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The Mouth – Body Connection: Oral Health and Systemic Health Connections
57

Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Jan 05, 2022

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Page 1: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

The Mouth – Body Connection: Oral Health and Systemic Health  Connections

Page 2: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

The Mouth: An Open Pathway into  the Body

Page 3: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

A Window for Disease Manifestations 

Medication Induced Hyperplasia

Page 4: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Learning Objectives

By the end of this seminar, participants will be able to:

• Discuss the prevalence and sequelae

of oral  disease

• Recognize the inter‐relationships between oral  and systemic disease

Page 5: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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The Big Picture“You are not healthy without

good oral health…” C. Everett Koop, MD

• Dental care: the most common unmet health need• Oral disease can severely affect systemic health• Profound disparities in oral health and access to

care exist at all ages• Much oral disease is preventable (or at least

controllable)

Page 6: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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Prevalence• Dental caries is the most 

common chronic disease of  childhood

5 times more common than 

asthma

Affects 50% of low income children

Affects up to 70% of Native 

American children

• Periodontitis

affects 19% of  adults aged 25‐44

Page 7: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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Prevalence• 30,000 oral cancers 

diagnosed annually

8000 die

Diagnosis is often late

Page 8: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Prevalence of Geriatric Oral Health Issues

• 50% of the elderly (age >65) perceive their  dental health as poor or very poor 

• 33% of the elderly had untreated cavities

• Low income elderly suffer more severe tooth  loss than their wealthy counterparts

Page 9: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Prevalence of Geriatric Oral Health Issues

• Edentulism: – affects 1/3 of those over age 65; – 50% of those in nursing homes

• Periodontitis in 41% of the elderly

Page 10: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photos: Donald Greiner DDS MS, ICOHP

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Physical, Economic and Social Consequences

• Mounting evidence of aggravating 

effects on systemic conditions

• Oral pain– Poor school performance in children

– Work loss in adults

– Poor chewing and poor nutrition– Costly emergency department visits

• Dental decay and tooth loss– Aesthetics and self‐image 

– Speech and language development

– Costly restoration

Page 11: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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The Disconnect…

• Children are 2.5 times more likely to lack dental  coverage than medical coverage

• Only 43% of elderly visit the dentist

• Dentists per capita appear to be declining,  especially those that accept Medicaid and see 

infants

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The Disconnect…

• More than 90% of physicians think oral health  should be addressed at well visits, yet greater than 

50% have little or no oral health training.

• Little communication and cooperation between  medical and dental providers

Page 13: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

So who should take care of a  patient’s oral health?

Who is responsible for

the patient’s oral health?

Page 14: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Inter‐Relationships Between Oral  and Systemic Health and Disease

Oral Systemic

Page 15: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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Mechanisms• Behavioral• Nutritional• Iatrogenic• Lack of priority• Direct bacterial extension• Inflammatory

Page 16: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photo: Ellen Eisenberg DMD

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Case #155 year‐old man has a “sore”

on his tongue. 

He is a 25 pack‐year smoker and drinks daily.

Page 17: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photos: Brad Neville DDS, James Cecil, DMD, MPH

17

Behavioral  Component

Tobacco • Lung and oral cancer

Alcohol• Liver disease• Oral cancer

Drug abuse• Blood borne infections• Poor hygiene (“meth 

mouth”)

Who makes the diagnosis? Who does the counseling?

Page 18: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photos: Robert Henry DMD MPH

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Case #275 year old man is brought in by his family who are 

concerned about poor appetite and progressive weight  loss despite his new dentures. 

Page 19: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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Nutritional Component• Cariogenic diet in children and adults• Obesity• Poor dentition, mechanical issues and dental pain 

interfere with eating 

Children, special needs patients, and the elderly are 

particularly vulnerable

Poor eating may result in malnutrition

Elderly failure‐to‐thrive: think poor fit of dentures

A lot of counseling for one office, one provider

Page 20: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photo: John McDowell DDS

20

Case #3 65 year old woman on multiple medications for 

depression and cardiovascular disease develops  severe caries 

Page 21: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photo: John McDowell DDS

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Iatrogenic Component: Xerostomia

• Decreased saliva promotes caries  and periodontal disease

• Many medications reduce salivary  flow

• steroids• antihistamines• diuretics• antihypertensives• anticholinergics• antidepressants

Need for dental to address medications?

Page 22: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photo: Ellen Eisenberg DDS

22

Iatrogenic: Other• Gingival hyperplasia

–phenytoin• Osteonecrosis

– IV bisphosphonates• Stomatitis and mucositis

– cancer chemotherapy– radiation therapy

• Candidiasis–steroids

• Periodontal disease–immunosuppressives

Need for dental to address medications?

Page 23: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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Case #5

4 year old goes to bed 

with a toothache and 

awakens crying and 

feverish…

Photo: ICOHP

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Direct Bacterial Extension

• Intraoral abscesses• Sinusitis• Facial cellulitis• Periorbital cellulitis• Bacteremia and its consequences 

• Brain abscess• Aspiration pneumonia

Photo: ICOHP

Infections prompt medical and dental to interact!

Page 25: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Photo: Efthimia Ioannidou, DDS MDS

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Case #652 year old woman with previously well‐

controlled type 2 diabetes has increasing  hyperglycemia

Page 26: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

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The Role of Inflammation

Toxins

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Anaerobic bacteria in

plaque

Circulating inflammatory mediators

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Diabetes• Poor glycemic control is associated with a threefold 

increased risk of having periodontitis in diabetics vs  controls 

• Diabetics with good glycemic control have no  significant increased risk of periodontal disease

• Chronic infection (like periodontal disease) worsens  glucose control

• Treatment of periodontal disease results in a 10‐20%  improvement in glycemic control

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Coronary Heart Disease• CHD and periodontitis are associated, but 

causation is not clear

• Inflammatory cytokines implicated in  atherogenesis are also produced in periodontitis

• Systemic antibody response to periodontitisis

associated with CHD

• Smoking is associated with both CHD and  periodontitis

Page 29: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Pregnancy: Preterm Birth (PTB) and Low  Birth Weight (LBW)

• Association between periodontitis and PTB and LBW  is confirmed; however RCT studies of treatment 

show no change in outcome

• Periodontal treatment is safe

in pregnancy: No bad  prenatal outcomes in any studies

• Women felt better

• Need to study preconception

interventions

Page 30: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

National Institute of Dental  and Craniofacial Research

• Scientists are using an ever‐growing array of  sophisticated analytical tools and imaging systems to 

test and study normal function and diagnose disease  through oral cells and fluids.

• New tests are constantly being developed to make  oral tissues and fluids an increasingly accurate mirror 

of health and sickness. 

Page 31: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

How can medical and dental  providers work together:

Practical Solutions

Page 32: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Interdisciplinary Care• Set up in same building and conduct meetings 

together (e.g. a community health center)

• Have a professional perform “visiting”

consults (e.g.  hygienist in MD office once a week)

• Conduct regular in‐services for others

• Create lists for proper referrals – know who does  what, what insurance they take, what patient 

populations they see, etc.

Page 33: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Work synergistically

• Support cross pollination of ideas:

Dental supporting fluoride varnish done by 

medical providers

Medical supporting dental doing oral cancer  screens, blood pressure monitoring, nutrition 

advice

More interprofessional health 

education in schools/residencies

Page 34: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Take Home Messages

• Oral and systemic health are interrelated

• Oral exams must be systematic and complete

• Certain groups are at particular risk for oral  problems

• Medical providers can have a major impact on  the oral health of individuals and communities

Page 35: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Oral Health, Systemic Health and  Pharmacology

Sandra Leal, PharmD, CDE

Director of Clinical Pharmacy, El Rio  Health Center

Page 36: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Summary

• Oral health coupled with systemic health are well  understood to be foundations for improved 

health outcomes and quality of life for patients.  This presentation will address the important 

opportunity to understand the linkage between  oral and systemic health, as well as the value of  medication review to improve common concerns 

for patients. Strategies for collaboration between  dental providers, medical providers, and patients  will be explored to identify and resolve common 

barriers to improve both oral and systemic  health.

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Assessment Questions

1. The following are common ways medication affect dental health:

a.Bleeding gumsb.Dry mouthc.Bitter tasted.Metallic tastee.All of the above

2. Herbal medication is not usually associated with oral health affects.

a.Trueb.False

Page 38: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Objectives

At the completion of this program, participants will  be able to:

•Recognize the inter‐relationships between oral and  systemic disease

•Highlight the role of the primary care clinician in  promoting oral health

•Describe how medication can affect oral health•Explain strategies for collaborating with the health 

care team to optimize medication use with oral  health

Page 39: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Abnormal Bleeding

• Reduced blood clotting from aspirin and anticoagulants  such as warfarin

• Medications that might contribute– Aspirin

• Lessens ability for blood to clot– Warfarin (Coumadin)– Combination of anticoagulants– Chemotherapy

• Kills normal cells in mouth– Hormones

• Progesterone cause inflamed gum tissues due to the body's 

exaggerated reaction to the toxins produced from plaque

Page 40: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Taste‐Altering Medication

• Cardiovascular agents• Chemotherapy

• Central nervous system stimulants

• NSAIDs• Respiratory inhalants• Smoking‐cessation products

• Nicotine skin patches

Taste dysfunction can be caused by damage or alteration to any part of the nerve pathway from the taste buds 

Page 41: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Enlarged Gum Tissue

• Antiseizure medication such as phenytoin

• Immunosuppressants

• Calcium channel blockers

The exact mechanism of gingival hyperplastic reaction is unknown. Some theories includedirect stimulatory effect on fibroblast proliferation and morphologic structures, poor oral

hygiene, and direct effect on mast cells.

SING MED J. 1988; 29: 498 – 503. Source: http://smj.sma.org.sg/2905/2905smj18.pdf

Page 42: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Estimated Prevalence of Drug‐Associated Gingival Enlargement

According to the Most Frequently Reported Prevalence Rate

J Periodontol 2004;75:1424‐1431. Source: http://www.perio.org/resources‐products/pdf/45‐gingivalenlarge.pdf

Page 43: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Dry Mouth

• Antihistamines• Decongestants• Painkillers• Blood pressure medications• Muscle relaxants • Drugs for urinary incontinence• Antidepressants• Parkinson’s medication

Anticholinergic properties that generally cause decreased saliva

production

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Herbs that Cause Dry Mouth

• Ephedra (ma huang): appetite suppressant

• St. Johns Wort: antidepressant

• Valerian: insomnia

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Oral Fungal Infections

• Oral inhalers for asthma

• Antibiotics• Chemotherapy

• Steroids

Balance upset of microorganisms in the mouth

Page 50: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Treatment of Side Effects

• Reduction in dosage of the drug or changing  to alternative drugs may help

Page 51: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Disease and Exposures that Affect  Sense and Taste

Page 52: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Conditions and Treatments that can  Affect the Physiology of the Oral 

Cavity

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Impact of Medication on Oral Health

• Many medications can have negative impact  on oral health

– Medication review is key to addressing problems• Include vitamins

• Minerals

• Herbal products• Over‐the‐counter preparations

Page 54: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Collaboration Strategies

• Communication

• Review medical conditions

• Medication review at all care transition points

• Update list of medications at all appointments

• Educate providers and patients about  possibility of drug related effects

Page 55: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Example of Collaborative  Opportunities

• Explore opportunities to create affiliations  between medical and dental providers

– Research– Continuing education

• ie guideline updates– Presentations– Health promotion opportunities

– Committee work• ie P&T

Page 56: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA

Patient Centered Medical Home  (PCMH)

Page 57: Oral Health Systemic Health and Pharmacology - NNOHA