable Oils, Including Safflower, Sunflower, and Safflower, Sunflower, and SoySoy
00
Beefburger, Fried or Beefburger, Fried or GrilledGrilled
0.80.8
Chocolate Cake with IcingChocolate Cake with Icing 7.17.1