1 of 29 document.xls/Current Flange Spec Sheet_Monel ITEM TAG. NO. SCH. SERVICE 1 2 1 20FO-057 2 80 0.084 250 60 57 a 17.00 100 300 Pilot gas to acid relief header 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. The actual flow of 20FO-057 is about 110 SCFH for a bore diameter of 0.084. REV . QTY . PIPE SIZE (IN.) ORIFICE (IN.) FLOW QUANTITY (SCFH) UPSTREAM PRESSURE (PSIG) DP (PSI) M W S G TEMP. (F) FLANGE RATING INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATION Citgo Petroleum Corporation 135th Street & New Avenue Lemont, IL 60439 Flange-type Restrictive Orifices N o. DATE REVISIO N SHEET NO . REV. ISSUED: CHECK: P.O .No.: ISSUE DATE: MANUFACTURER: ALL ITEMS SHALL COMPLY WITH GENERAL SPECIFICATION SHEETS MATERIAL: Monel Installation notes: 1. Orifice dia. As specified to suit required conditions. 2. Gaskets furnished by vendor.
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1 of 25 document.xls/Current Flange Spec Sheet_Monel
ITEM REV. QTY. TAG. NO. SCH. SERVICE
1 2 1 20FO-057 2 80 0.084 250 60 57 a 17.00 100 300 Pilot gas to acid relief header.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1. The actual flow of 20FO-057 is about 110 SCFH for a bore diameter of 0.084.
PIPE SIZE (IN.)
ORIFICE (IN.)
FLOW QUANTITY (SCFH)
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
(PSIG)DP
(PSI)MW
SG
TEMP. (F)
FLANGE RATING
INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATION
Citgo Petroleum Corporation135th Street & New AvenueLemont, IL 60439
Flange-type Restrictive Orifices
No. DATE REVISION SHEET NO. REV.
ISSUED: CHECK:
P.O. No.:
ISSUE DATE:
MANUFACTURER:
ALL ITEMS SHALL COMPLY WITH GENERAL SPECIFICATION SHEETS
MATERIAL: Monel
Installation notes:1. Orifice dia. As specified to suit required conditions.2. Gaskets furnished by vendor.
Citgo Petroleum Corporation135th Street & New AvenueLemont, IL 60439
Union Restrictive Orifices
No. DATE REVISION SHEET NO. REV.
ISSUED: CHECK:
P.O. No.:
ISSUE DATE:
MANUFACTURER:
ALL ITEMS SHALL COMPLY WITH GENERAL SPECIFICATION SHEETS
MATERIAL: 316SS
Installation notes:1. Unless otherwise specified, the only markings on the orifice tab shall be the orfice diameter indicated by a decimal fraction as shown on the drawing with 1/16-in. figure stamping hand dies.2. Where lines are to be insulated, the insulated material covering the union shall be applied in such a manner that the markings on the tab will be fully exposed.3. No asbestos-bearing material is acceptable; vendor to provide TFE gaskets.
3 of 25 document.xls/Current Flange Spec Sh_SS
ITEM REV. QTY. TAG. NO. SCH. SERVICE
1 1 1 20FO-175 2 80 0.135 60 55 a 17.00 100 150 Pilot gas to 20F-527.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PIPE SIZE (IN.)
ORIFICE (IN.)
FLOW QUANTITY (SCFH)
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
(PSIG)DP
(PSI)MW
SG
TEMP. (F)
FLANGE RATING
INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATION
Citgo Petroleum Corporation135th Street & New AvenueLemont, IL 60439
Flange-type Restrictive Orifices
No. DATE REVISION SHEET NO. REV.
ISSUED: CHECK:
P.O. No.:
ISSUE DATE:
MANUFACTURER:
ALL ITEMS SHALL COMPLY WITH GENERAL SPECIFICATION SHEETS
MATERIAL: 316SS
Installation notes:1. Orifice dia. As specified to suit required conditions.2. Gaskets furnished by vendor.
4 of 25 document.xls/New Union Spec Sheet
ITEM REV. QTY. TAG. NO. SCH. SERVICE
1 1 1 2 80 a 100
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PIPE SIZE (IN.)
ORIFICE (IN.)
FLOW QUANTITY (SCFH)
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
(PSIG)DP
(PSI)MW
SG
TEMP. (F)
FLANGE RATING
INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATION
Citgo Petroleum Corporation135th Street & New AvenueLemont, IL 60439
Union Restrictive Orifices
No. DATE REVISION SHEET NO. REV.
ISSUED: CHECK:
P.O. No.:
ISSUE DATE:
MANUFACTURER:
ALL ITEMS SHALL COMPLY WITH GENERAL SPECIFICATION SHEETS
MATERIAL: 316SS
Installation notes:1. Unless otherwise specified, the only markings on the orifice tab shall be the orfice diameter indicated by a decimal fraction as shown on the drawing with 1/16-in. figure stamping hand dies.2. Where lines are to be insulated, the insulated material covering the union shall be applied in such a manner that the markings on the tab will be fully exposed.3. No asbestos-bearing material is acceptable; vendor to provide TFE gaskets.
Yellow is an input cell: Green is a calculation:P1: 60 psig W = 11.12 PPH
Underline is value actually used: Green in grey is a look-up value:0.603 tp = 2.500.607
White in black is a final answer:
D2 = 0.106 in.
Important reference information about a cell is in violet:From Fluor table
Cell for iteration with goal seek: Target (To) cell for goal seek: Changing cell for goal seek:[1st Cell] [2nd Cell] [3rd Cell]
4.87 4.93 0.084
Changing cell for goal seek:
7 of 25 document.xls/New Flange Spec Sheet_SS
ITEM REV. QTY. TAG. NO. SCH. SERVICE
1 1 1 2 80 a 100
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PIPE SIZE (IN.)
ORIFICE (IN.)
FLOW QUANTITY (SCFH)
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
(PSIG)DP
(PSI)MW
SG
TEMP. (F)
FLANGE RATING
INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATION
Citgo Petroleum Corporation135th Street & New AvenueLemont, IL 60439
Flange-type Restrictive Orifices
No. DATE REVISION SHEET NO. REV.
ISSUED: CHECK:
P.O. No.:
ISSUE DATE:
MANUFACTURER:
ALL ITEMS SHALL COMPLY WITH GENERAL SPECIFICATION SHEETS
MATERIAL: 316SS
Installation notes:1. Orifice dia. As specified to suit required conditions.2. Gaskets furnished by vendor.
8 of 25 document.xls/New Flange Spec Sheet_Monel
ITEM REV. QTY. TAG. NO. SCH. SERVICE
1 1 1 2 80 a 100
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PIPE SIZE (IN.)
ORIFICE (IN.)
FLOW QUANTITY (SCFH)
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
(PSIG)DP
(PSI)MW
SG
TEMP. (F)
FLANGE RATING
INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATION
Citgo Petroleum Corporation135th Street & New AvenueLemont, IL 60439
Flange-type Restrictive Orifices
No. DATE REVISION SHEET NO. REV.
ISSUED: CHECK:
P.O. No.:
ISSUE DATE:
MANUFACTURER:
ALL ITEMS SHALL COMPLY WITH GENERAL SPECIFICATION SHEETS
MATERIAL: Monel
Installation notes:1. Orifice dia. As specified to suit required conditions.2. Gaskets furnished by vendor.
Caution: this sheet calculates properties based on yellow-highlighted cells. The viscosities will change and are a function of pressure and temperature, however, the NIST values for pure components will change so if T or P change update with NIST.
Properties using coresponding states
Vc, cm3/mol-
1
From VISC Sheet - manual entry-- use NIST website for individual m, then use Wilke's method in spreadsheet to calculate mixture m.
m, cP @ 78 psig m, cP @ 90 psig
G12
Citgo Employee: k = Cp/(Cp-R) only for ideal gases, i.e., adiabatic flow of an ideal gas. For real gases, Cp and Cv must be derived individually.
Caution: this sheet calculates properties based on yellow-highlighted cells. The viscosities will change and are a function of pressure and temperature, however, the NIST values for pure components will change so if T or P change update with
Cpo, cal/gmol-
K m, cP
From VISC Sheet - manual entry-- use NIST website for , then use Wilke's method in spreadsheet to calculate
11 of 25
Lemont, Illinoisdocument.xls/RO1
RESTRICTIVE ORIFICE ---- Method 1Rough method provided originally in an article in Chemical Engineering magazine tb/bore diameter = 0.93P2/P1 = 0.05 Thin plate, no choked flow.
Calculation not applicable: refer to Kirk-Cunningham method.
D, inches; Qg, gas flow in SCFH (60 F, 1 atm); DP, P1, P2, psia; Sg = Mg/Mair Line Size tp,mm
57.00 Tr = 2.51 from sheet 1.5 2P1: 60 psig Pr = 0.11 2 2.5P2: 3 psi 3 3Mw: 17 4 3Sg = 0.59 manual allowed 6 3T: 100 deg. F k = 1.28 8 6Plate Rate 300 300, 600# ANSI 10 6tp = 2.50 mm From Fluor table 12 6Z: 1.00 0.98 Calculated using virial equations 14 9D1, nom: 2.00 in. Sch.: 80 16 9
18 12Sat. Curve Test: 0.749 Test: OK Abbott Equations are acceptable 20 12
Hot Gas Test: 0.433 Saturated Area 24 16B1 = 0.135 Pr/Tr = 0.044 Z = 1.00B0 = -0.014
Thin plate orifice Low-Moderate DP
Using table from Fluor specification: "Flange Type Restrictive Orifice"
DP =
Using initial properties @ P1, T1
P1:D =
Qg/SQRT( DP(P1 +P2)/(2SgT1)7 8
X 5440
(tp/0.125) X 1/5
Method assumes, implicitly, that gas is ideal gas mixture or perfect gas.Flow through a thin plate is never choked flow. For this to apply, the ratio of tb/bore diameter must be < 6. (Reference: pg. 13.22, Richard Miller's "Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook," 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 1996. Page 13-22 refers to the work of Cunningham (1951) and Ward-Smith (1979).Kirk-Cunningham applies when P2<0.63P1. Cunningham showed that choked flow (critical, i.e., M =1 @ throat) does not occur for thin orifice plates.
12 of 25
Lemont, Illinoisdocument.xls/RO1
Pcf = 40.98 psig Choked Flow - for thick plate D2 = 0.106 in. Beta = 0.055
13 of 25Lemont, Illinois
document.xls/RO2
RESTRICTIVE ORIFICE ---- Method 2tb/db = 7.41 Thick plate method applies: choked flow. Min. Pressure is: 40.98 psig
A = 0.004 sq. in. Complete Property SheetTr = 2.51 Using initial properties @ P1, T1
D = 0.067 in. Pr = 0.11Beta = 0.0348 Sat. Curve Test: 0.749 Below: use chartstp = 0.50 in. Hot Gas Test: 0.433 Saturated Area
Test: OK Abbott Equations are acceptableB1 = 0.135B0 = -0.014
Pr/Tr = 0.044
Thick plate orifice or flow nozzle, Choked Flow
Choked Flow: eq. 4-40, pg. 100, Daniel Crowl, Joseph Louvar, "Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice-Hall, 1990.
r = Crowl/Louvar recommends 1.0 for Co with sharp-edged orifices with Re1 >30,000; seldom does this occur.
P1: A = W
Co P1 k gc M RT1
X 2k + 1
(k+1)/(k-1)
4-40Crowl & Louvar assume a thick orifice plate, or flow nozzle, not a thin plate.
Also found in Perry's 6th edition of "Chemical Engineering Handbook," pg. 5-14, equation 5.27. Assumes Beta < 0.2. (Ideal gas also assumed and implicite in solution using isentropic expansion).
This sheet is most useful in estimating flow from nozzles and holes in vessels or pipe.
A12
DW: Based on standard conditions and Qg.
F14
DW: Based on ideal gas at inlet flow temperature. Slight error can be expected for saturated conditions near critical point. K affects Y so a significant deviation will be a problem. Ideal gas k should not be used if residuals are large.
D23
DW: For the Abbott equations to apply, an error curve was prepared relating Tr(y) to Pr(x): Figure 3.16, Smith & Van Ness, "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics," 4th edition. Above the curve, the Abbott equations apply, below the curve, the charts for Zo, Z1 must be used. The curve has a break but can be approximated by two straight line sections: "sat curve" and "hot gas curve."
H25
DW: M.M. Abbott developed equations for Z in terms of a truncated virial coefficient equation.
14 of 25Lemont, Illinois
document.xls/RO2
Z = 1.00
04/08/2023 Calculation for North American Mfg. Co. Combustion Air FE
D. Willard International Steel Services, Inc. document.xls
ORIFICE DATA SHEET
Type of Orifice Plate: Standard
Drain Hole (for Condensate): None
MAXIMUM (URV-Ranged) DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE = 40 IWC Pipe Diameter?
Equation 2-24, Crane TP 410, adapted on 3.24 of text.
1891 Y C d 2 0
Flow through a thin plate is never choked flow. For this to apply, the ratio of tb/bore diameter must be < 6. (Reference: pg. 13.22, Richard Miller's "Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook," 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 1996. Page 13-22 refers to the work of Cunningham (1951) and Ward-Smith (1979). In 2005, Kirk explored the limits of Cunningham's work. He found that ASME formulas worked fine with adjustment of Y; C could be defined using ASME and other methods.Kirk-Cunningham applies when P2<0.63P1. Cunningham showed that choked flow (critical, i.e., M =1 @ throat) does not occur for thin orifice plates.
B10
DW: Target flow rate.
F10
DW: Cunningham showed that a thin plate orifice is not restricted by choked flow. Until 2005, it was assumed that Y and C would be different than for unchoked flow. Kirk presented a new Y equation for conditions below Pcritcal, whn P2/P1 are below 0.63. Without these new equations, an error of up to 40%, or more, can be expected by using standard ASME equations for Y and C.
F12
DW: Based on ideal gas at inlet flow temperature. Slight error can be expected for saturated conditions near critical point. K affects Y so a significant deviation will be a problem. Ideal gas k should not be used if residuals are large.
I14
DW: For the Abbott equations to apply, an error curve was prepared relating Tr(y) to Pr(x): Figure 3.16, Smith & Van Ness, "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics," 4th edition. Above the curve, the Abbott equations apply, below the curve, the charts for Zo, Z1 must be used. The curve has a break but can be approximated by two straight line sections: "sat curve" and "hot gas curve."
A17
DW: Real gas density at upstream conditions.
A18
Citgo Employee: Temperature upstream of orifice, i.e., for D1. Final temperature will decrease as a result of throttling. Usually, adiabatic expansion yields the lowest pressure drop and temperature drop but isothermal expansion has been assumed. Isothermal really only applies for long runs of small pipe.
J19
DW: M.M. Abbott developed equations for Z in terms of a truncated virial coefficient equation.
A20
DW: Calculated from Fluor table at the end of the spreadsheet. tP must be small: tb/Do must be < 6 for the sonic vena cava to form beyond the bore diameter. If the sonic barrier forms in the orifice as it does for thick plates (tb ratio > 6), then the flow is choked and a larger orifice will be required to flow the same mass.
A21
DW: Manual input is allowed for Z. (Although program will calculate Z, calculated Z will be ignored if yellow cell has value.) In some circumstances Z will not be calculated: if the Abbott equations do not apply. In this unlikely event, read the Zo, Z1 values from the appropriate curves, calculate Z by hand and enter here.
F22
DW: "Sch." affects the diameter, i.e., D1.
A23
DW: This viscosity is the mixture viscosity from the "Properties" sheet --- from "VISC." VISC calculates mixture viscosity using the Wilke equation.
A25
DW: Not all of the pressure drop across the orifice is lost. As the Beta is decreased, the permanent loss approaches the tap measurement, which is always the larger of the two.
A27
DW: Wd is the mass flow rate based on Qg and SC density.
D27
DW: Wcalc is the mass flow rate based on Crane equation 2-24.
A29
DW: Below the calculated pressure, Pcf, a vena contracta will form, beyond it, the gas passes through a sonic barrier. As the pressure is reduced further, the vena contracta will approach the bore.
G29
DW: Calculate Do with goal seek by selecting Wcalc for set, typing in the value for Wd, and using the value of Do for the change cell.
This method is more general.
18 of 25Lemont, Illinois
document.xls/R04
RESTRICTIVE ORIFICE ---- Method 4Crane TP 410, "Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe," 23rd printing. tb/bore diameter = 1.82P2/P1 = 0.033333 Thin plate, no choked flow.
Complete Property Sheet
Estimated Compressibility Factor (Z) for Base and Inlet Conditions
Standard Conditions: P, psia = 14.696 T, F = 60 For (b): 1.46 Sat. Curve Test: 0.714 Test:
OK
0.04 Hot Gas Test: 0.400 OK
Flange taps 1 Cunningham Pr/Tr = 0.030 Saturated Area
Choose Cunningham (1),Miller (2), or Fluor (3) for Y1: Prb =
Y1 =rb, #/cf =DP =
C, ft-1 =
Tr1 =
r1, #/cf = Pr1 =
mg, cP= Re1 =
DPp =
P1: W = DhPf1
Adapted from equation 9.68, "The AGA equation," in Richard Miller's Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill , CR 1996 (This equation was adapted originally from equation 2-24, Crane TP 410.)
Flow through a thin plate is never choked flow. For this to apply, the ratio of tb/bore diameter must be < 6. (Reference: pg. 13.22, Richard Miller's "Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook," 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 1996. Page 13-22 refers to the work of Cunningham (1951) and Ward-Smith (1979). In 2005, Kirk explored the limits of Cunningham's work. He found that ASME formulas worked fine with adjustment of Y; C could be defined using ASME and other methods.Kirk-Cunningham applies when P2<0.63P1. Cunningham showed that choked flow (critical, i.e., M =1 @ throat) does not occur for thin orifice plates.
P2: 338.178 rb K d2 Y1 FPb FTb FTf1 FPvGr FGr
L8
DW: For the Abbott equations to apply, an error curve was prepared relating Tr(y) to Pr(x): Figure 3.16, Smith & Van Ness, "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics," 4th edition. Above the curve, the Abbott equations apply, below the curve, the charts for Zo, Z1 must be used. The curve has a break but can be approximated by two straight line sections: "sat curve" and "hot gas curve."
F9
DW: Cunningham will produce the largest diameter, followed by Miller (eq. 9.56, for restrictive orifices). Fluor will produce the largest Y and therefore the smallest orifice bore.
B11
DW: Target flow rate.
E11
DW: Y1: the upstream gas expansion factor. Y2 is the downstream gas expansion factor.
F11
DW: Cunningham showed that a thin plate orifice is not restricted by choked flow. Until 2005, it was assumed that Y and C would be different than for unchoked flow. Kirk presented a new Y equation for conditions below Pcritcal, whn P2/P1 are below 0.63. Without these new equations, an error of up to 40%, or more, can be expected by using standard ASME equations for Y and C.
J11
Citgo Employee: Calculate Z for the gas at standard (b) conditions. A lazy man would let the program calculate Zf then calculate Zb if necessary, i.e., Zf < 0.99.
K11
Citgo Employee: Add 1 to oversize the orifice, since ideal gases always occupy more space than real gases. Type the calculated value in the yellow cell to avoid a circular logic error when using goal seek to calculate the required bore diameter.
B13
DW: Includes Zb --- pb is not an ideal gas density it is a real gas density.
F13
DW: Based on ideal gas at inlet flow temperature. Slight error can be expected for saturated conditions near critical point. K affects Y so a significant deviation will be a problem. Ideal gas k should not be used if residuals are large.
M14
DW: M.M. Abbott developed equations for Z in terms of a truncated virial coefficient equation.
M17
DW: For the Abbott equations to apply, an error curve was prepared relating Tr(y) to Pr(x): Figure 3.16, Smith & Van Ness, "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics," 4th edition. Above the curve, the Abbott equations apply, below the curve, the charts for Zo, Z1 must be used. The curve has a break but can be approximated by two straight line sections: "sat curve" and "hot gas curve."
A18
DW: Real gas density at upstream conditions.
A19
Citgo Employee: Temperature upstream of orifice, i.e., for D1. Final temperature will decrease as a result of throttling. Usually, adiabatic expansion yields the lowest pressure drop and temperature drop but isothermal expansion has been assumed. Isothermal really only applies for long runs of small pipe.
A21
DW: Calculated from Fluor table at the end of the spreadsheet. tP must be small: tb/Do must be < 6 for the sonic vena cava to form beyond the bore diameter. If the sonic barrier forms in the orifice as it does for thick plates (tb ratio > 6), then the flow is choked and a larger orifice will be required to flow the same mass.
A22
DW: Manual input is allowed for Z. (Although program will calculate Z, calculated Z will be ignored if yellow cell has value.) In some circumstances Z will not be calculated: if the Abbott equations do not apply. In this unlikely event, read the Zo, Z1 values from the appropriate curves, calculate Z by hand and enter here.
M22
DW: M.M. Abbott developed equations for Z in terms of a truncated virial coefficient equation.
F23
DW: "Sch." affects the diameter, i.e., D1.
A24
DW: This viscosity is the mixture viscosity from the "Properties" sheet --- from "VISC." VISC calculates mixture viscosity using the Wilke equation.
A26
DW: Not all of the pressure drop across the orifice is lost. As the Beta is decreased, the permanent loss approaches the tap measurement, which is always the larger of the two.
B26
DW: The permanent pressure loss is the goal of sizing the RO not Do! The premanent pressure loss will never quite match the desired drop but you can adjust P2 to get it close.
A28
DW: Wd is the mass flow rate based on Qg and SC density.
B28
D W: To calculate the required flow through a fixed Do use the following procedure. (2007 Excel is different than 2004): 1. Click on B28, the value for Wd. This will be the "Set Cell" for Goal Seek. 2. Go to Tools (in 2004) and select Goal Seek. (In 2007, you will need to add in the analysis tool pak. Go to the office button, select options, then add-ins and look for the analysis tool pac. Once you've loaded the add-in, Goal Seek will be in the Data pull-down menu under the Data Tools section. For 2007 users: click Goal Seek.) 3.Type in the value for Wd calculated for Do (fixed) in the "To value" entry. 4. For the "Change Cell" entry, click on B11, for Qg. This will be the value adjusted. 5. When done, click the start button at the bottom of the Goal Seek menu. 6. Goal Seek should calculate a value after 50 or so iterations. Check the value and accept or reject. If you reject, review the sheet for other errors.
D28
DW: Wcalc is the mass flow rate based on Crane equation 2-24.
E29
DW: Qg @ Wcalc.
A30
DW: Below the calculated pressure, Pcf, a vena contracta will form, beyond it, the gas passes through a sonic barrier. As the pressure is reduced further, the vena contracta will approach the bore.
G30
DW: Calculate Do with goal seek by selecting Wcalc for set, typing in the value for Wd, and using the value of Do for the change cell.
VISC
D. Willard 04/08/2023 Plant I RELSIZE.XLS(VISC)
G A S M I X T U R E V I S C O S I T Y
This sheet talks with the Properties Sheet.
Manual input values are in "Green."
Temperature 38 C 100 F
Program assumes that gases are perfect and form an ideal vapor solution. Program will deviate slightly for high pressure (>150 psig & presence of wet gas.Wilke method shows some deviations where molecular weights are significantly different, i.e., Mi>>Mj.
Wilke Gas Mixture Viscosity Calculation for Ideal Gases or Real Gases @ Low-Moderate Pressures
Enter values in "Yellow." Calculated values in "Light Green".
y i Manual h i h i F i1 F i2 F i3 F i4 F i5 F i6 F i7 F i8 F i9 F i10 Sum F ij Sum y ih i
mm =
m = a + b(T) + c(T)2 +d(T)3 Cp = a + b(T) + c(T)2 + d(T)3 + e(T)4 + f(T)5
Cp = a + b(T) + c(T)2 + d(T)3 + e(T)4 + f(T)5
a(m) b (m) c (m)
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,5000.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.110
0.120
. . . .- b v s Q for sq edged orifice plates
k = 1.2; M = 30
k=1.3; M = 17
k = 1.4; M = 2
Q, SCFH (60 F, 14.7 psia)
, (
./
)
bbore
dia
pip
eID
T1 = 100oF, DP = 87 psig, P1 = 90 psig, Using Cunningham calculation for Y1, as yielding the highest Q. The pressure drop is not "hw;" the drop is the permanent pressure loss.
W = Q(PM/RT) = QM/408.67PPH: pounds per hourQ = W(408.66/M)