Organ Systems Organ Systems Form meets Function Form meets Function The organ systems of the human body and other vertebrates help to maintain balance and perform a variety of functions. The Body Worlds exhibit of preserved human bodies and allows visitors to view the amazing human body in never before seen Image
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Organ Systems Form meets Function The organ systems of the human body and other vertebrates help to maintain balance and perform a variety of functions.
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Organ SystemsOrgan SystemsForm meets FunctionForm meets Function
The organ systems of the human body and other vertebrates help to maintain balance and perform a variety of functions.
The Body Worlds exhibit of preserved human bodies and allows visitors to view the amazing human body in never before seen ways.
This unit will introduce the major parts and functions of each of the body systems.
Cells Cells can be specialized (have a certain function Function = job Function is related to the cell structure Structure = how parts of the cell are put
together Shape Material it’s made from
Structure of a brain cell is different from muscle cell
Can you tell which cells are neurons, fat, leukocytes, bone (osteocytes, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, cubodial (roll up to make tubes)
Organ Systems There are 11 organ systems of the human body that work
together to maintain homeostasis in the body
Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively stable despite changes in external environments Muscular system Skeletal system Nervous system Circulatory system Respiratory system Endocrine system Lymphatic/Immune system Digestive system Excretory system Integumentary system Reproductive system
Muscle AnatomyIf you were to take one whole muscle and cut through it, you would find the muscle is covered in a layer of connective muscle tissue known as the Epimysium that protects the muscle from friction against other muscles and bones.
Organization of the Skeletal Organization of the Skeletal MuscleMuscle
Surrounding the muscle fiber is the Sarcolemma = fibers cell membrane then the Sarcoplasm = cells cytoplasm, containing Glycogen, Fats and Mitochondria for energy. Each muscle fiber itself contains cylindrical organelles known as Myofibrils.
Myofibrils made up ofbundles of Actin andMyosin proteins whichrun the length of themuscle fiber and areImportant in musclecontraction known asthe sliding filament theory.
Organization of the Skeletal Organization of the Skeletal MuscleMuscle
Muscles in Action
SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEMThree types of Skeletal systems are:
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Skeletal System Function: Supports the body; locomotion of
voluntary muscles, protection of organs; helps to maintain calcium levels; provides a site for blood cell formation
Major Structures: Bones, joints, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons Types of Cells:
Osteoblasts – build and produce new bone Osteoclasts – break down bone Bone Marrow – within the hollow center of bones, produces red
and white blood cells and platelets Works Closely With: the 206 bones in the adult body works with the
Homo sapien on your Skeletal Systems page draw and label the following structures: clavicle, femur, fibula, humerus, patella, pelvis, radius, ribs, scapula, skull, sternum, tibia and ulna.
Central and Peripheral SystemsCentral Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. - sensory information goes down the dorsal roots - motor information goes down the ventral roots to the muscles and glands
Central and Peripheral SystemsPeripheral Nervous System (PNS) receives signals from the spinal cord and transmits the message by way of peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves in the cervical region serve the neck and arms; those in the thoracic region serve the trunk; those in the lumbar region serve the legs; and those in the sacral region serve the bowels and bladder.
The PNS consists of
somatic nervous system that connects voluntary skeletal muscles with cells specialized to respond to sensations, such as touch and pain
autonomic nervous system is made of neurons connecting the CNS with internal organs. It is divided into
- sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body for action: fight or flight
-parasympathetic nervous system helps to restore the body, build up energy & supplies needed in the
future, and relax
Typical Neuron and Synapse
Read the excerpts from the article entitled “Neuron” and very briefly describe the four steps of a nerve impulse down a neuron.
Typical Neuron and Synapse cont
Reflex Arc• A reflex arc is the pathway that a nerve reflex, such as the knee jerk reflex, follows. A tap on the knee stimulates sensory receptors, generating a nerve signal. The signal travels along a nerve to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, the signal is transmitted from the sensory nerve to a motor nerve. The motor nerve sends the signal back to a muscle in the thigh. The muscle contracts, causing the lower leg to jerk upward. The entire reflex occurs without involving the brain.
Place the number next to the correct part
FUNCTION
Occipital Lobe Center for processing visual and spatial information
Medulla the end of the spinal chord is where many involuntary actions, heart beating, breathing, digestion, are regulated
Temporal Lobe Center for processing auditory and temporal (time-related) information
Limbic System Manages the transition between sleep and arousal
Thalamus Involved in the processing of emotion and strong drives like sex, fear and hunger.
Cerebral Cortex A region of high neuron concentration, divided into the following lobes, (one on each side of the brain).
Parietal Lobe Various functions, including processing of physical sensation and new movements. Bottom of parietal lobe contains olfactory bulb, = taste/smell
Hypothalamus Helps control what information reaches the frontal lobes, regulates flow of consciousness and attention
Cerebellum Where information for performing learned movements are stored.
The Frontal Lobes Where thought occurs. Both are centers for memory, learning, problem-solving, feeling, awareness, and decision-making. The left side = analytical; right side = "open-ended" understanding and thinking
Cerebo-spinal Fluid
Produced by glands in the brain to act as a protective cushion.
Circulatory System Function - Brings oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cells wastes; helps to regulate body temperature
Major Structures - Heart, vascular system made up of blood vessels (arteries & veins), blood Heart Video
Types of Cells - Red blood cells – transport O2 & CO2
White blood cells – fight infection Platelets – allow blood to clot and
stop bleeding
Works Closely With: the respiratory system in gas exchange; digestive system to pick up and carry nutrients to the cells of the body the excretory system to filter and clean the blood the endocrine system to deliver hormones
Converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs nutrients; eliminates fecal matter
Major Structures: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, rectum
Key Parts: Villi – folded structures within
the walls of the intestines which allow for nutrient exchange
Works Closely With: circulatory system to deliver nutrients to the cells of the body
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Close UP of Digestive Villi
The villi projections allow as much of the nutrients in the digestive system to move in to the circulatory system, providing energy for cells.
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Digestive Enzymes
The pH in the human digestive tract varies greatly. The pH of saliva is usually between 6.5 - 7.5. After we chew and swallow food it enters the stomach, pH 4.0 - 6.5. This is where "predigestion" occurs. Just before leaving the stomach, near the pyloric sphincter, hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsin are secreted reaching a pH between 1.5 - 4.0. Food mixes with these juices and enters the small intestine where the pH changes to 7.0 - 8.5. This is where 90% of the nutrients are absorbed and the waste products are passed out through the large intestine, pH 4.0 - 7.0.
Function: Eliminates urine and other by-
products from the body while maintaining homeostasis
Major Structures: Skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra Key Parts:
Kidneys – remove waste products from the blood
Bladder – collects urine (wastes filtered through the kidney)
Works Closely With: the circulatory system to filter and clean the blood
Excretory System
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Immune / LymphaticSystem
lymphocytesattackingcancer cell
phagocytic leukocyte
lymphsystem
Fighting theEnemy Within!
AP Biology
Why an immune system? Attack from outside
lots of organisms want you for lunch! animals are a tasty nutrient- & vitamin-packed meal animals must defend themselves against invaders (pathogens)
Viruses, bacteria, Fungi, Protists
Attack from inside cancers (abnormal body cells)
Function protects body from diseaseprotects body from disease collects fluid lost from blood vessels & collects fluid lost from blood vessels &
returns it to the circulatory systemreturns it to the circulatory systemMmmmm,What’s in your lunchbox?
AP Biology
Lymph system Works closely with the circulatory system to fight infection and collect excess fluids
lymph node
lymph vessels(intertwined amongst blood vessels)
MajorStructures:
AP Biology
Development of Red & White blood cells
short-lived phagocytes60-70% WBC
develop into macrophages
inflammatory response
fightparasites
Red blood cells
Lymphocytes
Leukocytes
White blood cells
AP Biology
Innate vs Acquired ImmunityINNATE
• present before any exposure to pathogens
• effective from the time of birth
• largely nonspecific and slow to respond to specific microbes
External: Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions
Internal: Phagocytic Cells, Antimicrobial proteins, Inflammatory response and Natural Killers
ACQUIRED
• develops only after exposure to microbes, abnormal body cells, toxins or other foreign substances
• highly specific because Lymphocytes (white blood cells) produce two types of immune responses
Humoral: cells derived from B cells secrete defensive proteins call antibodies
Cell-mediated: T cells directly destroy infected body and cancer cells, and foreign tissue
attack pathogens, but don’t “remember” for next time leukocytes
phagocytic white blood cells macrophages, neutrophils,
natural killer cells
complement system proteins that destroy cells
inflammatory response increase in body temp. (fever) increase capillary permeability attract macrophages yeast
macrophage
bacteria
AP Biology
Inflammatory response (local non—specific trigger when tissue is damaged)
AP Biology
Specific defense with memory lymphocytes
B cells T cells
antibodies immunoglobulins
Responds to… antigens
cellular name tags specific pathogens specific toxins abnormal body cells (cancer)
3rd line: Acquired (active) ImmunityB cell
AP Biology
Antibodies
Proteins that bind to a specific antigen multi-chain proteins binding region matches molecular shape of antigens each antibody is unique & specific tagging “handcuffs”
“this is foreign…gotcha!”
each B cell has ~50,000 antibodies
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antigenantigen-binding site on antibody
variable binding region
AP Biology
Lymphocytes B cells
mature in bone marrow humoral response system
“humors” = body fluids attack pathogens still circulating
in blood & lymph produce antibodies Types: Plasma and Memory cells
T cells mature in thymus cellular response system
recognize and attack invading cells Types: Helper, Killer and Memory T Cells
bone marrow
AP Biology
Vaccinations Immune system exposed
to harmless version of pathogen stimulates B cell system to produce
antibodies to pathogen “active immunity”
rapid response on future exposure creates immunity
without getting disease!
Most successful against viruses
AP Biology
Jonas Salk Developed first vaccine
against polio attacks motor neurons
1914 – 1995April 12, 1955
Albert Sabin1962oral vaccine
AP Biology
Polio epidemics
1994: Americas polio free
AP Biology
Obtaining antibodies from another individual maternal immunity
antibodies pass from mother to baby across placenta or in mother’s milk
critical role of breastfeeding in infant health mother is creating antibodies against pathogens baby
is being exposed to
Injection injection of antibodies short-term immunity (rabies shot)
Passive immunity
AP Biology
Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus infects helper T cells
helper T cells don’t activate rest of immune system: killer T cells & B cells
also destroys helper T cells
AIDS: Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome infections by opportunistic
diseases death usually from
“opportunistic” infections pneumonia, cancers
HIV & AIDS
HIV infected T cell
Endocrine System Function:
Controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis
Major Structures: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries in females, & testes in males)
Key Parts: Hormones – chemicals released in
one part of the body and travel to affect other parts
Works Closely With: the nervous system which controls the release of hormones and the circulatory system to deliver them
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GLAND: HypothalamusLOCATION: Ventral part of the forebrain.
HORMONE: Secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones that act directly on the tissues of the pituitary gland.
FUNCTION: It is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the
hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. As a limbic system structure, it influences various emotional responses.
GLAND: PituitaryLOCATION: Bean sized structure that dangles on a slender stalk of tissue at the base of the skull. The gland is divided into two parts: anterior and posterior
HORMONE: Secretes hormones that directlyregulate many body functions and controlsthe actions of several other endocrine glands.
FUNCTION:Posterior Pituitary
OxytocinAntidiuretic (Vasoperssin)
Contraction of uterus and releases milkTells kidneys to reabsorb water
Anterior Pituitary
GrowthProlactinFSH (Follicle-stimulating)
LH (Luteinizing)
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating)
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic)
Protein synthesis and growth in bonesProduction of Breast MilkStimulates production of ova and spermOvaries and testesStimulates the thyroid glandTells adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
GLAND: THYROID & PARATHYROID
LOCATION: Base of neck and wraps around the upper part of the trachea.HORMONE: Thyroid Hormone (Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
CalcitoninFUNCTION: Stimulate and maintain Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), which is
the amount of energy the body usesLowers blood calcium level
LOCATION: The four glands are found on the backsurface of the thyroid gland.
Male – outside pelvic cavity HORMONE: Androgens, Estrogen,
ProgesteroneFUNCTION: Production of gametes and
secretion of sex hormones
Testes Androgen(Testosterone)
Support sperm formation, promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
Ovaries Estrogen
Progesterone
Stimulate uterine lining growth, promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
Promotes uterine lining growth
Function: Protection is the most important
function. It serves as a barrier against infection and injury
Major Structures: Skin, hair, and nails
Key Parts: Epidermis – outer layer of skin Dermis – inner layer of skin Hair – protects the skin and filters
particles Nails – extension of the skin, grow 3
mm per day on average Works Closely With: nervous system
through the five senses
Integumentary SystemImage
Integumentary System cont.The Skin is the human body's Largest Organ. The word INTEGUMENT comes from a LATIN word that means to
COVER. FIVE Other Functions of the Integumentary System
1. Serves as a barrier against infection and injury. 2. Helps to regulate body temperature. 3. Removes waste products from the body. 4. Provides protection against UV radiation from the sun. 5. Produces vitamin D.
The skin contains sensory receptors through which sensations such as pressure, heat, cold, and pain are transmitted to the nervous system.
The skin is made up of two main layers – the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer of fat.
EPIDERMIS1. The outer most layer of skin , composed of five layers and four types of cells.
2. Most of the cells of the Epidermis undergo rapid cell division (MITOSIS) and are shed or washed away once every 14 to 28 days.
3. As new cells are produced, they push older cells to the surface of the skin. The older cells become flattened, lose their cellular contents and begin making Keratin.
4. Keratin is a tough fibrous protein and forms the basic structure of hair, nails and calluses. In animals it forms horns, scales, feathers, and quills.
5. The Epidermis contains melanocytes, cells that produce melanin, a dark brown pigment.
6. There are no blood vessel in the epidermis, which is why a small scratch will not cause bleeding.
DERMIS1. Second layer of skin composed of living cells. 2. Connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts,
macrophage and fat cells, hair follicles, glands, nerves and blood vessels. 4. Beneath the Dermis is the
Hypodermis, (Subcutaneous layer), a
layer of fat and looseconnective tissue thatinsulate the body andacts as an energy reserve.
5. The Dermis contains TWOmajor types of GLANDS: Sudiferous (sweat) and Sebaceous (oil) Glands.
6. Oil Glands are connected byTiny Ducts (Exocrine Glands)to Hair Follicles. Sebum coats the surface of the skin and the shafts of hair, preventing excess water loss and lubricating and softening the skin and hair.
HAIR1. Hair is produced by cells at the base of structures called Hair Follicles.
Hair protects and insulates the body.2. Hair Follicles are tube-like pockets of epidermal cells that extend into
the dermis. Tiny Muscle fibers attach to Hair Follicles contract and pull hair upright when you are cold or afraid, producing Goose Bumps.
3. Individual hairs are actuallylarge columns of dead cellsfilled with Keratin.
4. Rapid cell growth in the Hair Root causes hair togrow longer. Hair gets itscolor from Melanin.
5. Hair Follicles are in close contact with Sebaceous Glands.
NAILS Nails grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells know as the Nail
Matrix or Nail Root and is located near the tips of the fingers and toes.
Nails rest on a bed of tissue filled with blood vessels, giving the nails apinkish color.
Nails grow at a rate of 0.5 to 1.2 mm perday, with fingernails growing fasterthan toenails.
Place the number on the diagram on your worksheet
Reproductive Systems Function:
Produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo
Major Structures:Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis (in males); ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (in females)
Types of Cells: Sperm Cells – male reproductive cells created in the male reproductive systemOva – female egg cells created in the female reproductive system
Works Closely With: endocrine system to receive sex hormones Slideshow of Conception
fetus at 8 weeks
Testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum just before birth. This is important since sperm can not develop at normal body temperature and must be kept approximately 2° C lower.
Scrotum - fold of the body wall which aids the reproductive process in different ways:
Fig. 46.9
Ovaries are the female gonads. Located in the abdominal cavity and enclosed in a
tough protective capsule. Attached by mesentery to the uterus. Each ovary contains follicles.
The remaining female reproductive structures are:
Cervix: neck of the uterus, that opens into the vagina.
Vagina: thin-walled chamber that forms the birth canal.