12360373.1 ORAL ARGUMENT SCHEDULED FOR MARCH 19, 2015 No. 14-1004 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT LISA A. EDWARDS and JOSEPH P. THOMAS, Petitioners-Appellants v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent-Appellee ON APPEAL FROM THE ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES TAX COURT FINAL BRIEF FOR THE APPELLEE CAROLINE D. CIRAOLO Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General BRUCE R. ELLISEN (202) 514-2929 JANET A. BRADLEY (202) 514-2930 Attorneys, Tax Division Department of Justice Post Office Box 502 Washington, D.C. 20044
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12360373.1
ORAL ARGUMENT SCHEDULED FOR MARCH 19, 2015
No. 14-1004
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
LISA A. EDWARDS and JOSEPH P. THOMAS,
Petitioners-Appellants
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
Respondent-Appellee
ON APPEAL FROM THE ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES TAX COURT
FINAL BRIEF FOR THE APPELLEE
CAROLINE D. CIRAOLO Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General BRUCE R. ELLISEN (202) 514-2929 JANET A. BRADLEY (202) 514-2930 Attorneys, Tax Division Department of Justice Post Office Box 502 Washington, D.C. 20044
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CERTIFICATE OF PARTIES,RULINGS, AND RELATED CASES
A. Parties and Amici. The parties in the Tax Court and in this
Court are Lisa A. Edwards and Joseph P. Thomas (“taxpayers”), and
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. There are no amici curiae.
B. Rulings under Review. The ruling under review is the order
of the Tax Court (Special Trial Judge Lewis R. Carluzzo), entered
December 16, 2013, dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction, denying
taxpayers’ motion for litigation costs, and holding that the parties’
motions to dismiss were moot. (Doc. 29; JA 150.)1
C. Related Cases. This case was not previously before this
Court or any other appellate court.
1 “JA” references are to the separately bound deferred joint appendix. “Doc.” references are to the documents in the original Tax Court record, as numbered by the Clerk of the Tax Court.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Certificate of parties, rulings, and related cases ....................................... i Table of contents ....................................................................................... ii Table of authorities .................................................................................. iv Glossary ................................................................................................... xii Statement of jurisdiction ........................................................................... 1 Statement of the issues ............................................................................. 4 Statutes and regulations ........................................................................... 4 Statement of the case ................................................................................ 5
A. The Tax Court proceedings ..................................................... 5
1. IRS Notice CP504 and taxpayers’ petition .................... 5
2. The parties’ motions to dismiss ................................... 10
3. Taxpayers’ motion to vacate and motion for litigation costs .............................................................. 13
4. The Tax Court’s order and order of dismissal ............. 15
B. Taxpayers’ appeal to this Court ............................................ 17
Summary of argument ............................................................................ 17 Argument:
I The Tax Court correctly dismissed taxpayers’ petition for lack of jurisdiction ........................................................... 20
Standard of review ................................................................ 20
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Page
A. Introduction: Tax Court jurisdiction ................................... 20
1. Deficiency jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6213 ................. 21
2. CDP jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6330(d) ...................... 24
B. The Tax Court correctly held that it lacked deficiency jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6213 ............................................ 27
C. The Tax Court correctly held that it lacked CDP jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6330(d) ....................................... 41
II The Tax Court did not abuse its discretion in denying taxpayers’ motion for an award of administrative and litigation costs ....................................................................... 46
Standard of review ................................................................ 46
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 51 Certificate of compliance ......................................................................... 52 Certificate of service ................................................................................ 53 Addendum ............................................................................................... 54
*Authorities on which we chiefly rely are marked with asterisks.
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GLOSSARY
Br. References to appellants’ opening brief CDP Collection due process Code or I.R.C. Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C.) Commissioner Commissioner of Internal Revenue IRS Internal Revenue Service Taxpayers Lisa A. Edwards; Joseph P. Thomas Treas. Reg. Treasury Regulation (26 C.F.R.)
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
No. 14-1004
LISA A. EDWARDS and JOSEPH P. THOMAS,
Petitioners-Appellants
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
Respondent-Appellee
ON APPEAL FROM THE ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES TAX COURT
FINAL BRIEF FOR THE APPELLEE
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION
On September 17, 2012, Lisa A. Edwards and Joseph P. Thomas
(taxpayers) filed a petition in the Tax Court alleging violations of their
due process rights for the 2007 and 2008 tax years because, allegedly,
they did not receive a notice of deficiency and the Commissioner did not
issue a final notice of intent to levy and notice of their right to a CDP
hearing. (Doc. 1; JA 1.) Taxpayers did not allege a statutory basis for
the court’s jurisdiction. (Doc. 1; JA 1.) On November 28, 2012, the
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Commissioner filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction (Docs. 6,
7; JA 13, 21), which taxpayers opposed (Doc. 9; JA 25). On January 17,
2013, taxpayers cross-moved to dismiss their own petition for lack of
jurisdiction (Doc. 10; JA 85), which the Commissioner opposed (Docs.
12, 14; JA 141, 145). On June 13, 2013, the Tax Court entered an order
granting taxpayers’ cross-motion. (Doc. 18; JA 171.) That order was a
final, appealable order that disposed of all claims of all parties.
Pursuant to Tax Court Rule 231(a)(2), a claim for attorney’s fees,
if not settled or waived by the submission of a stipulated decision, must
be made by motion filed within 30 days after the written opinion or
findings of fact.2 On July 11, 2013, within 30 days after entry of the
dismissal order (see Tax Ct. R. 162), taxpayers filed a timely motion to
vacate the dismissal order to request an award of administrative and
litigation costs under I.R.C. § 7430, and, at the same time, lodged their
motion for costs. (Docs. 19, 20, 22, 26; JA 173, 176, 203.) See, e.g.,
226, 244.) The letter additionally advised taxpayers that they were not
entitled to a CDP hearing regarding the August 16, 2010 assessments 4 When a taxpayer makes an untimely request for a CDP hearing, the Office of Appeals grants the taxpayer an “equivalent hearing.” Treas. Reg. 301.6330-1(i). An equivalent hearing, unlike a CDP hearing, results not in a “determination” within the meaning of I.R.C. § 6330(d)(1), but in a “decision letter” that is not subject to any judicial review. See Orum v. Commissioner, 412 F.3d 819, 821 (7th Cir. 2005); Treas. Reg. § 301.6330-1(i)(1).
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for 2007 and 2008 because no notice of levy, which would have entitled
them to such a hearing under I.R.C. § 6330(b), had been issued. (Doc.
28, ¶16, Ex. B; JA 226, 245.) As such, the letter explained that they
only could request audit reconsideration. (JA 226, 245.)
On November 22, 2011, the Office of Appeals held the equivalent
hearing with taxpayers who, by then, were represented by attorney
Bruce E. Gardner. At the hearing, Gardner stated that he understood
the scope of the equivalent hearing and that the August 16, 2010
assessments could not be considered. (Doc. 28, Ex. C; JA 248.) He
further stated that taxpayers were not contesting Thomas’s liability for
the original assessment of his 2008 tax, and that he understood that the
IRS was closing the case. (Doc. 28, Ex. C; JA 248.) On December 15,
2011, the Office of Appeals issued a “decision letter,” which after noting
that Thomas “did not dispute” the liability for the original assessment,
sustained the levy. (Doc. 28, Ex. C; JA 248.) In addition, the letter
stated that it could not consider the August 16, 2010 assessments
because no notice requiring a CDP hearing had been issued. (Doc. 28,
Ex. C; JA 249.) Because a decision letter cannot be judicially reviewed
(Treas. Reg. § 301.6330-1(i)(1)), taxpayers were advised that they could
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seek audit reconsideration outside of the Office of Appeals. (Doc. 28,
Ex. C; JA 248-49.)
On September 17, 2012, taxpayers filed a petition in the Tax
Court, alleging that their “due process” rights were violated for 2007
and 2008, because, allegedly, the Commissioner (1) did not issue a final
notice of intent to levy, and (2) did not “mail” a notice of deficiency.
(Doc. 1; JA 1; see Br. 3, n.1.) In later declarations, taxpayers claimed
only that they “never received a notice of deficiency.” (Doc. 9, Exs. 19,
20; JA 81-84.) As relief, taxpayers sought a declaration that the August
16, 2010 assessments were void, an injunction barring future collection
actions, and the return of all money collected on the assessments. (Doc.
1 at 11-12; JA 11-12.) Taxpayers did not claim that they did not owe
the asserted liabilities. Taxpayers did not attach any notice (i.e., either
a notice of determination or notice of deficiency) from the Commissioner
and did not state a basis for jurisdiction.
2. The parties’ motions to dismiss
On November 28, 2012, the Commissioner filed a motion to
dismiss for lack of jurisdiction on the ground that the petition was not
timely filed within 90 days after the notices of deficiency as required by
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I.R.C. § 6213(a). (Doc. 6; JA 13.) The Commissioner asserted that,
pursuant to I.R.C. § 6212(a), the deficiency notices were duly sent by
certified mail to taxpayers’ last known address as evidenced by the
March 11, 2010 postmark date stamped on the attached copy of
Certified Mail Receipts, U.S. Postal Service (“PS”) Forms 3877. (Doc. 6,
¶9; Doc. 7, Ex. A; JA 15, 23-24A.) The PS Forms further showed that
the certified mailings were sent from Baltimore, Maryland, to both
taxpayers for 2007 and 2008 as indicated by the notations “7” or “8”
after the certified mailing numbers. (Doc. 6, ¶¶9-10; Doc. 7, Ex. A; JA
15, 23-24A.) In addition, the Commissioner presented an affidavit of
IRS Supervisor McCune in the IRS Technical Services office in
Baltimore, who in detail explained the “standard procedures for issuing
notices of deficiency” out of that office, including the preparation of the
PS Forms 3877, and stated that such procedures were followed for the
certified mailing of the deficiency notices sent to taxpayers here. (Doc.
7; JA 19-22.) Taxpayers opposed the Commissioner’s motion arguing,
based on Pietanza v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 729 (1989), aff’d without
pub. op., 935 F.2d 1282 (3d Cir. 1991), that the Commissioner had not
established the proper mailing of the deficiency notices. (Doc. 9; JA 25.)
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On January 17, 2013, taxpayers filed a cross-motion to dismiss
their own petition for lack of deficiency jurisdiction under I.R.C.
§ 6213(a) on the ground that the Commissioner had failed to mail the
notices of deficiency. (Doc. 10; JA 85.) The Commissioner opposed
taxpayers’ motion on the grounds that their petition was not timely
filed in response to the deficiency notices. (Docs. 12, 14; JA 141, 145.)
The Commissioner explained that after receiving taxpayers’ motion he
had requested the IRS’s administrative files, which should have
contained copies of the notices of deficiency, and that on February 8,
2013, such files were sent to him. (Doc. 14 at 2; JA 146.)
Unfortunately, however, the Commissioner explained that his office had
no record of receiving the files and they could not otherwise be located.
(Doc. 14 at 2; JA 146.)
On May 15, 2013, the Tax Court held a hearing on the motions.
(Doc. 17; JA 148.) With respect to whether the Tax Court had CDP
jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6330(d), taxpayers admitted that there was
no requisite notice of determination. (Doc. 17 at 15-17; JA 163-65.) The
Tax Court rejected, as “beyond” its jurisdictional powers, taxpayers’
argument that the IRS’s failure to issue a notice of levy was
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“tantamount to a Notice of Determination” so that the Tax Court had
CDP jurisdiction to enjoin further collection. (Doc. 17 at 15-17, 19; JA
163-65, 167.) On June 13, 2013, the Tax Court entered an order
granting taxpayers’ cross-motion to dismiss their petition. (Doc. 18; JA
171.)
3. Taxpayers’ motion to vacate and motion for litigation costs
On July 11, 2013, taxpayers filed an unopposed motion to vacate
the June 13 dismissal order for the “sole purpose” of requesting an
award of litigation costs. (Doc. 19; JA 173.) At the same time,
taxpayers’ lodged a motion for an award of administrative and litigation
costs under I.R.C. § 7430. (Doc. 20; JA 176.) At a hearing on the
motion (Doc. 26; JA 203), the Tax Court explained that because it had
ordered the case dismissed, it could only consider taxpayers’ motion for
costs if its entire order were vacated. (Doc. 26 at 3, 5; JA 206, 208.) In
considering a motion to vacate, the Tax Court explained that one of the
things that it “take[s] into account is the relative merits of what is going
to come next,” which here was the costs motion. (Doc. 26 at 6; JA 209.)
The court rejected taxpayers’ argument that it would be unfair to allow
the Commissioner to revisit the merits in his response to their costs
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motion. (Doc. 26 at 9; JA 212.) Because of the “unusual circumstances
of this case,” where the parties did not agree on the whether deficiency
notices were properly mailed, the Tax Court explained that it could
reconsider the underlying merits of the dismissal in ruling on the costs
motion. (Doc. 26 at 7-9; JA 210-21.) That being said, taxpayers agreed
to proceed with the motion to vacate so that the court could consider the
costs motion. (Doc. 26 at 10; JA 213.) Accordingly, the Tax Court
vacated its order of dismissal and ordered the parties’ motions to
dismiss to be “held in abeyance.” (Doc. 24; JA 201-02.)
On August 9, 2013, the Tax Court filed taxpayers’ motion for
administrative costs of $7,257.25 and litigation costs of $29,098.63 (Doc.
25; JA 176), which the Commissioner opposed (Doc. 28; JA 222). The
Commissioner argued that taxpayers could not recover the
administrative costs related to their invalid and untimely request for a
CDP hearing because they did not substantially prevail. (Doc. 28 at 4-
13; JA 225-34.) In addition, the Commissioner argued that such costs
were not recoverable because they were incurred in a proceeding in
connection with IRS collection actions, rather than in an administrative
proceeding. (Doc. 28 at 9-13; JA 230-34.) At all events, the
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Commissioner argued that taxpayers’ claimed costs were not
reasonable. (Doc. 28 at 13-18; JA 234-39.)
4. The Tax Court’s order and order of dismissal
On December 16, 2013, the Tax Court, sua sponte, dismissed the
case for lack of jurisdiction, held that the parties’ motions to dismiss
were moot, and denied taxpayers’ motion for costs. (Doc. 29; JA 250.)
The Tax Court found that despite alleging that “no such determinations
have been made,” i.e., a notice of deficiency or notice of determination,
taxpayers were not deterred in filing their petition. (JA 250.) The court
found that taxpayers were not challenging a determination “as that
term is used in a jurisdictional context, but the validity of certain
assessments.” (JA 250.) The court determined that the Commissioner
had produced evidence that “strongly suggest[ed]” that he had properly
issued and mailed notices of deficiency to taxpayers (JA 252), and that
it lacked deficiency jurisdiction over taxpayers’ untimely petition (Doc.
29 at 2; JA 251). In addition, the court noted that the Commissioner
had not issued any other notice to support its jurisdiction. (JA 251.) As
such, the court concluded that it was “clear” that it “had no
jurisdiction.” (JA 251.)
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With respect to taxpayers’ motion for costs, the court noted that
under I.R.C. § 7430(c)(4), only a “prevailing party” is entitled to recover
reasonable litigation expenses, and a party is not treated as a
prevailing party if the Commissioner establishes that his position in the
proceeding is substantially justified. (JA 251.) The court “disagree[d]”
with taxpayers’ argument that they were the prevailing party based on
its June 13 order. (JA 251.) The court determined that the
Commissioner’s position in the litigation was substantially justified
because his jurisdictional motion and accompanying evidence indicated
that deficiency notices had been issued to taxpayers. (JA 252.) Indeed,
the court held that “such evidence is routinely submitted and relied
upon in cases in which a party has raised a jurisdictional issue.” (JA
252.) The Tax Court held that taxpayers’ were “mistaken” to rely on
Pietanza because the Pietanza court had expressly limited its holding to
“‘the unusual facts present’ in that case.” (JA 252, quoting Pietanza, 92
T.C. at 736.)
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B. Taxpayers’ appeal to this Court
After the instant appeal was docketed, taxpayers filed, among
other documents, a motion for partial summary reversal and a motion
to remand to the Tax Court to accept jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6330(d),
which the Commissioner opposed. On July 14, 2014, this Court (Circuit
Judges Rogers and Brown, and Senior Circuit Judge Ginsburg) denied
the motions and ordered the Clerk to calendar the case for presentation
to a merits panel.
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
The Tax Court is a court of limited jurisdiction that possesses only
those powers expressly prescribed by Congress. In this case, taxpayers
filed a petition complaining of due process violations for the 2007 and
2008 tax years because, allegedly, (1) they did not receive a notice of
deficiency, and (2) the Commissioner did not issue a notice of intent to
levy. In their petition, taxpayers did not allege any statutory basis for
the Tax Court’s jurisdiction. The Tax Court correctly held that the
petition fell outside its jurisdiction and therefore must be dismissed. At
the same time, the Tax Court correctly denied taxpayers’ motion for
litigation costs under I.R.C. § 7430.
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1. The Tax Court correctly held that it lacked deficiency
jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6213(a). When the IRS determines a
deficiency in tax, it must send a notice of deficiency to the taxpayer
before it attempts to assess or collect the tax. Under I.R.C. § 6212 the
notice must be sent by certified or registered mail to a taxpayer’s “last
known address.” Actual receipt of the notice is not required. I.R.C.
§ 6213(a) provides that a taxpayer has 90 days after the mailing of the
notice to file a petition in the Tax Court, and during that time the IRS
is prohibited from attempting to assess or collect the deficiency until the
decision of the Tax Court becomes final. Jurisdiction under I.R.C.
§ 6213(a) to re-determine an asserted deficiency (and to enjoin the IRS
from attempting to assess or collection a deficiency) is predicated upon
both the issuance of a notice of deficiency and a timely petition for
redetermination. The Commissioner established proper mailing of the
deficiency notices here by presenting copies of the PS Forms 3877, and
an affidavit of an IRS supervisor explaining that office procedures were
followed in mailing the deficiency notices. Having found that the
Commissioner had properly mailed the notices of deficiency to
taxpayers, the Tax Court properly dismissed their petition as untimely.
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2. The Tax Court correctly held that it lacked CDP jurisdiction
under I.R.C. § 6330. Jurisdiction under that provision is dependent
upon the issuance by the IRS Office of Appeals of a notice of
determination following a timely-requested CDP hearing and a timely
petition for review. Here, it is undisputed that no notice of
determination under I.R.C. § 6330 was issued to taxpayers with respect
to their liabilities for 2007 and 2008, and, indeed, that no CDP hearing
was held with respect to those years. Accordingly, the Tax Court lacked
CDP jurisdiction.
3. The Tax Court correctly denied taxpayers’ motion for litigation
costs under I.R.C. § 7430, which provides for an award of litigation costs
to the prevailing party in a tax case if certain conditions are met.
Taxpayers were not the prevailing party because the Tax Court denied
their motion to dismiss. In addition, the Tax Court correctly found that
the Commissioner’s position that he had properly mailed notices of
deficiency to taxpayers was substantially justified.
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ARGUMENT
I
The Tax Court correctly dismissed taxpayers’ petition for lack of jurisdiction
Standard of review
Dismissals by the Tax Court for lack of jurisdiction are reviewed
de novo. See Gorospe v. Commissioner, 451 F.3d 966, 968 (9th Cir.
The jurisdictional provisions relevant here are found in I.R.C.
§ 6213(a) regarding deficiency jurisdiction and I.R.C. § 6330(d)
regarding CDP jurisdiction. The Tax Court correctly held that
taxpayers failed to meet their burden of establishing jurisdiction, and
properly dismissed their petition. (JA 250.)
1. Deficiency jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6213
When the IRS determines a deficiency in tax, it must send a notice
of deficiency to the taxpayer before it attempts to assess or collect the
tax. I.R.C. § 6213(a); see Gardner v. United States, 211 F.3d 1305, 1311
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(D.C. Cir. 2000). 5 Section 6212(a) authorizes the Commissioner to
notify a taxpayer by certified or registered mail that a deficiency has
been determined against him. Under § 6212(b), the notice of deficiency
“shall be sufficient” if it is mailed to the taxpayer at his “last known
address.” Thus, § 6212 does not require actual receipt by the taxpayer
for the notice of deficiency to be valid. See Gaw v. Commissioner, 45
F.3d 461, 465 (D.C. Cir. 1995); Keado v. United States, 853 F.2d 1209,
1211-12 & n.9 (5th Cir. 1988); Rappaport v. United States, 583 F.2d 298,
301 (7th Cir. 1978).
If the taxpayer timely petitions the Tax Court within 90 days after
the mailing of the notice of deficiency, the IRS is prohibited from
attempting to assess or collect the deficiency in tax until the decision of
the Tax Court becomes final. I.R.C. § 6213(a); see Matter of Indian Lake
Estates, Inc., 428 F.2d 319, 323 (5th Cir. 1970). At the same time,
I.R.C. § 6503(a) provides for a suspension of the statute of limitations
on assessment and collection during the period in which the taxpayer
5 For purposes relevant here, a deficiency is defined as the amount of tax imposed by the Code less the amount of tax shown on the taxpayer’s return. See I.R.C. § 6211(a); Laing v. United States, 423 U.S. 161, 96 S.Ct. 473 (1976).
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may petition the Tax Court (and for 60 days thereafter), and, if the
taxpayer files a petition in the Tax Court, until 60 days after the Tax
Court’s decision becomes final. 6
Section 6213(a) grants the Tax Court jurisdiction to re-determine
an asserted deficiency, and to enjoin the IRS from attempting to assess
or collect a deficiency and to refund amounts erroneously collected in
certain situations. The Tax Court’s jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6213(a)
is predicated upon both the issuance of a notice of deficiency pursuant
to I.R.C. § 6212(a) – which has been described as the taxpayer’s “ticket”
to the Tax Court – and a timely petition for redetermination. Shockley
v. Commissioner, 686 F.3d 1228, 1238 n.9 (11th Cir. 2012); see Shepard
v. Commissioner, 147 F.3d 633, 634 (7th Cir. 1998); Spector v.
Commissioner, 790 F.2d 51, 52 (9th Cir. 1986); Robinson v.
Commissioner, 920 F.2d 1157, 1160 (3d Cir. 1990); Abrams v.
Commissioner, 787 F.2d 939, 941 (4th Cir. 1988); see also Tax Court
Rules 34(b)(2), (8) (taxpayer’s petition must state date of notice of 6 The filing of a Tax Court petition suspends the running of the statute of limitations for assessment even when the petition is defective and is subsequently dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. See Martin v. Commissioner, 436 F.3d 1216, 1222 (10th Cir. 2006); O’Neill v. United States, 44 F.3d 803, 805 (9th Cir. 1995).
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deficiency and have copy of notice attached). Section 6213(a) provides
that, in the absence of a timely petition for redetermination, “[t]he Tax
Court shall have no jurisdiction to enjoin any action or proceeding or
order any refund.” See Zigmont v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-48,
1205, 2009 WL 564949, at *4-5 (2009); Davis v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 2008-238, 2008 WL 4703706, at *5 (2008); Kamholz v.
Commissioner, 94 T.C. 11, 15 (1990).
The failure to file a timely petition is a fatal jurisdictional defect.
Where, as here, the petition is untimely, the case must be dismissed for
lack of jurisdiction. See Armstrong v. Commissioner, 15 F.3d 970, 973
The IRS is prohibited from proceeding with a proposed levy until
the CDP proceeding, including all appeals, are completed. I.R.C.
§ 6330(e)(1). Section 6330(e) grants the Tax Court jurisdiction to enjoin
the IRS from attempting to levy during the pendency of a CDP
proceeding over which it otherwise has jurisdiction. Section 6330(e),
however, specifically provides that “[t]he Tax Court shall have no
jurisdiction under this paragraph to enjoin any action or proceeding
unless a timely appeal has been filed under subsection (d)(1) and then
only in respect of the unpaid tax or proposed levy to which the
determination being appealed relates.” See Boyd, 124 T.C. at 303;
Grover v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-176, 2007 WL 1932993, at
*1-2 (2007). Accordingly, injunctive relief is not available in the Tax
Court where the taxpayer contends that the IRS did not give him an
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opportunity to request a CDP hearing. Boyd, 124 T.C. at 303; Grover,
T.C. Memo. 2007-176, 2007 WL 1932993, at *1-2. As the First Circuit
explained, despite the “equitable appeal” of an argument for injunctive
relief in such circumstances, the Tax Court lacks “authority for
equitably expanding” its jurisdiction. Boyd, 451 F.3d at 11.
In situations where a taxpayer does not timely request a CDP
hearing, as was the case here with the original assessment of Thomas’s
self-reported 2008 tax, the Office of Appeals grants the taxpayer an
equivalent hearing. See Craig v. Commissioner, 119 T.C. 252, 258
(2002); Treas. Reg. § 301.6330-1(i). An equivalent hearing, unlike a
CDP hearing, results not in a “determination” within the meaning of
I.R.C. § 6330(d)(1), but in a “decision letter” that is not subject to any
judicial review. See Orum v. Commissioner, 412 F.3d 819, 821 (7th Cir.
2005); Joy v. Commissioner, 437 F. App’x 537, 538 (9th Cir. 2011); Raft
v. Commissioner, 147 F. App’x 458, 461 (6th Cir. 2005); Treas. Reg.
§§ 301.6330-1(i)(1), 301.6330-1(i)(2) (Q&A-I6).
B. The Tax Court correctly held that it lacked deficiency jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6213
1. In this case, taxpayers did not allege that the Tax Court had
deficiency jurisdiction and did not argue that they did not owe the
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asserted taxes. To the contrary, taxpayers argued that because they did
not receive a notice of deficiency the Commissioner had not issued the
required notice, which deprived the Tax Court of deficiency jurisdiction.
As relief, they sought a declaration that the assessments were invalid,
an injunction barring the collection of the liabilities, and a refund of
amounts collected. (Doc. 1; Doc. 9, Exs. 19, 20; JA 11-12, 81-84.) The
Commissioner countered that he had complied with the statutory
deficiency procedures by mailing taxpayers a notice of deficiency on
March 11, 2010, and that taxpayers’ petition, which was not filed until
more than two years later, was untimely. (Docs. 6, 7, 12, 14; JA 13, 19,
141, 145.)
The Tax Court correctly dismissed taxpayers’ petition for lack of
deficiency jurisdiction. (Doc. 29; JA 250.) To the extent that the court
found the Commissioner’s records “strongly suggest[ed] that notices of
deficiency” had been issued to taxpayers, it properly dismissed
taxpayers’ untimely petition for lack of jurisdiction under I.R.C.
§ 6213(a). (Doc. 29 at 3; JA 252.) See Armstrong, 15 F.3d at 973 n.2;
Correia, 58 F.3d at 469; Petrulis, 938 F.2d at 79; Zigmont, T.C. Memo.
2009-48, 2009 WL 564949, at *4-5.
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To the extent that taxpayers sought to enjoin the IRS from
collecting the deficiency and to refund amounts erroneously collected,
the Tax Court correctly held that this was “beyond” its jurisdictional
powers in I.R.C. § 6213(a)(Doc. 17 at 19; JA 167), because they failed, as
required by that statute, to file a timely petition for a redetermination
of the deficiency. See Zigmont, T.C. Memo. 2009-48, 2009 WL 564949,
at *4-5; Davis, T.C. Memo. 2008-238, 2008 WL 4703706, at *5; Kamholz,
94 T.C. at 15. The Tax Court has jurisdiction to restrain the
assessment and collection of tax by the IRS only if the tax is the subject
of a timely filed petition pending before that court. I.R.C. § 6213(a).
Moreover, taxpayers’ request that the Tax Court declare the
August 16, 2010 assessments invalid is barred by the tax exception to
the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a), which generally
prohibits courts from issuing declaratory judgments with respect to
federal taxes. See Bob Jones Univ. v. Simon, 416 U.S. 725, 732 n.7
(1974); Flora v. United States, 362 U.S. 145, 164, 80 S.Ct. 630 (1960);
Investment Annuity, Inc. v. Blumenthal, 609 F.2d 1, 4 (D.C. Cir. 1979);
see also Horne v. United States, 519 F.2d 51, 52 (5th Cir. 1975) (finding
that a taxpayer’s request that an assessment of tax deficiency be
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declared void was impermissible under the Declaratory Judgment Act).7
And, to the extent that taxpayers requested a tax refund they have an
available remedy in a refund suit. If they pay the balance due (see
Flora, 362 U.S. at 145-77), they may file an administrative claim for
refund with the IRS (see Treas. Reg. § 301.6402-2 (26 C.F.R.)). If the
IRS denies the claim, they may then bring a refund suit in district court
or the Court of Federal Claims. I.R.C. §§ 6532(a), 7422(a); 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1346(a)(1), 1491(a)(1). The purpose of the tax exception to the
Declaratory Judgment Act is to prevent taxpayers from circumventing
the “pay first, litigate later” requirement by means of a declaratory
judgment. Flora, 362 U.S. at 175, n.37. 8
7 Although several provisions of the Code grant the Tax Court jurisdiction to enter declaratory judgments in certain types of cases, none of those provisions is applicable here. See I.R.C. §§ 7428, 7476, 7477, 7478, 7979; see generally 14 Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation §§ 49E:59, 50:140 at p. 48E-267 (2014). 8 Taxpayers’ reliance (Br. 9) on I.R.C. § 6214(a) is misplaced. Section 6214(a) provides that the Tax Court shall have jurisdiction to redetermine additional amounts or additions to the tax asserted by the Commissioner at or before the hearing in a suit over which the Tax Court already has jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 6213(a). Section 6214(a) does not grant the Tax Court jurisdiction over additional amounts or additions to the tax that are not related to a deficiency. Downing v. Commissioner, 118 T.C. 22, 27 (2002).
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2. On appeal, taxpayers do not challenge the Tax Court’s holding
that it did not have deficiency jurisdiction (Br. 12-19). Rather, they
argue (Br. 16) that the Tax Court erred in not further articulating
whether it lacked jurisdiction because (as they maintained) no statutory
notice of deficiency had been issued (meaning that the assessments are
invalid) or because (as the Commissioner argued) a valid notice was
issued but the petition was not timely (meaning that the assessments
are valid). Where, as here, the Tax Court petition is not filed within 90
of the issuance of a notice of deficiency, the Tax Court has no
jurisdiction over the case under § 6213(a). See Armstrong, 15 F.3d at
973; Correia, 58 F.3d at 469. The Tax Court has held that “[t]he
validity of a notice of deficiency upon which a petition is based is a
jurisdictional question that, when brought to the Court’s attention,
should be answered before the Court considers whether the petition was
timely filed.” Shelton v. Commissioner, 63 T.C. 193, 198 (1974).
Accordingly, the Tax Court has long held that its “task is to decide
whether we lack jurisdiction because no statutory notice of deficiency
has been issued or because a valid notice was issued but the petition
was not timely filed.” Pietanza v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 729, 735
Taxpayers contend that the Tax Court here, sub silentio, ignored
its own long-established line of precedent and decided this case without
“‘decid[ing] whether we lack jurisdiction because no statutory notice of
deficiency has been issued or because a valid notice was issued but the
petition was not timely filed.’” (Br. 16, quoting Pietanza, 92 T.C. at
735.) To be sure, the Tax Court’s order dismissing taxpayers’ petition
for lack of deficiency jurisdiction (JA 250) could have been clearer. But
we think the best reading of the order, which concluded that the
Commissioner “routinely” establishes the proper mailing of a notice of
deficiency by submitting a PS Form 3877 and an IRS affidavit
concerning mailing procedures, and that the Commissioner’s
presentation of these records here “strongly suggest[ed] that notices of
deficiency” had been properly issued to taxpayers (JA 252), is that the
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Tax Court held that valid notices were issued and that the petition was
not timely filed.
Indeed, taxpayers’ argument that the Tax Court failed to decide a
crucial issue appears to be something of a makeweight. Taxpayers’
assertion that the Tax Court here did “not comply with established
precedent set by the Tax Court” (Br. 1) could (and should) have been
brought to the Tax Court’s attention in a motion asking that the court
reconsider or vacate and revise the order. See T.Ct. Rs. 161 and 162; cf.
Arias v. Dyncorp, 752 F.3d 1011, 1016 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (“a party must
preserve an issue for appeal even if the only opportunity was a post-
judgment motion”) (citing Jones v. Horne, 634 F.3d 588, 603 (D.C. Cir.
2011)). Taxpayers filed no such motion but, instead, pursued an appeal
to this Court. After the instant appeal was docketed, taxpayers filed a
motion for partial summary reversal and a motion to remand to the Tax
Court. But neither motion made any mention of taxpayers’ assertion,
raised for the first time in their opening brief, that the Tax Court failed
properly to articulate the ground for dismissing their asserted
deficiency claim. Accordingly, taxpayers should not be heard to
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complain where they failed to bring the matter to the Tax Court’s
attention.
3. Taxpayers also argue in the alternative that the Tax Court was
required, based on Pietanza, to hold that the notices of deficiency here
were invalid. (Br. 24-27.) The Tax Court correctly rejected taxpayers’
reliance on Pietanza noting that the Pietanza court had expressly
limited its holding to “‘the unusual facts present’ in that case.” (JA 252,
quoting Pietanza, 92 T.C. at 736.) See Spivey v. Commissioner, 81
T.C.M. (CCH) 1117, 2001 WL 103450 (2001) (Pietanza should be limited
to its unique facts), aff’d, 29 F. App’x 575 (11th Cir. 2001) (table).
In Pietanza, a divided Tax Court held, by a vote of 12 to 6, that no
presumption of mailing arose, despite the fact that the Commissioner
produced a PS Form 3877, duly signed and postmarked by a postal
clerk, where a copy of the notice of deficiency could not be located by the
time the case was originally submitted for decision. Pietanza involved
unique facts, and while we maintain the decision is misconceived, it is
not applicable here. In Pietanza, the Commissioner presented evidence
of a draft notice of deficiency that was markedly different from the final
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notice of deficiency that the Commissioner claimed to have issued to the
taxpayer. While the Commissioner presented evidence as to the
preparation of the draft notice, the Commissioner presented no evidence
as to the preparation of the final notice of deficiency. 92 T.C. at 737-38.
Moreover, as the Tax Court observed in a subsequent case, in Pietanza
“[c]ommunications between the taxpayers and the IRS raised doubts as
to the accuracy of the date of mailing shown on the Form 3877.” Kamps
v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-287, 2011 WL 6220044, at * 4 (2011)
(citing Pietanza, 92 T.C. at 739). Thus, taxpayer’s assertion that “the
material facts in Pietanza also exist in this case” (Br. 25) is wrong. The
“unusual facts” (92 T.C. at 736) of Pietanza – evidence of a draft notice
of deficiency that was different from the final notice of deficiency, and
communications between the taxpayers and the IRS that raised doubts
as to the accuracy of the date of mailing shown on the PS Form 3877 –
are not present here.
Moreover, in Pietanza, the Tax Court held that a PS Form 3877,
along with some corroborating evidence such as evidence of how the
Commissioner prepared and mailed the notice of deficiency, would be
sufficient to prove the notice of deficiency. See 92 T.C. at 741 (“This
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Court simply requires the respondent to establish his procedure for the
mailing of such notices and to introduce evidence showing that such
procedure was followed in the case before it”).9 Following Pietanza the
Tax Court has held that the Commissioner established proper mailing
of a notice of deficiency with a PS Form 3877 and testimony of an IRS
supervisor “who described the established procedures surrounding the
preparation and mailing of the notices of deficiency.” Webb v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-449, 1996 WL 558320, at *5 (1996).
Here, the Commissioner established proper certified mailing of the
deficiency notices by presenting (i) copies of the PS Forms 3877, dated
March 11, 2010, the date of the deficiency notices (Doc. 6, Ex. A; JA 23-
24), and (ii) corroborating evidence to show how the notices of deficiency
9 Taxpayer attributes significance to the fact “the Commissioner specifically cites the Pietanza case” in the portion of the Internal Revenue Manual that states that a copy of the notice of deficiency should be kept in the case file. (Br. 26, citing IRM 4.8.9.11.) Since Pietanza recognized that the Commissioner can prove the mailing of a notice of deficiency even where a copy cannot be located (92 T.C. at 738-741), neither Pietanza nor the Manual supports taxpayers’ assertion (Br. 15, 24) that the Commissioner was required to produce copies of the notices of deficiency here. At all events, “the provisions of the manual are directory rather than mandatory, are not codified regulations, and clearly do not have the force and effect of law.” Marks v. Commissioner, 947 F.2d 983, 986 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1991).
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were prepared and mailed, viz., the affidavit of IRS Supervisor McCune
in the IRS Technical Services office in Baltimore, who in detail
explained the “standard procedures for issuing notices of deficiency” out
of that office, including the preparation of the PS Forms 3877, and
stated that such procedures were followed for the certified mailing of
the deficiency notices sent to taxpayers here. (Doc. 7; JA 19-22.) As the
Tax Court here recognized, “such evidence [viz., a PS Form 3877,
together with an affidavit or testimony from an IRS employee in the
office that issued the deficiency notice setting forth mailing procedures]
is routinely submitted and relied on in cases in which a party has raised
a jurisdictional issue.” (JA 252.) See United States v. Zolla, 724 F.2d
808, 810 (9th Cir. 1984) (notice duly mailed (even though copies of it
were routinely destroyed past IRS retention period) where Government
produced PS Form 3877, which is “highly probative” and taxpayer failed
to offer “contrary evidence”); United States v. Ahrens, 530 F.2d 781, 784-
produce affidavit of IRS employee who completed specific form in
question); Keado, 853 F.2d at 1214 (same). 10
There is no merit to taxpayers’ attempt (Br. 24-25), raised for the
first time on appeal, to undermine the presumption of official regularity
raised by the PS Forms 3877 by pointing out that they lack the
inscription called for by Internal Revenue Manual § 4462.2. Because
the PS Forms 3877 in the record (Doc. 6, Ex. A; JA 23) are photocopies,
which have been heavily redacted to eliminate tax return information of
other taxpayers, it is quite possible that the inscription “Notice of
deficiencies for the year(s) indicated have been sent to the following
taxpayers” was inadvertently eliminated. In any event, Manual 10 To the extent that Welch requires the Government to come forward with an affidavit of IRS personnel having actual personal knowledge of the notice of deficiency and its mailing, we submit that the Federal Circuit has set an unattainable administrative standard. It is simply asking too much to require IRS employees to keep track of their personal involvement in the preparation and mailing of each and every deficiency notice, and to require Government counsel years later to locate such employee who may or may not still work for the IRS. Because the preparation and mailing of deficiency notices are within the scope of IRS duties, an affidavit detailing such should be accorded the presumption of official regularity. See Ahrens, 530 F.2d at 786-87; Pietanza, 92 T.C. at 748 (Ruwe, J., dissenting) (where PS Form 3877 produced it did not make sense to require “testimony by the envelope stuffer” lest it be presumed that “employees might otherwise think it acceptable to mail empty envelopes”).
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provisions are direction, not mandatory (see Marks, 947 F.2d at 986 n.1)
and the failure to include the inscription is “immaterial.” Sparling v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-661, 1990 WL 212859, at *4 (1990).
Taxpayers seek to cast doubt regarding the proper certified
mailing of the deficiency notices based only on their assertion that they
“never received a notice of deficiency.” (Doc. 9, Exs. 19, 20; JA 82, 84.)
Significantly, however, taxpayers like any other postal customer, need
not accept delivery of a certified mailing from the US Postal Service.
Taxpayers’ self-serving allegation is suspect given that they had
received numerous other notices and correspondence from the IRS both
before and after the March 10, 2010 deficiency notices.11 Indeed, they
have offered no contrary evidence that the IRS failed to properly
discharge its official statutory obligation in sending the deficiency
notices and have not uncovered anything sinister. See United States v.
11 The other notices and correspondence received by taxpayers included: notice of levy dated October 26, 2009 (JA 247); audit letter 950 and income tax discrepancy adjustments dated November 9, 2009 (JA 26, 31, 51, 69); CP22E examination adjustment notice (JA 27, 32, 47, 55, 67); notice of intent to seize your state tax refund dated September 20, 2010 (JA 225, 240); Office of Appeals letters dated April 21, 2011 and October 13, 2011 (JA 6, 9, 226, 244); and decision letter dated December 15, 2011 (JA 247).
1. Section 7430 of the Code is a limited waiver of sovereign
immunity that provides the exclusive authorization for a discretionary
award of reasonable litigation and administrative costs, including
attorneys’ fees, in tax cases. Phillips v. Commissioner, 851 F.2d 1492,
1498 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (addressing prior version of § 7430). Costs
incurred in connection with collection proceedings, as opposed to
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administrative proceedings, are not recoverable. Treas. Reg.
§§ 301.7430-3(a)(4), 301.7430-3(b).
Under I.R.C. § 7430, a taxpayer must satisfy several conditions
before a court may allow an award of litigation costs including, among
others, that (1) he is the “prevailing party,” that is, that he has
“substantially prevailed” with respect to either the amount in
controversy or the most significant issue or set of issues
(§ 7430(c)(4)(A)(i)); and (2) the amount of costs is reasonable and does
not exceed the maximum allowable under § 7430(c)(1)(B)(iii). Section
7430(c)(4)(B)(i) sets forth an exception that a party “shall not be treated
as the prevailing party” under the statute if the Commissioner
establishes that his position in the case was “substantially justified.” A
position is substantially justified if it is “‘justified in substance or in the
main’ – that is, justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable
person” or has a “‘reasonable basis both in law and fact’.”12 Pierce v.
12 For purposes of establishing the reasonableness of the Commissioner’s position in the administrative proceedings, his position is considered to be that articulated in the notice of deficiency or the notice of decision from the Office of Appeals (whichever is issued earlier), and the Commissioner’s position in court proceedings is
(continued...)
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Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565, 108 S.Ct. 2541 (1988); United States v.
(a) In general.–If the Secretary determines that there is a deficiency in respect of any tax imposed by subtitles A or B or chapter 41, 42, 43, or 44 he is authorized to send notice of such deficiency to the taxpayer by certified mail or registered mail. Such notice shall include a notice to the taxpayer of the taxpayer's right to contact a local office of the taxpayer advocate and the location and phone number of the appropriate office.
* * * *
SEC. 6213. RESTRICTIONS APPLICABLE TO DEFICIENCIES; PETITIONS TO TAX COURT.
(a) Time for filing petition and restriction on assessment.–Within 90 days, or 150 days if the notice is addressed to a person outside the United States, after the notice of deficiency authorized in section 6212 is mailed (not counting Saturday, Sunday, or a legal holiday in the District of Columbia as the last day), the taxpayer may file a petition with the Tax Court for a redetermination of the deficiency. Except as otherwise provided in section 6851, 6852, or 6861, no assessment of a deficiency in respect of any tax imposed by subtitle A, or B, chapter 41, 42, 43, or 44 and no levy or proceeding in court for its collection shall be made, begun, or prosecuted until such notice has been mailed to the taxpayer, nor until the expiration of such 90-day or 150-day period, as the case may be, nor, if a petition has been filed with the Tax Court, until the decision of the Tax Court has become final. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7421(a), the making of such assessment or the beginning of such proceeding or levy during the time such prohibition is in force may be enjoined by a proceeding in the proper court, including the Tax Court, and a refund may be ordered by such court of any amount collected within the period during which the Secretary is prohibited from collecting by levy or through a proceeding in court under the provisions of this subsection. * * *
* * * *
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SEC. 6330. NOTICE AND OPPORTUNITY FOR HEARING BEFORE LEVY.
(a) Requirement of notice before levy.–
(1) In general.–No levy may be made on any property or right to property of any person unless the Secretary has notified such person in writing of their right to a hearing under this section before such levy is made. Such notice shall be required only once for the taxable period to which the unpaid tax specified in paragraph (3)(A) relates.
(2) Time and method for notice.–The notice required under paragraph (1) shall be–
(A) given in person;
(B) left at the dwelling or usual place of business of such person; or
(C) sent by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, to such person's last known address,
not less than 30 days before the day of the first levy with respect to the amount of the unpaid tax for the taxable period.
(3) Information included with notice.–The notice required under paragraph (1) shall include in simple and nontechnical terms–
(A) the amount of unpaid tax;
(B) the right of the person to request a hearing during the 30-day period under paragraph (2); and
(C) the proposed action by the Secretary and the rights of the person with respect to such action, including a brief statement which sets forth–
(i) the provisions of this title relating to levy and sale of property;
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(ii) the procedures applicable to the levy and sale of property under this title;
(iii) the administrative appeals available to the taxpayer with respect to such levy and sale and the procedures relating to such appeals;
(iv) the alternatives available to taxpayers which could prevent levy on property (including installment agreements under section 6159); and
(v) the provisions of this title and procedures relating to redemption of property and release of liens on property.
(b) Right to fair hearing.–
(1) In general.–If the person requests a hearing in writing under subsection (a)(3)(B) and states the grounds for the requested hearing, such hearing shall be held by the Internal Revenue Service Office of Appeals.
(2) One hearing per period.–A person shall be entitled to only one hearing under this section with respect to the taxable period to which the unpaid tax specified in subsection (a)(3)(A) relates.
(3) Impartial officer.–The hearing under this subsection shall be conducted by an officer or employee who has had no prior involvement with respect to the unpaid tax specified in subsection (a)(3)(A) before the first hearing under this section or section 6320. A taxpayer may waive the requirement of this paragraph.
(c) Matters considered at hearing.–In the case of any hearing conducted under this section–
(1) Requirement of investigation.–The appeals officer shall at the hearing obtain verification from the Secretary that the requirements of any applicable law or administrative procedure have been met.
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(2) Issues at hearing.–
(A) In general.–The person may raise at the hearing any relevant issue relating to the unpaid tax or the proposed levy, including–
(i) appropriate spousal defenses;
(ii) challenges to the appropriateness of collection actions; and
(iii) offers of collection alternatives, which may include the posting of a bond, the substitution of other assets, an installment agreement, or an offer-in-compromise.
(B) Underlying liability.–The person may also raise at the hearing challenges to the existence or amount of the underlying tax liability for any tax period if the person did not receive any statutory notice of deficiency for such tax liability or did not otherwise have an opportunity to dispute such tax liability.
(3) Basis for the determination.–The determination by an appeals officer under this subsection shall take into consideration–
(A) the verification presented under paragraph (1);
(B) the issues raised under paragraph (2); and
(C) whether any proposed collection action balances the need for the efficient collection of taxes with the legitimate concern of the person that any collection action be no more intrusive than necessary.
(4) Certain issues precluded.–An issue may not be raised at the hearing if–
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(A)(i) the issue was raised and considered at a previous hearing under section 6320 or in any other previous administrative or judicial proceeding; and
(ii) the person seeking to raise the issue participated meaningfully in such hearing or proceeding; or
(B) the issue meets the requirement of clause (i) or (ii) of section 6702(b)(2)(A). This paragraph shall not apply to any issue with respect to which subsection (d)(2)(B) applies.
(d) Proceeding after hearing.–
(1) Judicial review of determination.–The person may, within 30 days of a determination under this section, appeal such determination to the Tax Court (and the Tax Court shall have jurisdiction with respect to such matter).
(2) Jurisdiction retained at IRS Office of Appeals.–The Internal Revenue Service Office of Appeals shall retain jurisdiction with respect to any determination made under this section, including subsequent hearings requested by the person who requested the original hearing on issues regarding–
(A) collection actions taken or proposed with respect to such determination; and
(B) after the person has exhausted all administrative remedies, a change in circumstances with respect to such person which affects such determination.
(e) Suspension of collections and statute of limitations.–
(1) In general.–Except as provided in paragraph (2), if a hearing is requested under subsection (a)(3)(B), the levy actions which are the subject of the requested hearing and the running of any period of limitations under section 6502 (relating to collection after assessment), section 6531 (relating to criminal prosecutions), or section 6532 (relating to other suits) shall be suspended for the period during which such hearing, and appeals therein, are
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pending. In no event shall any such period expire before the 90th day after the day on which there is a final determination in such hearing. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7421(a), the beginning of a levy or proceeding during the time the suspension under this paragraph is in force may be enjoined by a proceeding in the proper court, including the Tax Court. The Tax Court shall have no jurisdiction under this paragraph to enjoin any action or proceeding unless a timely appeal has been filed under subsection (d)(1) and then only in respect of the unpaid tax or proposed levy to which the determination being appealed relates.
(2) Levy upon appeal.–Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a levy action while an appeal is pending if the underlying tax liability is not at issue in the appeal and the court determines that the Secretary has shown good cause not to suspend the levy.
* * * *
SEC. 7430. AWARDING OF COSTS AND CERTAIN FEES.
(a) In General.–In the case of any civil proceeding which is brought by or against the United States in connection with the determination, collection, or refund of any tax, interest, or penalty under this title, the prevailing party may be awarded a judgment or a settlement for–
(1) reasonable administrative costs incurred in connection with such administrative proceeding within the Internal Revenue Service, and
(2) reasonable litigation costs incurred in connection with such court proceeding.
(b) Limitations.–
(1) Requirement that administrative remedies be exhausted.–A judgment for reasonable litigation costs shall
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not be awarded under subsection (a) in any court proceeding unless the court determines that the prevailing party has exhausted the administrative remedies available to such party within the Internal Revenue Service. Any failure to agree to an extension of the time for the assessment of any tax shall not be taken into account for purposes of determining whether the prevailing party meets the requirements of the preceding sentence.
(2) Only costs allocable to the United States.–An award under subsection (a) shall be made only for reasonable litigation and administrative costs which are allocable to the United States and not to any other party. (3) Costs denied where party prevailing protracts proceedings.–No award for reasonable litigation and administrative costs may be made under subsection (a) with respect to any portion of the administrative or court proceeding during which the prevailing party has unreasonably protracted such proceeding. (4) Period for applying to IRS for administrative costs.– An award may be made under subsection (a) by the Internal Revenue Service for reasonable administrative costs only if the prevailing party files an application with the Internal Revenue Service for such cots before the 91st day after the date on which the final decision of the Internal Revenue Service as to the determination of the tax, interest, or penalty is mailed to such party.
(c) Definitions.–For purposes of this section–
(1) Reasonable litigation costs.–The term “reasonable litigation costs” includes–
(A) reasonable court costs, and
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(B) based upon prevailing market rates for the kind or quality of services furnished–
(i) the reasonable expenses of expert witnesses
in connection with the court proceeding, except that no expert witness shall be compensated at a rate in excess of the highest rate of compensation for expert witnesses paid by the United States.
(ii) the reasonable cost of any study, analysis,
engineering report, test, or project which is found by the court to be necessary for the preparation of the party’s case, and
(iii) reasonable fees paid or incurred for the
services of attorneys in connection with the court proceeding, except that such fees shall not be in excess of $125 per hour unless the court determines that an increase in the cost of living or a special factor, such as the limited availability of qualified attorneys for such proceeding, the difficulty of the issues presented in the case, or the local availability of tax expertise, justifies a higher rate.
* * * *
(2) Reasonable administrative costs.—The term “reasonable administrative costs” means—
(A) any administrative fees or similar charges
imposed by the Internal Revenue Service, and (B) expenses, costs, and fees described in paragraph
(1)(B), except that any determination made by the court under clause (ii) or (iii) thereof shall be made by the Internal Revenue Service in cases where the determination under paragraph (4)(C) of the awarding of reasonable
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administrative costs is made by the Internal Revenue Service.
Such term shall only include costs incurred on or after whichever of the following is the earliest: (i) the date of the receipt by the taxpayer of the notice of the decision of the Internal Revenue Service Office of Appeals; (ii) the date of the notice of deficiency; or (iii) the date on which the 1st letter of proposed deficiency which allows the taxpayer an opportunity for administrative review in the Internal Revenue Service Office of Appeals is sent.
(3) Attorneys’ fees.–
(A) In general.–For purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), fees for the services of an individual (whether or not an attorney) who is authorized to practice before the Tax Court or before the Internal Revenue Service shall be treated as fees for the services of an attorney.
(B) Pro bono services.–The court may award
reasonable attorney’s fees under subsection (a) in excess of the attorneys’ fees paid or incurred if such fees are less than the reasonable attorneys’ fees because an individual is representing the prevailing party for no fee or for a fee which (taking into account all the facts and circumstances) is no more than a nominal fee. This subparagraph shall apply only if such award is paid to such individual or such individual’s employer.
(4) Prevailing party.–
(A) In general.–The term “prevailing party” means
any party to any proceeding described in subsection (a) (other than the United States or any creditor of the taxpayer involved)–
(i) which–
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(I) has substantially prevailed with respect to the amount in controversy, or
(II) has substantially prevailed with respect to the most significant issue or set of issues presented, and
(ii) which meets the requirements of the 1st
sentence of section 2412(d)(1)(B) of title 28, United States Code (as in effect on October 22, 1986) except to the extent differing procedures are established by rule of court and meets the requirements of section 2412(d)(2)(B) of such title 28 (as so in effect).
(B) Exception if United States establishes that its
position was substantially justified.– (i) General Rule.–A party shall not be treated
as the prevailing party in a proceeding to which subsection (a) applies if the United States establishes that the position of the United States in the proceeding was substantially justified.
(ii) Presumption of no justification if Internal
Revenue Service did not follow certain published guidance.–For purposes of clause (i), the position of the United States shall be presumed not to be substantially justified if the Internal Revenue Service did not follow its applicable published guidance in the administrative proceeding. Such presumption may be rebutted.
(iii) Effect on losing on substantially similar
issues.–In determining for purposes of clause (i) whether the position of the United States was substantially justified, the court shall take into account whether the United States has lost in courts of appeal for other circuits on substantially similar issues.
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(iv) Applicable published guidance.–For purposes of clause (ii), the term “applicable published guidance” means–
(I) regulations, revenue rulings, revenue
procedures, information releases, notices, and announcements, and
(II) any of the following which are issued
to the taxpayer: private letter rulings, technical advice memoranda, and determination letters.
(C) Determination as to prevailing party.–Any
determination under this paragraphs as to whether a party is a prevailing party shall be made by agreement of the parties or–
(i) in the case where the final determination
with respect to the tax, interest, or penalty is made at the administrative level, by the Internal Revenue Service, or
(ii) in the case where such final determination
is made by a court, the court. * * * *
(5) Administrative proceedings.–The term “administrative proceeding” means any procedure or other action before the Internal Revenue Service.
(6) Court proceedings.–The term “court proceeding” means
any civil action brought in a court of the United States (including the Tax Court and the United States Court of Federal Claims).
(7) Position of United States.–The term “position of the
United States” means–
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(A) the position taken by the United States in a judicial proceeding to which subsection (a) applies, and
(B) the position taken in an administrative
proceeding to which subsection (a) applies as of the earlier of–
(i) the date of the receipt by the taxpayer of the
notice of the decision of the Internal Revenue Service Office of Appeals, or
(ii) the date of the notice of deficiency.
(d) Special rules for payments of costs.– (1) Reasonable administrative costs.–An award of
reasonable administrative costs shall be payable out of funds appropriated under section 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
(2) Reasonable litigation costs.–An award for reasonable
litigation costs shall be payable in the case of the Tax Court in the same manner as such an award by a district court.
* * * * (f) Right of appeal.–
(1) Court proceedings.–An order granting or denying (in whole or in part) an award for reasonable litigation or administrative costs under subsection (a) in a court proceeding, may be incorporated as a part of the decision or judgment in the court proceeding and shall be subject to appeal in the same manner as the decision or judgment.
(2) Administrative proceedings.–A decision granting or
denying (in whole or in party) an award of reasonable administrative costs under subsection (a) by the Internal Revenue Service shall be subject to the filing of a petition for review with
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the Tax Court under rules similar to the rules under section 7463 (without regard to the amount in dispute). If the Secretary sends by certified or registered mail a notice of such decision to the petitioner, no proceeding in the Tax Court may be initiated under this paragraph unless such petition is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.
(3) Appeal of Tax Court decision.–An order of the Tax
Court disposing of a petition under paragraph (2) shall be reviewable in the same manner as a decision of the Tax Court, but only with respect to the matters determined in such order.