Optoelectronic Integration Bergur Gudbergsson Zach Whitney Marcus Hale As the data transfer limits of conventional electric interconnects are approached, emerging on-chip optoelectric solutions look promising as means of keeping up with increased processing power, efficiency, and bandwidth requirements. This presentation will explore fiber optics, vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL), optical 05/05/1 4 1
42
Embed
Optoelectronic Integration Bergur Gudbergsson Zach Whitney Marcus Hale As the data transfer limits of conventional electric interconnects are approached,
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Optoelectronic IntegrationBergur GudbergssonZach WhitneyMarcus HaleAs the data transfer limits of conventional electric interconnects are approached, emerging on-chip optoelectric solutions look promising as means of
keeping up with increased processing power, efficiency, and bandwidth requirements. This presentation will explore fiber optics, vertical-cavity surface emitting
lasers (VCSEL), optical interconnects, and photodiodes.
PIN Photodiode– Absorption– Energy Band Diagrams– Applications
VCSEL– Basic Operation– Structure– VCSEL-PIN TRx function & fabrication
Optical Interconnects– Basic operation
3
The Basics of Fiber• A fiber cable consists of:
1. Core2. Cladding3. Buffer4. Jacket
• “Total Internal Reflection”
44
Cladding has lower refractive index than the core which causes total internal reflection within the core
5
Fiber Types• Two main types of fiber optics cables– Single Mode Fiber (SMF) (9μM)– Multi Mode Fiber (MMF) (62.5μM or 50μM)
6
Single Mode Fiber• Small core carries single mode of light• No modal dispersion• Long-haul data transmission• Requires expensive coherent laser light source• Requires specific connector alignment• Operates in 1.3μM -1.5μM Region
7
Multi Mode Fiber• Multiple modes of light can propagate• Modal dispersion limits distance (500 meters)• Uses cheaper light sources– LED– VCSEL
• Larger alignment tolerances• Typically operates at 0.85μM
8
Optical Power• Light follows “inverse square law”– inversely proportional to distance squared– Attenuation = loss of intensity
• Measured in Decibel-milliWatts (dBm /dBmW)– 0dBm is 1 mW– 3dBm is 2 mW– -50dBm is 10 nW
9
Transmission BandsSplit into four windows– 850nM• High attenuation
– 1310nM• Zero modal dispersion for SMF• Up to 10kM reach
– 1550nM (Conventional-band)• Amplified via erbium doped fibers
– 1570-1610nm (Long-band)
10
11
Typical Mux/Demux System
• Multiple signals are generated• Multiplexer combines the lights into a signal carrier signal• Signal is transmitted• λν=c• Signal is re-separated• Signal is received
12
PIN Photodiodes• Photodiodes with an Intrinsic (undoped)
region between highly doped P and N junctions.
• Anti-reflection (1/4 wavelength)
13
Absorption• Photons Absorbed in the intrinsic region• Creates Carriers• Increases Photocurrent (Light into Current)• Si: infrared(700nm) up to 1μm• InGaAS: up to 1.7μm (Longer wavelengths)
Conclusion• All of these optoelectrical innovations
contribute to the growing field of optical interconnection technology
• Immensely complex, research still underway
• Huge growth potential
39
References• Arshad, T. S., Othman, M. A., & Yasin, N. Y. Comparison on IV Characteristics Analysis
between Silicon and InGaAs PIN Photodiode.IEEE (ICICI-BME), 71-75. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6698467
• Introduction to DWDM For Metropolitan Networks. (2000). San Jose, CA: Cisco Systems, Inc.
• Kenichi, I. VCSEL -Its Conception, Development, and Future-. IEEE (MOC' 13), 1-2. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6715057
• Kern, A., Al-Samaneh, A., Wahl, D., & Michalzik, R. Monolithic VCSEL–PIN Photodiode Integration for Bidirectional Optical Data Transmission. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, 19, 1-13.
• Lifeng, H., Yongfeng, M., & Yuan, F. Fabrication and Testing of 980nm High-Power VCSEL with AlN Film Passivation Layer. IEEE (ICOM), 45-48. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6316212
References• Mishra, S., Chaudhary, N., & Singh, K. Overview of Optical Interconnect
Technology. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3, 1-7. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.3954
• Muramoto, Y., & Ishibashi, T. InP=InGaAs pin photodiode structure maximising bandwidth and efficiency. ELECTRONICS LETTERS, 29.
• Paschotta, D. R. (n.d.). p–i–n Photodiodes. Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.rp-photonics.com/p_i_n_photodiodes.html
• Paschotta, R. (n.d.). Passive Fiber Optics. Tutorial “”: multimode fibers, number of modes, core diameter, numerical aperture, graded-index fiber. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.rp-photonics.com/passive_fiber_optics4.html
• Single mode optical fiber. (2014, April 22). Wikipedia. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_mode_optical_fiber
References• Steenbergen, R. (Director) (2013, February 4). Everything You Always Wanted to Know About
Optical Networking - But Were Afraid to Ask. NANOG57. Lecture conducted from GTT, Orlando, Florida.
• Technologies. (n.d.). . . Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.pacer.co.uk/Assets/Pacer/User/Photodiode%20Typical%20Applications.pdf
• Total internal reflection. (2014, April 28). Wikipedia. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection
• Zeghbroeck., B. V. (2011, January 1). Chapter 4: p-n Junctions. Optoelectronic devices. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/book/chapter4/ch4_6.htm