OptiX OSN 500 Commissioning Guide(V100R006)

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE OpticalTransmission SystemV100R006C01

Commissioning Guide

Issue 02

Date 2013-01-18

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior writtenconsent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Trademarks and Permissions

and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders. NoticeThe purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and thecustomer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within thepurchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information,and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representationsof any kind, either express or implied.

The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in thepreparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, andrecommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Address: Huawei Industrial Base

Bantian, LonggangShenzhen 518129People's Republic of China

Website: http://www.huawei.com

Email: [email protected]

Issue 02 (2013-01-18) Huawei Proprietary and ConfidentialCopyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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http://www.huawei.com

mailto:[email protected]

About This Document

Product VersionThe following table lists the product versions applicable to this documentation.

Product Name Version

OptiX OSN 500 V100R006C01

iManager U2000 V100R008C00

Intended AudienceThis document describes the OptiX OSN 500 in terms of network application, functions,hardware structure, software architecture, features, and technical specifications.

This document is intended for:

l Network planning engineers

l Data configuration engineers

l System maintenance engineers

Symbol ConventionsThe symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.

Symbol Description

DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level or mediumlevel of risk which, if not avoided, could result in death orserious injury.

WARNING indicates a hazard with a low level of riskwhich, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderateinjury.

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide About This Document


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Symbol Description

CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation that,if not avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss,performance deterioration, or unanticipated results.

Provides a tip that may help you solve a problem or save time.

Provides additional information to emphasize or supplementimportant points in the main text.

GUI ConventionsConvention Meaning

Boldface Buttons, menus, parameters, tabs, window, and dialog titles arein boldface. For example, click OK.

> Multi-level menus are in boldface and separated by the ">" signs.For example, choose File > Create > Folder.

Change HistoryChanges between document issues are cumulative. The latest document issue contains all thechanges made in earlier issues.

Updates in Issue 02 (2013-01-18) Based on Product VersionV100R006C01

This is the fourth issue for V100R006C01. Compared with Issue 01, Issue 02 includes thefollowing updates in V100R006C01SPC100:

l Added "Testing ML-PPP Protection Switching".


This document is the first issue for the V100R006C01 product version. Compared with theV200R012C00 release, it adds or optimizes the following contents:

l In "System Commissioning", optimized titles and the architecture of "Testing Tunnel andPW Connectivity", "Testing Tunnel and PW Performance", "Testing Packet EthernetService Availability" and "Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance".



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l In "Testing Tunnel and PW Performance", added "Testing Tunnel Packet Loss Ratios UsingTST in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM" and "Testing PW Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP PW OAM".

l In "Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability", optimized the description about "TestingAvailability of Packet Ethernet Services Using LB in ETH OAM".

l In "Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance", added "Testing Ethernet ServiceLatency and Throughput" and "Testing Long-term Ethernet Packet Loss Ratio Using TP-Assist".

l In "Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN Network", added "TestingPacket-based Linear MSP Switching".

l In "Testing Clocks", added "Testing CES ACR Clocks".


This document is the first issue for the V100R006C00 product version.



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Contents

About This Document.....................................................................................................................ii

1 Commissioning Preparations......................................................................................................1

2 Commissioning Procedure...........................................................................................................2

3 Configuring NEs and Networks.................................................................................................33.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computer and the Equipment...................................................53.2 Searching for NEs...............................................................................................................................................63.3 Creating Fibers...................................................................................................................................................7

3.3.1 Creating Ethernet Cables in the Packet Domain by Searching for the Cables on the NMS......................83.3.2 Manually Creating Fibers/Cables..............................................................................................................8

3.4 Changing NE IDs..............................................................................................................................................103.5 Changing IP Address of an NE.........................................................................................................................103.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and Time.............................................................................................................123.7 Configuring the LSR ID for an NE..................................................................................................................133.8 Configuring IP Addresses for NNI Ports..........................................................................................................143.9 Configuring the Inband DCN...........................................................................................................................15

3.9.1 Enabling the DCN Function for a Port....................................................................................................153.9.2 Setting the Protocol Stack Used by an Inband DCN...............................................................................153.9.3 Setting the VLAN ID and Bandwidth Used by an Inband DCN.............................................................163.9.4 Setting the Parameters for NMS Access..................................................................................................173.9.5 Setting Inband DCN Packet Priority.......................................................................................................173.9.6 Checking the DCN Routing Table...........................................................................................................183.9.7 Verifying the Inband DCN......................................................................................................................19

3.10 Configuring Clocks, Services, and Protection................................................................................................203.11 Enabling NE Performance Monitoring...........................................................................................................21

4 System Commissioning..............................................................................................................234.1 Querying Network-Wide Software Versions...................................................................................................254.2 Testing Tunnel and PW Connectivity..............................................................................................................27

4.2.1 Testing Tunnel Connectivity Using MPLS Tunnel Ping.........................................................................274.2.2 Testing PW Connectivity Using PW Ping...............................................................................................28

4.3 Testing Tunnel and PW Performance...............................................................................................................304.3.1 Testing Tunnel Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM..............................................304.3.2 Testing Tunnel Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM...........................................31

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide Contents


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4.3.3 Testing PW Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TP PW OAM ........................................................334.3.4 Testing PW Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP PW OAM.....................................................34

4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability...................................................................................................364.4.1 Testing Availability of Packet Ethernet Services Using LB in ETH OAM............................................36

4.5 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Performance..................................................................................................384.5.1 Testing Ethernet Service Latency and Throughput Using TP-Assist......................................................384.5.2 Testing Long-term Ethernet Packet Loss Ratio Using TP-Assist...........................................................404.5.3 Testing Ethernet Packet Service Performance by Using SmartBits........................................................43

4.6 Testing CES Services.......................................................................................................................................444.7 Testing ATM/IMA Services.............................................................................................................................464.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN Network....................................................................48

4.8.1 Testing the MPLS Tunnel APS Protection Switching.............................................................................484.8.2 Testing the MPLS PW APS.....................................................................................................................504.8.3 Testing ERPS Switching.........................................................................................................................524.8.4 Testing Packet-based LMSP Switching..................................................................................................544.8.5 Testing ML-PPP Protection.....................................................................................................................55

4.9 Testing Clocks..................................................................................................................................................574.9.1 Testing CES ACR Clocks........................................................................................................................57

A Glossary........................................................................................................................................60

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide Contents


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1 Commissioning Preparations

Before commissioning the equipment, you must be familiar with the relevant safety precautions.In addition, you must ensure that the required tools, instruments, references, and engineeringdesign documents are available.

Making Documents AvailableEquipment commissioning requires the following documents:

l Configuration Guide (Packet Transport Domain)l Hardware Descriptionl Alarms and Performance Events Referencel Feature Description

Making Tools Availablel U2000l BER testerl SDH analyzerl SmartBits

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide 1 Commissioning Preparations


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2 Commissioning Procedure

This chapter describes necessary commissioning items and commissioning procedures for OptiXOSN 500s in packet mode.

Table 2-1 Commissioning procedure

Mode Commissioning Task

Packet mode 3.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computerand the Equipment

3.2 Searching for NEs

3.3 Creating Fibers

3.4 Changing NE IDs

3.5 Changing IP Address of an NE

3.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and Time

3.7 Configuring the LSR ID for an NE

3.8 Configuring IP Addresses for NNI Ports

3.9 Configuring the Inband DCN

3.10 Configuring Clocks, Services, and Protection

3.11 Enabling NE Performance Monitoring

4.1 Querying Network-Wide Software Versions

4.2 Testing Tunnel and PW Connectivity

4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability

4.6 Testing CES Services

4.7 Testing ATM/IMA Services

4.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSNNetwork

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide 2 Commissioning Procedure


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3 Configuring NEs and Networks

About This Chapter

This chapter describes the NE data and network data that a software commissioning engineermust configure prior to equipment commissioning.

3.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computer and the EquipmentWhen an NIC port on the NMS computer is connected to the NM port on the equipment over aLAN, you need to confirm that the network cable is connected correctly. You also need to ensurethat the rates of NM port on the equipment and the port on the switching equipment in the LANare set to consistent values and the working mode of Ethernet port on the equipment and the porton the switching equipment in the LAN are also set to consistent values.

3.2 Searching for NEsAfter connecting the NMS computer to the equipment, a software commissioning engineer needsto search for the NE in the data center before commissioning the equipment.

3.3 Creating FibersOn the NMS, you can create fibers, Ethernet network cables, serial port cables, and virtual fibers.

3.4 Changing NE IDsAfter logging in to an NE through the U2000, change the NE ID according to the plan of theactual NE ID.

3.5 Changing IP Address of an NEAfter logging in to an NE through the U2000, you need to change the IP address of the NEaccording to the actual IP address of the NE to ensure the actual IP address of the NE is the sameas the specified IP address.

3.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and TimeYou can use U2000 to set the NE name, date, and time to ensure that the recorded and reportedalarms and performance events on the U2000 are correct.

3.7 Configuring the LSR ID for an NELabel switch router (LSR) IDs are used to identify nodes on the MPLS network. In the MPLSnetwork, LSR IDs are configured for identifying source and sink nodes of MPLS tunnels.

3.8 Configuring IP Addresses for NNI PortsAfter setting the LSR ID of an NE, set the IP address of a port on the NE.

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide 3 Configuring NEs and Networks


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3.9 Configuring the Inband DCNDuring network planning, you do not need to set up an independent DCN for management andcontrol. Instead, you can use certain bandwidths of a service network to set up a DCN.

3.10 Configuring Clocks, Services, and ProtectionUse the U2000 to configure clocks, services, and protection based on engineering documentationto prepare for subsequent equipment commissioning.

3.11 Enabling NE Performance MonitoringThis section describes how to enable and disable the performance monitoring function on theU2000. The performance parameters are used to monitor the equipment, monitor the runningstatus of the services, and analyze the network.



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3.1 Checking the Connections Between the NMS Computerand the Equipment

When an NIC port on the NMS computer is connected to the NM port on the equipment over aLAN, you need to confirm that the network cable is connected correctly. You also need to ensurethat the rates of NM port on the equipment and the port on the switching equipment in the LANare set to consistent values and the working mode of Ethernet port on the equipment and the porton the switching equipment in the LAN are also set to consistent values.

Prerequisitesl An IP address is assigned to the NE.

l The NMS computer and the relevant equipment are connected to the LAN through networkcables. The IP addresses of the NMS computer and the equipment are on the same networksegment.

l The U2000 is installed, and the computer is started.

l The port on the switching equipment in the LAN supports the adaptive mode.

l The rate and working mode are supported by the port on the switching equipment in theLAN.

Tools, Equipment, and Materials

U2000

Precautionsl If a port on the switching equipment in the LAN supports the adaptive mode and can operate

at the same rate and in the same working mode as the NM port on the switching equipment,both parties can communicate with each other after performing auto-negotiation.

l If a port on the switching equipment in the LAN does not support the adaptive mode, bothparties can communicate with each other only after you set the rate and working mode tothe same values for the NM port on the switching equipment and the port on the switchingequipment in the LAN.

NOTE

This topic considers the Windows OS as an example of NMS server.

Procedure

Step 1 Check the network cable. The NMS computer and the equipment are connected to the LANthrough a straight-through cable. The NM port of the equipment is on the PCX board.

Step 2 Remove the network cable and check the wire sequence at both ends of the network cable. Thenetwork cable needs to be a straight-through cable because the NMS computer is connected tothe equipment through a LAN.

Step 3 Insert the network cable. Generally, the LINK indicators in green for the NIC port on the NMScomputer and the NM port on the PCX board are normally on, and the ACT indicators blink.



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ACT

LINK

Step 4 Test the connectivity between the NMS computer and the equipment.1. On the NMS computer, choose Start > Run. In the Run dialog box, enter cmd and click

OK.2. Enter a ping command, such as ping 192.168.0.101.

NOTE

l 192.168.0.101: indicates the IP address of the NE in the example.

3. Press Enter to run the ping command.l If the statistical data in the DOS window contains Lost = 0 (0% loss), it indicates that

no packets are lost and the Ethernet communication is normal.l If the statistical data in the DOS window contains Request timed out, it indicates that

the Ethernet communication is abnormal. Check whether the IP addresses of the NMScomputer and the NE belong to the same network segment and have the same mask;check the connection of network cables. Rectify the fault, if any, before performinganother test.TIP

l To browse the receive/transmit status without affecting the test, press Ctrl+Break.

l To stop the ping command and browse the receive/transmit status, press Ctrl+C.

----End

3.2 Searching for NEsAfter connecting the NMS computer to the equipment, a software commissioning engineer needsto search for the NE in the data center before commissioning the equipment.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with "NE administrator" authority or higher.l The U2000 must communicate with the gateway NE normally.l The NE Explorer instance of the NEs must be created.

Procedure

Step 1 Choose File > Discovery > NE from the Main Menu. Then, the NE Discovery window isdisplayed.

Step 2 Choose Transport NE Search tab, Click Add. Then, the Input Search Domain dialog box isdisplayed.

Step 3 Set Address Type to IP Address Range of GNE, IP Address of GNE, or NSAP Address.Enter Search Address. Then, Click OK.



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NOTEYou can repeat Steps 2 and 3 to add more search domains. You can also delete the system default searchdomain.

l If you search for the NEs according to the IP address of the gateway NE and if the IP address of theU2000 computer and the IP address of the gateway NE are within the same network segment, you canset Address Type to IP Address Range of GNE or IP Address of GNE. The default value of SearchAddress is 129.9.255.255.

l If the IP addresses of the gateway NE and the U2000 computer are in two different network segments,you can set Address Type to IP Address of GNE only.

l If you search the NEs according to the NSAP addresses of the NEs, you can set Address Type toNSAP address only.

Step 4 In the NE Discovery window, ClickNext.

Step 5 After the search is complete, select the uncreated NEs from the Result list and then clickCreate. The Create dialog box is displayed.

Step 6 Enter the NE user name and password.

NOTE

l The default NE user is root.l The default password is password.

Step 7 Click OK.

----End

Follow-up ProcedureIf you fail to log in to the created NE, the possible causes are listed as follows:

l The password for the NE user is incorrect. In this case, enter the correct password for theNE user.

l The NE user is invalid. Change to use a valid NE user.

3.3 Creating FibersOn the NMS, you can create fibers, Ethernet network cables, serial port cables, and virtual fibers.



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3.3.1 Creating Ethernet Cables in the Packet Domain by Searchingfor the Cables on the NMS

You can detect fiber connections on a specific optical port by performing link search on theNMS. If a link does not exist on the NMS, you can create the link immediately. To create anetwork on the NMS, you can search for fiber connections on all optical ports and create fibersnetworkwide after board configuration is completed.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE and network maintainer authority or higher.l Fibers are connected to optical ports on all NEs.

NOTE

Specify the IP address range before IP addresses are automatically allocated to ports. For details on howto specify the IP address range, see step 1.

Procedure

Step 1 Optional: Set the IP address range for ports.1. Choose Configuration > Port IP Address Management from the Main Menu.2. In the displayed dialog box, click New to set the IP address range for ports.

Step 2 Choose File > Discovery > Link from the Main Menu.

Step 3 Optional: In the Link Search window, select one or more options including Links not exist inthe NMS, Links exist in the NMS, and Conflicting links. (The first option is mandatory.)

Step 4 In the left pane, select the optical ports of one or more NEs and click . A progress bar isdisplayed to show the link search progress.

Step 5 After the progress is 100% completed, a dialog box is displayed to indicate that the operation issuccessful. Click Close.

Step 6 Select one or more links that do not exist on the NMS and click Create.

Step 7 After the creation is completed, a dialog box is displayed to indicate that the operation issuccessful. Click Close. The Confirm dialog box is displayed to query "Are you sure to importlinks as fibers/cables?"

Step 8 Click OK in the Confirm dialog box. In the displayed Import Link dialog box, select one ormore links.

Step 9 Click OK.

----End

3.3.2 Manually Creating Fibers/CablesAfter searching for NEs, software commissioning engineers need to create fibers/cables in thedata center to commission the equipment.



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Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with "NE maintainer" authority or higher.

l The required boards must be created on each NE.

Procedure

Step 1 Right-click in the Main Topology and choose New > Link from the shortcut menu. Then, theCreate Link dialog box is displayed.

Step 2 Choose Fiber/Cable > Fiber from the left pane.

Step 3 The parameter Create Ways can be set to Common Ways or Batch Ways. The default valueis Common Ways.

Step 4 Click the button in Source NE. Select the source board and source port in the Select Fiber/Cable Source dialog box that is displayed.

Step 5 Click OK.

Step 6 Click the button in Sink NE. Select the sink board and sink port in the Select Fiber/CableSink dialog box that is displayed.

Step 7 Click OK. Then, the created fiber is displayed between the source NE and the sink NE in theMain Topology.

Step 8 Right-click the created fiber and choose Detect Link from the shortcut menu. The Result dialogbox is displayed, indicating the information on the fiber connections.

----End



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3.4 Changing NE IDsAfter logging in to an NE through the U2000, change the NE ID according to the plan of theactual NE ID.

Prerequisitesl The NE must be created.l You must be an NM user with "NE operator" authority or higher.

Precautions

CAUTIONChanging the NE ID briefly interrupts the NE communication.

NOTE

Before the equipment is delivered out of factory, the default NE ID is generated and is a unique NE ID.Obtain the default NE ID by performing the NE search function on the U2000.

Procedure

Step 1 In the Main Topology, select an NE that needs to change its ID, right-click it, and then chooseNE Explorer.

Step 2 Choose Configuration > NE Attribute from the Function Tree.

Step 3 Click Modify NE ID. Then, the Modify NE ID dialog box is displayed.

Step 4 Enter New ID and New Extended ID. Then, click OK.

Step 5 Click OK in the Warning dialog box that is displayed.

----End

3.5 Changing IP Address of an NEAfter logging in to an NE through the U2000, you need to change the IP address of the NEaccording to the actual IP address of the NE to ensure the actual IP address of the NE is the sameas the specified IP address.

Prerequisitesl The U2000 is started.



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l The U2000 user can log in to the NE.l You must be an NM user with "network maintainer" authority or higher.

Tools, Equipment, and MaterialsU2000

Precautions

CAUTIONIf the U2000 server and gateway NE are not in the same network segment, ensure that the IProutes of the network segments to which the U2000 server and gateway NE belong are configuredon the U2000 and related routers.

NOTE

l The default IP address of an NE is assigned according to the default NE ID. The default IP address iswithin the following range: 129.9.0.0 to 129.9.255.255.

l Generally, do not change the IP address of a non-gateway NE.

l After the IP address of the NE is set, IP address is not affected when you change the NE ID.

Procedure

Step 1 In the Main Topology, select an NE that needs to change its IP address, right-click it, and thenchoose NE Explorer.

Step 2 Choose Communication > Communication Parameters in the Function Tree.

Step 3 In Set NE Communication Parameters, change the IP address of the NE. Click Apply. ClickOK twice in the displayed dialog box.



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NOTE

On the OptiX OSN 500, the NE ID, extended ID, and IP address can automatically be saved in the backplane.This function is enabled when Automatic DCN Recovery is set to Enabled.

Step 4 The Operation Result dialog box is displayed, indicating that the operation is successful. ClickClose.

----End

3.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and TimeYou can use U2000 to set the NE name, date, and time to ensure that the recorded and reportedalarms and performance events on the U2000 are correct.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with "NE and network operator" authority or higher.l The U2000 is started and you log in to the NE.




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PrecautionsNOTE

Synchronizing the NE time does not affect services. Before synchronizing the NE time, ensure that thetime of the computer where the U2000 server is installed is correct. If the time of the computer needs tobe changed, log out of the U2000 and reset the time. Then, restart the U2000.

Procedure

Step 1 In the NE Explorer, choose Configuration > NE Attributes from the Function Tree.

Step 2 Change the NE name in NE Attributes. Then, click Apply.

NOTE

It is recommended that you set the NE name in the format: NE ID-Name, for example, 1-Beijing.

Step 3 In the displayed Operation Result dialog box, click Close.

Step 4 Choose Configuration > NE Time Synchronization from the Function Tree. Then, clickQuery to display the current NE time information.

Step 5 Right-click the NE time below NE Current Time, and choose Synchronize with NM Timefrom the shortcut menu.

NOTE

l To enable the NE to synchronize its time with the U2000 server, set Synchronous Mode to NM.

l If the NE need not synchronize its time with other servers or NEs, set Synchronous Mode toNULL.

l If the NE needs to synchronize its time with the NTP server and the required time accuracy reaches500 ms, set Synchronous Mode to Standard NTP.

Step 6 In the displayed Time Synchronization Operation dialog box, click Yes.

Step 7 In the displayed Operation Result dialog box, click Close.

----End

3.7 Configuring the LSR ID for an NELabel switch router (LSR) IDs are used to identify nodes on the MPLS network. In the MPLSnetwork, LSR IDs are configured for identifying source and sink nodes of MPLS tunnels.

PrerequisitesYou must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.

ContextWhen planning the LSR ID for an NE, adhere to the following principles:

l The IP address of an NNI port can be an IP address of standard class A, B, or C (namely,an IP address within the range from 1.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.254). The IP address of an NNIport cannot be a broadcast address (*.*.*.255), multicast address (224.0.0.0 to239.255.255.255), reserved address (240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255), network address(*.*.*.0), zero address (0.*.*.*), loopback address (127.*.*.*) or subnet address(192.168.*.* or 192.169.*.*). The network segment 130.0.0.0 is recommended.



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l Each NE must have an independent and globally unique LSR ID on a network.l The LSR ID of an NE and the IP address of the NE must be different from each other and

must be in different network segments.l The SLR ID of an NE must be in a different network segment from the IP address of any

service port on the NE.

Procedure

Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the NE and choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > MPLSManagement > Basic Configuration from the Function Tree.

Step 2 Set LSR ID.For details about LSR ID, see Basic Configuration.

NOTE

l When the LSR ID is specified for the first time, no warm-reset occurs on the NE. If the specified LSRID is then changed, a warm-reset occurs on the NE but does not affect services.

l If any tunnel exists, do not suggest to change the LSR ID.

----End

3.8 Configuring IP Addresses for NNI PortsAfter setting the LSR ID of an NE, set the IP address of a port on the NE.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l The LSR ID of an NE is set.l In Basic Attributes, Port Mode must be set to Layer 3.

Context

When planning the IP addresses for NNI ports, adhere to the following principles:

l The IP address of an NNI port can be an IP address of standard class A, B, or C (namely,an IP address within the range from 1.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.254). The IP address of an NNIport cannot be a broadcast address (*.*.*.255), multicast address (224.0.0.0 to239.255.255.255), reserved address (240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255), network address(*.*.*.0), zero address (0.*.*.*), loopback address (127.*.*.*) or subnet address(192.168.*.* or 192.169.*.*).

l Each NNI port must have an independent and globally unique IP address in a network.l The IP address of an NNI port must be different from the IP address of the NE. In addition,

the IP address of an NNI port and the IP address of the NE must be in different networksegments and must not overlap each other.

l The LSR ID of an NE and the IP address of the NE must be different from each other andmust be in different network segments.

l The IP addresses of different ports on an NE must be in different network segments.l The IP addresses of the ports at both ends of a link must be in the same network segment.



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Procedure

Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the required NE, and then choose Configuration > PacketConfiguration > Interface Management > Ethernet Interface from the Function Tree.

Step 2 Click the Layer 3 Attributes tab. Then, set the IP Address and IP Mask parameters. For theparameter description, see Layer 3 Attributes.

Step 3 Click Apply. In the Operation Result dialog box, which should display that the operationsucceeded, click Close.

----End

3.9 Configuring the Inband DCNDuring network planning, you do not need to set up an independent DCN for management andcontrol. Instead, you can use certain bandwidths of a service network to set up a DCN.

3.9.1 Enabling the DCN Function for a PortThe network management information can be transmitted over the inband DCN when the DCNfunction is enabled for the ports at both ends of a link.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with "NE operator" authority or higher.

l When you configure an Ethernet service that exclusively occupies a port, disable the DCNfunction of the port.

Procedure

Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the NE and choose Communication > DCN Management from theFunction Tree.

Step 2 Click the Port Settings tab.

Step 3 In the corresponding Enabled Status field of the related port, select Enabled.

Step 4 Click Apply.

----End

3.9.2 Setting the Protocol Stack Used by an Inband DCNInband DCN packets can be transmitted through the IP protocol or HWECC protocol.

Prerequisites

You must be an NM user with "NE operator" authority or higher.



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Procedure


Step 2 Click the Protocol Settings tab. Set Protocol Type of the corresponding port.

NOTE

The HWECC protocol is an internal protocol of Huawei and is applicable to the Huawei equipment. Wheninband DCN packets need to pass through the third-party network, you need to set Protocol Type to IP.

Step 3 Click Apply.

----End

3.9.3 Setting the VLAN ID and Bandwidth Used by an Inband DCNIf the equipment communicates with the NMS through the inband DCN, the networkmanagement information is transmitted with the service information. In this case, the equipmentidentifies the management information through a default VLAN ID. The bandwidth used by aninband DCN can be adjusted according to the network status.

PrerequisitesYou must be an NM user with "NE operator" authority or higher.

Contextl If the default VLAN ID of the inband DCN conflicts with the VLAN ID used by the service,

you can manually modify the VLAN ID of the inband DCN. Ensure that the DCNs on theentire network use the same VLAN ID.

l If the DCN packet does not use all the preset bandwidth, the idle bandwidth can be sharedwith the service packet.

l It is recommended that you perform modification first on the non-gateway NEs and thenon the gateway NE to prevent the non-gateway NEs from being unreachable to the NMS.

Procedure


Step 2 Click the Bandwidth Management tab, and set the required parameters.NOTEWhen you set these parameters, pay attention to the following points:l Click Default, and the parameter takes the default value.l Generally, use the default VLAN ID (4094). When the VLAN ID used by the service conflicts with

the VLAN ID used by a DCN channel, define another VLAN ID for the DCN channel. Ensure that theDCN channels on the entire network use the same VLAN ID.

l The bandwidth ranges from 64 Mbit/s to 1000 Mbit/s. It is recommended that you set the bandwidthto a value greater than 512 Mbit/s. Otherwise, the network management information is transmitted ata low rate.

Step 3 Click Apply.

----End



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3.9.4 Setting the Parameters for NMS AccessOn a traditional DCN, the equipment is connected to the NMS through the SCC board. TheOptiX OSN equipment can also be connected to the NMS through the NM interface on theEthernet board. In this case, set the parameters of the Ethernet board for NM access so that theequipment can normally communicate with the NMS.


PrecautionsNOTE

l Set these parameters only when the equipment is connected to the NMS through the Ethernet serviceboard.

l By default, Enabled Status is set to Disabled.

CAUTIONWhen the DCN port is interconnected with the NMS, the IP address of the NMS and the IPaddress of the NNI on the equipment must be set to the same segment.

Procedure


Step 2 Click the Access Control tab, and set the required parameters.

Step 3 Click Apply.

----End

3.9.5 Setting Inband DCN Packet PriorityThis section describes how to set the inband DCN packet priority. When a network congestionoccurs, DCN packets are forwarded based on priority to ensure the communication between theequipment and the NMS.


Procedure

Step 1 Select the NE in the NE Explorer. Choose Communication > DCN Management from theFunction Tree.

Step 2 Select the Packet Control tab, and set Packet Priority of corresponding ports. For how to setthe parameter, see Packet Control.



17

Step 3 Click Apply.

----End

3.9.6 Checking the DCN Routing TableAfter the inband DCN protocol is configured, check the DCN routing table to ensure that theinband DCN configurations are consistent with DCN planning.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l Protocol Stack Type of the inband DCN is set to IP.


Procedure

Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select the NE and then choose Communication > IP Protocol StackManagement from the Function Tree.

Step 2 Click the IP Route Management tab. In the tab page, click Query to query the IP routes.

NOTEIn the IP routing table, if all the NEs on which the protocol is set to the IP protocol on the same datacommunication network (DCN) are displayed, it indicates that the NEs communicate with each othernormally. If some NEs are not displayed, handle the fault by referring to Troubleshooting.

Table 3-1 Parameters in the IP routing table

Parameter Description

Destination Address Display the destination address of the IP packet to be transmitted.

Mask Indicates the subnet mask of the destination address of the IP packet.NOTE

The subnet masks of the NEs in the same network segment must be the same.Otherwise, routing errors occur.

Gateway IP Address Indicates the IP address of the gateway NE for the NE, or the IP addressof the next hop for the IP packet.

Protocol "DIRECT" indicates that the route is between the local NE and theneighboring NE.



18

Parameter Description

Interface Indicates the interface that is used on the route.l Ethernet1, the Ethernet interface on the SCC board. "1" indicates

the number of the Ethernet interface.l InLoopBack0, the loopback interface (that is, the interface whose

IP address is 127.0.0.1).l Serial3, the PPP interface. "3" indicates the number of the PPP

interface. If DCN routes are generated through Ethernet interfaceson data boards, this parameter is displayed as "serial".

Metric Indicates the maximum number of routers that IP packets can travelby.

Working Status Indicates the working status of an NE, for example, Working.

----End

3.9.7 Verifying the Inband DCNTo check whether the configured inband DCN functions normally, verify whether all the basicfunctions of the inband DCN are available.

PrerequisitesThe inband DCN must be configured.

Background InformationYou can verify the MPLS APS in the following aspects:l Create a non-gateway NE by using the U2000. After the creation, the user can log in to the

non-gateway NE and can upload the data of the NE to the U2000.l Query the DCN management information about the non-gateway NE by using the

U2000. The inband DCN should be configured correctly.l Change the parameters of the DCN, such as the protocol mode. The inband DCN should

function normally.

Procedure

Step 1 Create a non-gateway NE by using the U2000. After the creation, the user can log in to the non-gateway NE and can upload the data of the NE to the U2000.

NOTE

Set Gateway Type to Non-Gateway, and then set Affiliated Gateway to the gateway NE on the inbandDCN.

Step 2 Query the DCN management information about the non-gateway NE by using the U2000. Theinband DCN should be configured correctly.1. In the Main Menu, choose Administration > DCN Management.2. Choose Filter Information in the Filter NE tab, then click OK.



19

3. Click the NE tab.4. Click Refresh to check whether the Communication Status of the non-gateway NE is

Normal.

Step 3 Change the parameters of the DCN, such as the protocol mode. The inband DCN should functionnormally.

NOTE

On a network where the inband DCN communications are adopted, the parameters of all the NEs must bethe same. The parameters such as the DCN protocol mode of non-gateway NEs need to be changed beforethe parameters such as the DCN protocol mode of the gateway NEs are changed.

1. In the Main Topology, right-click the NE to be configured, and then choose NEExplorer from the shortcut menu.

2. In the NE Explorer, select the NE to be configured, and then choose Communication >DCN Management from the Function Tree.

3. Change the parameters, such as Bandwidth and Protocol Type.4. Click Apply.

----End

Follow-up ProcedureIf testing the inband DCN fails, rectify faults by referring to Troubleshooting.

3.10 Configuring Clocks, Services, and ProtectionUse the U2000 to configure clocks, services, and protection based on engineering documentationto prepare for subsequent equipment commissioning.

Prerequisitesl The connections of networkwide optical fibers are checked.l The connections of NMS computer are checked.


Procedure

Step 1 Table 3-2 lists the configuration process. For details on the configuration, see the ConfigurationGuide (Packet Transport Domain).

Table 3-2 Configuration process

ConfigurationTask

Description

ConfiguringsynchronousEthernet clocks

This task describes how to configure synchronous Ethernet clocks onthe U2000. For details, see Configuring Synchronous EthernetClocks.



20

ConfigurationTask

Description

Configuring IEEE1588v2

This task describes how to configure IEEE 1588v2 on the U2000. Fordetails, see Configuring the IEEE 1588v2 Time Synchronization.

Configuring CESACR

This task describes how to configure CES ACR on the U2000. Fordetails, see Configuring the CES ACR Clock.

Configuring E-Lineservices

This task describes how to configure E-Line services on the U2000.For details, see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services.

Configuring CESservices

This task describes how to configure CES services on the U2000. Fordetails, see Configuring CES Services.

Configuring ATMservices

This task describes how to configure ATM services on the U2000.For details, see Configuring ATM PWE3 Services.

Configuring MPLStunnel APSprotection

This task describes how to configure MPLS tunnel APS protection onthe U2000. For details, see Configuring Tunnel APS.

----End

3.11 Enabling NE Performance MonitoringThis section describes how to enable and disable the performance monitoring function on theU2000. The performance parameters are used to monitor the equipment, monitor the runningstatus of the services, and analyze the network.

Prerequisitesl The U2000 server and client must be started normally.

l 3.6 Setting the NE Name, Date, and Time must be complete.

l The user must log in to the NE.

Tools, Equipment and Materials

U2000

PrecautionsNOTE

In normal cases, all the performance parameters are set to the default values. You only need to enable theperformance monitoring function. You can also set the performance parameters depending on the actualsituations.

Procedure

Step 1 Choose Performance > Set NE Performance Monitoring Time from the Main Menu.



21

Step 2 Select an NE and click .

Step 3 Select one or more NEs and set the 15-minute and 24-hour performance monitoring parametersaccording to the requirements.

NOTE

l The start time must be later than the current time of the U2000 and the end time must be later than the starttime.

l If the end time is not set, it indicates that performance monitoring starts from the start time and does notstop.

Step 4 Click Apply. A dialog box is displayed indicating that the operation is successful. ClickClose.

----End



22

4 System Commissioning

About This Chapter

After the equipment is connected to the relevant network, test whether the equipment isconnected to the other equipment in the network properly and whether the indexes are normal.

4.1 Querying Network-Wide Software VersionsQuery and record the NE software versions to make sure that network-wide versions areconsistent. This section describes how to query the board versions.

4.2 Testing Tunnel and PW ConnectivityWhen a network carries packet services, tunnel and PW connectivity need to be tested andensured.

4.3 Testing Tunnel and PW PerformanceWhen a network carries packet services, you need to test and ensure the tunnel and PWperformance.

4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service AvailabilityAfter configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test whether the packetEthernet service is available.

4.5 Testing Packet Ethernet Service PerformanceAfter configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test the packet Ethernet serviceperformance.

4.6 Testing CES ServicesAfter configuring CES services, you need to test connectivity of end-to-end CES services toensure that they work properly.

4.7 Testing ATM/IMA ServicesUse the ATM OAM function to test the connectivity of UNI-NNI ATM/IMA services in orderto ensure that ATM/IMA services are normal.

4.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSN NetworkThe protection switching schemes configured for a PSN network protect the services on thenetwork. To ensure that the protection switching is normal in the case of a network fault, youneed to test the protection switching schemes on the PSN network.

4.9 Testing Clocks

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide 4 System Commissioning


23

Clock synchronization is critical to services on a network. To prevent service interruption dueto a clock failure, clock availability needs to be tested and ensured.



24

4.1 Querying Network-Wide Software VersionsQuery and record the NE software versions to make sure that network-wide versions areconsistent. This section describes how to query the board versions.

PrerequisitesThe U2000 server and U2000 client must be started normally.

Tools, Equipment and MaterialsU2000

Procedure

Step 1 Log in to the U2000 client. Choose Inventory > Physical Inventory from the Main Menu.

Step 2 In the Physical Inventory tab displayed, choose Physical Inventory Type > Board on the leftof the tab.

Step 3 Click Filter. In the Filter dialog box, select the filter conditions. Then, click OK to query boardinformation.

NOTEThe software version information mainly includes:

l BIOS Version

l Software Version

l PCB Version



25

Step 4 In Board List, select the required board and click Query. In the Please Select Query Scopedialog box, select Selected rows or All rows, and click OK. In the Operation Result dialogbox, which should display that the operation succeeded, click Close.



26

Step 5 Record the software versions of each board on the NEs. Compare the versions of these boards.The software versions of the boards on the entire network should be the same. If the softwareversions are not the same, contact the local Huawei office.

----End

4.2 Testing Tunnel and PW ConnectivityWhen a network carries packet services, tunnel and PW connectivity need to be tested andensured.

4.2.1 Testing Tunnel Connectivity Using MPLS Tunnel PingThe tunnel ping function provided by MPLS tunnel OAM allows you to test tunnel connectivitywith one click. No test instrument is required in the test.

Prerequisitesl MPLS tunnels have been created. For details on how to create MPLS tunnels, see

Configuring an MPLS Tunnel.

NOTE

Before managing an MPLS tunnel that is created on a per-NE basis, you need to search for the MPLStunnel. For details on how to search for MPLS tunnels, see Searching for MPLS Tunnels.

l You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.


U2000

Background Information

Only certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS OAM. For details aboutapplicable boards, see Availability in the Feature Description.

Procedure

Step 1 Choose Service > Tunnel > Manage Tunnel from the main menu.

Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Protocol Type toMPLS and set Signaling Type to Static CR. Then, click Filter. Query all MPLS tunnels thatmeet the filter conditions.

Step 3 Right-click the tunnel to be tested and choose Test and Check from the shortcut menu. TheTest and Check dialog box is displayed.

Step 4 Use the LSP ping function to test whether the tunnel is available.

1. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select LSP Ping and click

. In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set LSP ping parametersand click OK.



27

2. In the lower right area of the window, click Run.

3. View test results in the Result window. You can also view the number of packetstransmitted and received on the tunnel, packet loss ratio, and delay information by clickingDetails in the Check Result pane.

NOTE

If the number of transmitted packets and the number of received packets are different, packet losshas occurred. Perform an LSP traceroute test to locate the fault.

Step 5 Optional: Perform an LSP traceroute test on the affected tunnel to locate the fault.

1. Click the Configuration tab.

2. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select LSP Traceroute and

click . In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set LSP tracerouteparameters and click OK.


4. View test results in the Result window. You can also view running status of the tunnel byclicking Details in the Check Result pane.

----End

Follow-up ProcedureIf the tunnel test fails, see Handling MPLS Tunnel Faults for troubleshooting measures.

4.2.2 Testing PW Connectivity Using PW PingThe PW ping function in MPLS PW OAM allows you to check PW connectivity with one click.No instrument is required in the test.



28

Prerequisitesl A PWE3 service has been created. For details on how to create an PWE3, see Managing

PWE3 Services.

NOTE

Before managing a PWE3 service that is created on a per-NE basis, you need to search for the PWE3service.



Background InformationOnly certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS OAM. For details aboutapplicable boards, see Availability in the Feature Description.

Procedure

Step 1 Choose Service > PWE3 Service > Manage PWE3 Service from the main menu.

Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Protocol Type to PWAPS Protection. Then, click Filter. Query all PWE3 services that meet the filter conditions.

Step 3 Right-click the PWE3 service to be tested and choose Test and Check from the shortcut menu.The Test and Check dialog box is displayed.

Step 4 Use the ping function to check whether the PW is available.1. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select VCCV ping and click

. In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set PW ping parametersand click OK.

2. In the lower right area of the window, click Run.3. View test results in the Result window. You can also view the number of packets

transmitted and received on the PW, packet loss ratio, and delay information by clickingDetails in the Check Result pane.

NOTEIf the number of transmitted packets and the number of received packets are different, packet losshas occurred. Perform a VCCV traceroute test to locate the fault.



29

Step 5 Optional: Perform a VCCV traceroute test on the affected PW to locate the fault.

1. Click the Configuration tab.

2. On the Diagnosis Option pane (located in the lower left area), select VCCV traceroute

and click . In the Advanced Parameter dialog box that is displayed, set VCCVping parameters and click OK.


4. View test results in the Result window. You can also view running status of the PW byclicking Details in the Check Result pane.

----End

Follow-up ProcedureIf the PW test fails, see Handling PW Faults for troubleshooting measures.

4.3 Testing Tunnel and PW PerformanceWhen a network carries packet services, you need to test and ensure the tunnel and PWperformance.

4.3.1 Testing Tunnel Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TPTunnel OAM

The LM and DM functions in MPLS-TP tunnel OAM allow you to test tunnel performanceonline with no need for any test instruments. The LM and DM functions do no affect services.

Prerequisitesl MPLS tunnels have been created and deployed. For details on how to create MPLS tunnels,

see Configuring an MPLS Tunnel.

NOTE


l MPLS-TP OAM has been configured, with the service sink OAM protocol being Y.1731.

NOTE

The Y.1731 OAM mode complies with ITU-T G.8113.1.




30


Background InformationOnly certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS-TP OAM. For details aboutapplicable boards, see Availability in the Feature Description.

Procedure



Step 3 Right-click the desired tunnel and choose Performance > Create Monitoring Instance fromthe shortcut menu.

Step 4 In the displayed dialog box, click Next.NOTE

In Template Details, you can view parameter settings of the LM/DM functions provided by MPLS-TPtunnel OAM.

l MPLS_TUNNEL_FD(us): Tunnel delay.

l MPLS_TUNNEL_FDV(us): Tunnel delay variation.

Step 5 Click Next. Set Start Date and End Date for the monitoring instance.

Step 6 Click Next. Check the test result in Operation Result.

----End

4.3.2 Testing Tunnel Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TPTunnel OAM

The TST function in MPLS-TP Tunnel OAM allows you to test the tunnel packet loss ratiosonline and offline, with no need for any test instruments. Currently, the OptiX OSN equipmentseries support the packet loss ratios test online and offline without test instruments. The TSTfunction is generally used during deployment and commissioning.

Prerequisitesl MPLS tunnels have been created and deployed. For details on how to create MPLS tunnels,

see Configuring an MPLS Tunnel.

NOTE





31

NOTE




U2000


Only certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS-TP OAM. For details aboutapplicable boards, see Availability in the Feature Description.

Procedure



Step 3 Right-click the desired tunnel and choose OAM > MPLS-TP OAM Test from the shortcutmenu. The MPLS-TP OAM Test dialog box is displayed.

Step 4 Choose Test from the drop-down list, click Parameter, set test parameters.

Step 5 Select the desired NE, and click Run.



32

Step 6 View the test result in Test Statistics.

----End

4.3.3 Testing PW Performance Using LM/DM in MPLS-TP PWOAM

The LM and DM functions in MPLS-TP PW OAM allow you to test PW performance onlinewith no need for any test instruments. The LM and DM functions do not affect services.

Prerequisitesl PWE3 services have been created and deployed. For details on how to create PWE3

services, see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services.

NOTE

If the MPLS tunnel is created on a per-NE basis, search for the tunnel before performing otheroperations. For details about how to search for an MPLS tunnel, see Managing PWE3 Services.


NOTE




U2000


Only certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS-TP OAM. For details aboutapplicable boards, see Availability in the Feature Description.

Procedure




33

Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Protocol Type to PWAPS Protection. Then, click Filter. Query all PWE3 services that meet the filter conditions.

Step 3 Choose the desired PWE3 service. On the Topology tab page, right-click the displayed PW andchoose View Real-Time Performance.

Step 4 In the displayed dialog box, check performance data of the PWE3 service.

NOTE

l PW_RCVPKTS(pkt): Packets received on PW.

l PW_RCVBYTES(byte): Bytes received on PW.

l PW_DROPPKTS(pkt): Packets discarded on PW.

l MPLS_PW_FLR(%): PW packet loss ratio.

l MPLS_PW_FL(pkt): Number of lost PW packets.

l MPLS_PW_FD(us): PW delay.

l MPLS_PW_FDV(us): PW delay variation.

----End

4.3.4 Testing PW Packet Loss Ratios Using TST in MPLS-TP PWOAM

The TST function in MPLS-TP PW OAM allows you to test PW packet loss ratios online andoffline, with no need for any test instruments.Currently, the OptiX OSN equipment series supportthe packet loss ratios test online and offline without test instruments. The TST function isgenerally used during deployment and commissioning.

Prerequisitesl PWE3 services have been created and deployed. For details on how to create PWE3

services, see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services.

NOTE

If the MPLS tunnel is created on a per-NE basis, search for the tunnel before performing otheroperations. For details about how to search for an MPLS tunnel, see Managing PWE3 Services.


NOTE




Background InformationOnly certain boards on the OptiX OSN equipment support MPLS-TP OAM. For details aboutapplicable boards, see Availability in the Feature Description.



34

Procedure


Step 2 In the dialog box that is displayed, set filter conditions; for example, set Service Name. Then,click Filter. Query all MPLS PWs that meet the filter conditions.

Step 3 Right-click the desired PW and choose PW OAM > TP OAM Test from the shortcut menu.The MPLS-TP OAM Test dialog box is displayed.

Step 4 Choose Test from the drop-down list, click Parameter, set test parameters.

Step 5 Select the desired NE, and click Run.

Step 6 View the test result in Test Statistics.



35

----End

4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service AvailabilityAfter configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test whether the packetEthernet service is available.

4.4.1 Testing Availability of Packet Ethernet Services Using LB inETH OAM

The LB function provided by ETH OAM is used to test whether Ethernet services are available.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l Ethernet services have been configured. For details on how to configure Ethernet services,

see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services in the Configuration Guide (Packet TransportDomain).

Application ScenarioThe LB function in ETH OAM can be used to test the following services (PW-carried E-Lineservices, for example):

l Native ETH-carried E-Line and E-LAN servicesl PW-carried E-Line (based on VLAN) and E-LAN services

PrecautionsFor details on the feature dependencies and limitationshow to configure ETH OAM services,Please see Feature Dependencies and Limitations in the Feature Description.




36


For details about the boards that support the ETH OAM function, see Availability of the ETHOAM function in the Feature Description.

Huawei's Ethernet service processing boards can achieve ETH OAM in compliance with IEEE802.1ag and IEEE 802.3ah. IEEE 802.1ag define the OAM standards for Ethernet services; IEEE802.3ah defines the OAM standards for Ethernet ports. As shown in Figure 4-1, the tworecommendations are applied to provide a complete ETH OAM solution.

Figure 4-1 Application of IEEE 802.1ag and IEEE 802.3ah

Core layer

PE1

CE4

PE2 CE3

P

P P

P

CE1

Router 3

Access layerAccess layer

Custom layerCustom layer

Router 1

Router 2

IEEE 802.1ag IEEE802.3ah

IEEE802.3ah

CE2

OptiX NE

NOTE

The OptiX OSN 500 is usually applied to the access layer of networks.

l Ethernet service OAM achieves end-to-end maintenance for Ethernet links. It functionsbased on "maintenance domains" which segment the trail that an Ethernet service travelsalong.

l Ethernet port OAM achieves point-to-point maintenance for Ethernet links. It functionsbased on the two directly-connected devices of Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM). Ethernetport OAM can be performed by means of auto-discovery, link performance monitoring,fault detection, remote loopback, and self-loop detection.

Procedure

Step 1 Optional: Convert the Ethernet services that are created in per-NE mode to end-to-end PWE3services.1. Choose Service > Search for IP Service from the main menu.2. In the dialog box that is displayed, set the auto-discovery policies.3. Click Start.4. After the auto-discovery is finished, click Close.

Step 2 Choose Service > PWE3 Service > Manage PWE3 Service from the Main Menu.



37

Step 3 In the dialog box that is displayed, set the filter conditions. For example, set Protocol Type toPW APS. Then click Filter.

Step 4 After all the PWE3 services that meet the filter conditions are displayed, select the desiredservice, right-click, and choose Ethernet OAM > LB Test from the shortcut menu.

Step 5 In the dialog box that is displayed, select the source NE and sink NE. Then click Run.

Step 6 After the test is finished, click the LB Statistic Information tab and check the test results.

NOTE

The service under test has normal connectivity if the number of transmitted packets equals the number ofreceived packets.

----End

4.5 Testing Packet Ethernet Service PerformanceAfter configuring a packet Ethernet service on a PSN, you need to test the packet Ethernet serviceperformance.

4.5.1 Testing Ethernet Service Latency and Throughput Using TP-Assist

The TP-Assist function allows you to test the latency and throughput of VLAN-based E-Lineservices with different frame lengths, with no need for any test instruments.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l The Ethernet service to be tested must be an E-Line service between two NEs that adopt

traffic classification based on VLAN tags, or a PORT+VLAN<->PORT+VLAN E-Lineservice.




38


CAUTIONl The ports at the ends of the Ethernet service to be tested must be Ethernet ports. During the

test, the other Ethernet services on the related ports are interrupted.

l If the tested service is configured with QoS, OAM, LAG, inband DCN or any datatransmission protocol, the precision of test results may be affected. To ensure the precisionof test results, it is recommended you delete the above configurations.

l If the enabled source port of the tested service also transmits other services, the precision oftest results may be affected. To ensure the precision of test results, it is recommended youdisconnect the port from the other services.

Connection Diagram for the Test

The test procedure takes the Ethernet service between NE A (PORT1) and NE B (PORT2), asshown in Figure 4-2, as an example. Ethernet services on NE A and NE B are VLAN-based E-Line.

Figure 4-2 Test connection diagram

NE BNE APORT 1

PSN

PORT 2

VLAN ID=100

NodeB

RNCVLAN ID=100

The Ethernet service between NE A and NE B has the VLAN ID of 100.

Procedure

Step 1 Modify the Tag attribute of the Ethernet service between NE A and NE B.1. In the NE Explorer, select the desired NE from the Object Tree and choose

Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > EthernetInterface from the Function Tree.

2. Click the Layer 2 Attributes tab.3. Set Tag to Access. Set Default VLAN ID to the VLAN ID of the tested E-Line service.

In this example, set Default VLAN ID to 100.4. Click Apply.

Step 2 Set NE B as the sink node for the test.



39

1. In the NE Explorer, select NE B from the Object Tree and chooseDiagnosis&Maintenance > Data Service Performance Test from the Function Tree.

2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name, and set Test As to Sink.3. In this example, port 2 is on the sink node and therefore Sink Status should be set to

Enabled.NOTE

If port 2 is on the source node, Source Status should be set to Enabled.

4. Click Apply.

Step 3 Set NE A as the source node for the test. Then start the test.1. In the NE Explorer, select NE A from the Object Tree and choose

Diagnosis&Maintenance > Data Service Performance Test from the Function Tree.2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name as that on NE B, set Test As to

Source.3. In this example, port 1 is on the source node and therefore Source Status should be set to

Enabled.NOTE

l If port 1 is on the sink node, Sink Status should be set to Enabled.l A maximum of five Ethernet services can be tested one time. Therefore, Source Status and Sink

Status should be set to Disabled for the other Ethernet services.

4. Click Apply.5. Click Start.

NOTEThe test can be started on only the source node (NE A).

A confirmation dialog box is displayed.6. Click OK.

The system starts the test and displays the test progress and test result.NOTE

The system tests the following parameters:l Throughput, Latency when Frame Length(Bytes) is 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280, and 1518l Latency when Throughput Percentage(%) is 80, 90, and 100

7. Optional: After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, click ExportReport.Data Service Performance Test Report is displayed.

NOTE

l Compared with a tool-based test, this test may have an error rate in its results.l Compared with the throughput in practice, the throughput in test results of long-frame services has an

error rate lower than 5%.

Step 4 After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, set Source Status and SinkStatus to Disabled for the related ports (port 1 of NE A and port 2 of NE B in this example).

----End

4.5.2 Testing Long-term Ethernet Packet Loss Ratio Using TP-AssistThe TP-Assist function allows you to test the long-term packet loss ratio of VLAN-based E-Line services with different frame lengths.



40

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l The Ethernet service to be tested must be an E-Line service between two NEs that adopt

traffic classification based on VLAN tags, or a PORT+VLAN<->PORT+VLAN E-Lineservice.


U2000


CAUTIONl The ports at the ends of the Ethernet service to be tested must be Ethernet ports. During the

test, the other Ethernet services on the related ports are interrupted.l If the tested service is configured with QoS, OAM, LAG, inband DCN or any data

transmission protocol, the precision of test results may be affected. To ensure the precisionof test results, it is recommended you delete the above configurations.

l If the enabled source port of the tested service also transmits other services, the precision oftest results may be affected. To ensure the precision of test results, it is recommended youdisconnect the port from the other services.

Connection Diagram for the Test

The test procedure takes the Ethernet service between NE A (PORT1) and NE B (PORT2), asshown in Figure 4-3, as an example.

Figure 4-3 Test connection diagram

NE BNE APORT 1

PSN

PORT 2

VLAN ID=100

NodeB

RNCVLAN ID=100

The Ethernet service between NE A and NE B has the VLAN ID of 100.

Procedure

Step 1 Modify the Tag attribute of the Ethernet service between NE A and NE B.



41

1. In the NE Explorer, select the desired NE from the Object Tree and chooseConfiguration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > EthernetInterface from the Function Tree.

2. Click the Layer 2 Attributes tab.3. Set Tag to Access. Set Default VLAN ID to the VLAN ID of the tested E-Line service.

In this example, set Default VLAN ID to 100.4. Click Apply.

Step 2 Set NE B as the sink node for the test.1. In the NE Explorer, select NE B from the Object Tree and choose

Diagnosis&Maintenance > Data Service Performance Test from the Function Tree.2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name, and set Test As to Sink.3. In this example, port 2 is on the sink node and therefore Sink Status should be set to

Enabled.

NOTEIf port 2 is on the source node, Source Status should be set to Enabled.

4. Click Apply.

Step 3 Set NE A as the source node for the test. Then start the test.1. In the NE Explorer, select NE A from the Object Tree and choose

Diagnosis&Maintenance > Data Service Performance Test from the Function Tree.2. Select the Ethernet service to be tested, enter Test Name as that on NE B, set Test As to

Source.3. In this example, port 1 is on the source node and therefore Source Status should be set to

Enabled.

NOTE

l If port 1 is on the sink node, Sink Status should be set to Enabled.

l A maximum of five Ethernet services can be tested one time. Therefore, Source Status and SinkStatus should be set to Disabled for the other Ethernet services.

4. Click the Long-term Packet Loss Radio tab.5. Set test parameters.

l Set Frame Length(Bytes) to 64.l Set Throughput Percentage(%) to 80.

NOTETo test the long-term packet loss ratio when the throughput percentage is 90%, set ThroughputPercentage(%) to 90. To test the long-term packet loss ratio at a specific traffic volume, configure a flowwhose C-VLAN ID is 100 in the port policy for PORT1, configure the specific CAR for the flow, and setThroughput Percentage(%) to 100.

6. Click Start Long-term Test.The system starts the test and displays the test progress and test result.

NOTEAfter the test time lasts for 24 hours (commonly used test time), click Stop Long-term Test and checkthe test result.

7. After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, click Export Report.



42

Data Service Performance Test Report is displayed.NOTE

Tests may have an error rate in the results. When the number of received packets is different from thenumber of transmitted packets and the error rate is within one millionth, you can conclude that no servicepackets are lost.

Step 4 Repeat Step 3.5 to Step 3.7 to test the long-term packet loss ratio when Frame Length(Bytes) is 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280, and 1518.

Step 5 After the progress bar indicates that the test is 100% complete, set Source Status and SinkStatus to Disabled for the related ports (port 1 of NE A and port 2 of NE B in this example).

----End

4.5.3 Testing Ethernet Packet Service Performance by UsingSmartBits

You can check whether packet loss has occurred in an Ethernet packet service by looping backthe service at one end and testing packet loss with a SmartBits at the other end.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l Ethernet services have been configured. For details on how to configure Ethernet services,

see Configuring ETH PWE3 Services in the Configuration Guide (Packet TransportDomain).

Tools, Equipment, and Materialsl Data network performance analyzerl U2000

Connection Diagram for the TestFigure 4-4 shows a connection diagram for testing packet Ethernet services.

Figure 4-4 Connection diagram for testing packet Ethernet services

3-EM6F-1

NE1

NE2

SmartBits

3-EM6F-1Dual-domain/TDM domain/

Packet domainnetwork

MAC inloop

NOTEThe connection diagram is only an example. In this example, a MAC-layer inloop is performed on anEthernet port on NE1, and the SmartBits is connected to an Ethernet port on NE2. If required, you canconnect the SmartBits to any Ethernet board on the source or sink NE of a packet Ethernet service.



43

Precautions

CAUTIONl Keep irrelevant personnel away from the testing environment during a test.l Do not touch fibers, electrical wires, or cables unless necessary.

Procedure

Step 1 According to the test connection diagram, connect the SmartBits to the Ethernet port on NE2.

Step 2 Log in to the U2000. Follow instructions in 3.11 Enabling NE Performance Monitoring toenable 15-minute and 24-hour performance monitoring for NE1 and NE2.

NOTEPerformance monitoring needs to be enabled in case that a fault detected in the test can be located.

Step 3 Log in to the U2000 and set a MAC-layer inloop for the Ethernet port on NE1.1. In the Workbench view, double-click Main Topology to display the main topology.2. Right-click the NE to be looped back on the Main Topology of the U2000, and choose NE

Explorer from the shortcut menu.3. Select the Ethernet board to be looped back, and choose Configuration > Interface

Management > Ethernet Interface from the Function Tree.4. Select Advanced Attributes.5. In the list, select an Ethernet interface, and then double-click PHY Loopback or MAC

Loopback to select a loopback mode.6. Click Query. After the Prompt dialog box is displayed, click OK.7. After the Operation Result dialog box is displayed, click Close.

Step 4 Use the SmartBits to perform tests on packet receiving and transmission.

NOTE

l Packets with all 0s are regarded as special packets. Therefore, do not use packets of all 0s for testingtransmitted and received packets.

l When the SmartBits transmits and receives packets for the first time, packet loss occurs due to MACaddress learning. Therefore, it is normal that the number of transmitted packets is different from thenumber of received packets.

l In the tests after the first time, if the number of transmitted packets is the same as the number of receivedpackets, the cross-domain service channels are normal.

l If packet loss occurs during the tests, troubleshoot the fault and then perform 24-hour tests until thechannels pass the tests.

----End

4.6 Testing CES ServicesAfter configuring CES services, you need to test connectivity of end-to-end CES services toensure that they work properly.



44

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l CES services must be configured as required. For details, see "Configuring CES Services"

in the Configuration Guide (Packet Transport Domain).

Tools, Equipment, and MaterialsBER tester or SDH analyzer, the U2000

Test Connection DiagramFigure 4-5 shows the connection diagram for testing connectivity of CES service. You canreplace the BER tester with a SDH analyzer.

Figure 4-5 Connection diagram for testing connectivity of CES services

Inloop

NE1 NE2

Packet domain

DDF

BER tester

WARNINGl Only commissioning engineers are present during the test.l Do not touch the cable, unless necessary.

Procedure

Step 1 As shown in Figure 4-5, connect the CES service interface on NE1 to the BER tester.

Step 2 Perform an inloop for the UNI that receives CES services on NE2 on the U2000.1. In the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click the required NE and then choose NE

Explorer from the shortcut menu. The NE Explorer window is displayed.2. Select the board that provides CES services.3. In the Function Tree, select the type of the interface that receives the CES services.

If an E1 interface receives the CES services, choose Configuration > PacketConfiguration > Interface Management > PDH Interface from the Function Tree.



45

4. Click the Advanced Attributes tab and then select the interface to perform a loopback.5. Right-click the Loopback Mode field, and then choose Inloop from the shortcut menu.6. Click Apply.

Step 3 Perform a 24-hour bit error test.

NOTE

Set the coding to HDB3 and pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) to 2 15-1 for the signals transmittedby the BER tester.

Set the BER tester according to the encapsulation method that the CES services adopt and the frame formatthat the E1 interface adopts.

l If the CES services adopt the SATop method, you need to enable the BER tester to transmit unframedsignals, double-frame signals, or CRC-4 multiframe signals.

l If the CES services adopt the CESoPSN method and the interface adopts the double-frame format, youneed to enable the BER tester to transmit double-frame signals.

l If the CES services adopt the CESoPSN method and the interface adopts the CRC-4 multiframe format,you need to enable the BER tester to transmit CRC-4 multiframe signals.

Step 4 Test the performance of the CES services. That is, check whether bit errors occur in the CESservices in the 24-hour period.

Step 5 Check for the alarms associated with the CES services. If there is any, see the Alarms andPerformance Events Reference and Troubleshooting to clear the alarms.

Step 6 Repeat Step 3 to Step 4 to perform the 24-hour bit error test again.

Step 7 Release the inloop that is set on the interface on NE2. For details, see Step 2.

Step 8 Reconnect the cable to the CES service interface on NE1.

Step 9 Repeat Step 1 to Step 8 to test the CES services on all the other 2 Mbit/s interfaces on NE1 andNE2.

Step 10 Repeat Step 1 to Step 9 to test connectivity of the CES services on the other NEs.

----End

4.7 Testing ATM/IMA ServicesUse the ATM OAM function to test the connectivity of UNI-NNI ATM/IMA services in orderto ensure that ATM/IMA services are normal.

Prerequisitesl End-to-end UNI-NNI ATM/IMA services are configured.l You must be an NM user with "NE and network operator " authority or higher.


Test Connection DiagramFigure 4-6 shows the connections for testing the connectivity of ATM/IMA services.



46

Figure 4-6 Connections for testing the connectivity of ATM/IMA services

PSN

NE2

Inloop

NE1

Inloop

Procedure

Step 1 On NE1 and NE2, set the automatic loopback release function of the UNI ports receiving ATM/IMA services to Disabled.1. On the left side of the Automatic Disabling of NE Function window, select NE1 and NE2

in the Object Tree. Then, click . The Automatic Disabling of NE Function windowlists the selected NEs.

2. For SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback of NE1 and NE2, set Auto Disablingto Disabled.

NOTE

When Auto Disabling of SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback on an NE is set toDisabled, the automatic loopback release function is disabled for all SDH optical ports, PDHelectrical ports, and ATM/IMA groups on the NE.

Step 2 On NE1, set an inloop for the UNI port receiving ATM/IMA services as shown in the testconnection diagram.1. In the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click NE1. Then, choose NE Explorer from the

shortcut menu. The NE Explorer window is displayed.2. In the NE Explorer window, select NE1 and then choose Configuration > Packet

Configuration > Interface Management > ATM IMA Management from the FunctionTree.

3. Click the ATM Interface Management tab, and then select the IMA group carrying theATM/IMA service to be tested.

4. Double-click Loopback of the IMA group. In the menu that is displayed, select Inloop.5. Click Apply.

Step 3 On NE2, set an inloop for the UNI port receiving ATM/IMA services as shown in the testconnection diagram with reference to Step 2.

Step 4 Select NE1 in the NE Explorer, and then choose Configuration > Packet Configuration >ATM OAM Management from the Function Tree.

Step 5 Click the Remote Loopback Test tab, and select the ATM/IMA services to be tested.

Step 6 For the ATM/IMA services whose Connection Direction is Source, set Segment and EndAttribute to Endpoint.

NOTE

Segment and End Attribute of an ATM/IMA service specifies the type of ATM OAM cells transmittedduring an LB test.

l If Segment and End Attribute is set to Segment point, seg_LB cells will be transmitted.

l If Segment and End Attribute is set to Endpoint, e-t-e_LB cells will be transmitted.

Step 7 Set Loopback Point NE of the ATM/IMA services to be tested to NE2.



47

Step 8 Click Test to start an LB test. The test progress bar is displayed. In the Operation Result dialogbox that is displayed upon the completion of the test, click Close.

Step 9 Check Test Result of the tested ATM/IMA service.1. Normally, Test Result should be Test Succeeded. If such is the display, view the new

performance events to verify that the LB test succeeded.

a. On the Main View, click the shortcut icon. In the Query Event Logs windowthat is displayed, select Reporting of LB status information about the newperformance events.

b. Right-click Reporting of LB status information, and select Details .... from theshortcut menu. In the window, view the additional information to confirm the testresult.

c. Normally, the test result should be a success. If it is a failure, handle the problemaccording to the ATM/OAM service fault handling description in the TroubleshootingGuide.

2. If the test result is Test Failed or other failure information, handle the problem accordingto the ATM/OAM service fault handling description in the Fault Handling.

Step 10 On NE1 and NE2, release the inloops for the UNI ports receiving ATM/OAM services withreference to Step 2.

Step 11 Repeat Step 2 to Step 10 to test the connectivity of the other ATM/OAM services on NE1 andNE2.

Step 12 For SDH Optical/Electrical Interface Loopback on NE1 and NE2, set AutomaticDisabling to Enabled with reference to Step 1.

Step 13 Repeat Step 1 to Step 12 to test the connectivity of the ATM/IMA services on the other NEs.

----End

4.8 Testing the Protection Switching Schemes on the PSNNetwork

The protection switching schemes configured for a PSN network protect the services on thenetwork. To ensure that the protection switching is normal in the case of a network fault, youneed to test the protection switching schemes on the PSN network.

4.8.1 Testing the MPLS Tunnel APS Protection SwitchingOn the U2000, you can perform the MPLS Tunnel APS protection switching. The protectionswitching operations include the forced switching, exercise switching, manual to working, andmanual to protection.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l The MPLS Tunnel APS must be configured.




48

Background InformationNOTEAfter the MPLS tunnel APS protection scheme is configured, the ping test function and traceroute testfunction in MPLS OAM cannot be used for the protection channel. Therefore, you need to ensure that theworking tunnel and protection tunnel are normal.

Protection switching includes forced switching, manual switching, and exercise switching.

l In the case of forced switching, the state of the protection channel is not considered, unlessthe protection channel is responding to the bridge request of a higher priority. When theautomatic switching fails due to some reason, the forced switching can be performed torestore the services.

l Commands for manual switching are valid only when there is no signal failure or signaldegradation on the protection tunnel. In the case of manual switching, services can bemanually switched to a working or protection tunnel.

l The exercise switching is used to test the APS protocol. In fact, the services are not switched,and only the computation result of the protocol is displayed.

You can verify the MPLS Tunnel APS function according to the following aspects:

l If a fault is generated on the network, the MPLS Tunnel APS can still be performednormally.

l If the protection group is set to the revertive mode, the service can be switched from theprotection tunnel to the working tunnel after the WTR time expires.

l All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.

Test Connection Diagram

see Figure 4-7, a 2 Mbit/s service is present between Node B and RNC. After the 2 Mbit/s serviceis encapsulated, it is transmitted through the working tunnel NE1-NE4-NE3 as shown in Figure1. Because the 2 Mbit/s service has a high requirement for safety, a protection tunnel NE1-NE2-NE3 is created to protect the working tunnel. Then, the 1:1 protection is established between thetwo tunnels.

Figure 4-7 MPLS test connection diagram

NE1

NE2

NE3

NE4

Protection Tunnel

Working Tunnel

NodeB

PSN

RNC



49

ProcedureStep 1 If a fault is generated on the network, the MPLS tunnel APS can still be performed normally.

1. Disconnect the working fiber. For example the fibre between NE1 and NE4.2. In the Main Topology, right-click the NE that you want to verify and choose NE

Explorer from the shortcut menu.3. Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > APS Protection Management in the

Function Tree. In the pane on the right side, select the protection group that you want toverify. Then, click Function > Query Switching Status to check whether the service isswitched from the working tunnel to the protection tunnel.

Step 2 If the protection group is set to the revertive mode and if the working tunnel recovers, the servicecan be switched from the protection tunnel to the working tunnel after the WTR time expires.1. Reconnect the fiber that is disconnected in Step Step 1. After the WTR time expires, click

Function > Query Switching Status to check whether Active Tunnel is the specifiedWorking Tunnel.

Step 3 All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.1. Select the protection group that you want to verify and click Clear under Function. Then,

click Query Switching Status under Function to check whether the command is issuedsuccessfully.

2. Repeat the preceding steps to check whether all commands that trigger manual switching,such as Force Switching, Manual Switching to Working, Manual Switching toProtection, Exercise Switching, and Lockout of Protection are issued successfully.

----End

Follow-up ProcedureIf testing MPLS tunnel APS protection switching fails, rectify faults by referring toTroubleshooting.

4.8.2 Testing the MPLS PW APSThe equipment supports MPLS PW APS. The switching commands include forced switching,exercise switching, manual switching to working, and manual switching to protection.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l The MPLS PW APS protection scheme is configured.


Background InformationNOTEAfter the MPLS PW APS protection scheme is configured, the ping test function in PW OAM cannot beused for the protection channel. Therefore, you need to ensure that the working PW and protection PW arenormal.

Switching commands include forced switching, manual switching, and exercise switching.



50

l In the case of forced switching, the state of the protection channel is not considered, unlessthe protection channel is responding to the bridge request with a higher priority. When theautomatic switching fails due to some reason, the forced switching can be performed torestore the services.

l Commands for manual switching take effect only when there is no signal failure or signaldegradation on the destination PW of the protection switching. In the case of manualswitching, services can be manually switched to a working or protection channel.

l Exercise switching is used to test the APS protocol. In fact, the services are not switched,and only the computation result of the protocol is displayed.

You can verify the MPLS PW APS function in the following aspects:l When a fault is generated on the network, MPLS PW APS can be performed normally.l All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.l When the protection group is set to the revertive mode, the service can be switched from

the protection channel to the working channel after the WTR time expires.


A 2 Mbit/s service is present between the Node B and the RNC. After being encapsulated, the2 Mbit/s service is transmitted through the working PW of NE1-NE4-NE3, as shown in Figure4-8. A protection PW of NE1-NE2-NE3 is created to protect the working PW because the 2Mbit/s service has a high requirement for safety. The two PWs form MPLS APS 1:1 protection.

Figure 4-8 MPLS test connection diagram

NE1

NE2

NE3

NE4

Protection PW

Working PW

NodeB

PSN

RNC

Tunnel

Procedure

Step 1 When a fault is generated on the network, MPLS PW APS can be performed normally.1. Remove the optical fibers on the working channel, such as the optical fibers from NE1 to

NE4.2. Right-click the required NE in the Main Topology, and choose NE Explorer from the

shortcut menu.3. Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > APS Protection Management from

the Function Tree.



51

4. Click the PW APS Management tab. In the tab page, select the required protection groupand choose Function > Query Switching Status to check whether the switching is normal.

Step 2 When the protection group is set to the revertive mode and the working PW recovers, the servicecan be switched from the protection PW to the working PW after the WTR time expires.1. Reconnect the optical fibers that are disconnected in Step 1. After the WTR time expires,

choose Function > Query Switching Status to check whether the value of Working PWID is the same as that specified.

Step 3 All the commands that trigger manual switching can be issued correctly.1. Select the protection group to be verified, and click Clear below Function. Then, click

Query Switching Status below Function to check whether the command is issuedsuccessfully.

2. Repeat the preceding steps to check whether all commands that trigger manual switchingare issued successfully, such as Forced Switching, Manual Switching to Working,Manual Switching to Protection, Exercise Switching, and Lockout of Protection.

----End

4.8.3 Testing ERPS SwitchingYou can verify whether the ERPS function is in the normal state by checking the port status ofthe ERPS protection group before and after the switching.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l The equipment is configured with ERPS.l The network cable for carrying the working and protection Ethernet services of ERPS is

properly connected.


Test Connection DiagramAs shown in Figure 4-9, the following procedures use the Ethernet services that are configuredwith ERPS between NE A and NE D as an example. The RPL owner node is NE D.

Figure 4-9 Configuration for testing ERPS

NE A, NE B, NE C, and NE D are configured as follows:l West ETH board: 3-EM6F-1l East ETH board: 3-EM6F-2



52

Working channel

NE B

Protection channel

West

East

West

West

East

East

East

West

NE A

NE C

NE D

Procedure

Step 1 Before the switching, query the status of the protection group that is configured on NE D.

1. Select the NE from the Object Tree in the NE Explorer of NE D, and chooseConfiguration > Packet Configuration > Ethernet Protection > ERPS Managementfrom the Function Tree.

2. Select the ERPS protection group to be queried, and click Query.

3. The value of State Machine Status should be Idle.

Step 2 Refer to 4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability to test availability of the Ethernetservices.The LossRate in the Detection Result should be 0.

Step 3 Disable the west Ethernet port 3-EM6F-1 on NE A.

1. In the NE Explorer of NE A, select the desired Ethernet board and chooseConfiguration > Interface Management > Ethernet Interface from the Function Tree.

2. Click the Basic Attributes tab.

3. Select the desired port and set Enable Port to Disabled.

4. Click Apply.



53

Step 4 After the switching, query the status of the protection group that is configured on NE D.1. Select the NE from the Object Tree in the NE Explorer of NE D, and choose

Configuration > Packet Configuration > Ethernet Protection > ERPS Managementfrom the Function Tree.

2. Select the ERPS protection group to be queried, and click Query.3. The value of State Machine Status should be Protection.

Step 5 Refer to 4.4 Testing Packet Ethernet Service Availability to test availability of the Ethernetservices.The LossRate in the Detection Result should be 0.

Step 6 Enable the west Ethernet port 3-EM6F-1 on NE A.1. In the NE Explorer of NE A, select the desired Ethernet board and choose

Configuration > Interface Management > Ethernet Interface from the Function Tree.2. Click the Basic Attributes tab.3. Select the desired port and set Enable Port to Enabled.4. Click Apply.

----End

4.8.4 Testing Packet-based LMSP SwitchingFor a chain network, packet-based linear MSP can be configured to improve link transmissionreliability.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE operator authority or higher.l The Packet-Based linear MSP must be created and configured on the U2000.


U2000

Procedure

Step 1 Check the switching status of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group under test.1. On the Main Topology of the U2000, right-click the NE configured with Packet-Based

Linear MSP. Choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu to display the NE Explorerwindow.

2. In the Function Tree of NE Explorer, choose Configuration > Packet Configuration >Packet-based Linear MS.

3. Click Query and choose Query Protection Group from the shortcut menu to refresh theconfiguration of protection groups on the NE.

4. Click Query and choose Query Switching Status from the shortcut menu. Then, checkWest Switching Status of the working and protection units in the protection group undertest. West Switching Status of both units should be Idle.

Step 2 Disable the working port of the LMSP protection group under test.



54

1. In NE Explorer, select the board configured with the LMSP protection and chooseConfiguration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > SDH Interface fromthe Function Tree.

2. On the General Attributes tab, select the working port in the Packet-Based Linear MSPprotection group and set Laser Interface Enabling Status to Close.

Step 3 Check the switching status. If West Switching Status of either the working unit or protectionunit is Switching, it indicates a successful switching.

Step 4 Disable the working port of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group under test withreference to Step 2.

Step 5 Revert the services to the working tunnel of the LMSP protection group.l If Revertive Mode of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group is set to Revertive,

the services are reverted to the working tunnel when WTR expires.l If Revertive Mode of the Packet-Based Linear MSP protection group is set to Non-

Revertive, select the protection group and click the Inter-Board Mapping Relation tab,right-click Protection Unit in Protection Unit, and choose Manual Switching toWorking from the shortcut menu.

----End

4.8.5 Testing ML-PPP ProtectionThis section describes how to test Multi-Link Point-to-Point Protocol (ML-PPP) protection onthe U2000.

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.l ML-PPP protection has been configured for NE 1 and NE 2 on the U2000.


ContextNE 1 and NE 2 are interconnected using their CQ1 boards and configured with ML-PPPprotection.

Procedure

Step 1 Check the encapsulation attributes of serial interfaces configured for NE 1 and NE 2.1. In the main topology, right-click NE 1 and choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu.

The NE Explorer window is displayed.2. Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > Serial

Interface from the function tree.3. Click Query. Information about the serial interface configured for NE 1 is displayed on

the General Attributes tab page.4. Check Port Mode. The expected value is Layer 3. Then, check Encapsulation Type. The

expected value is PPP.



55

5. Repeat Step 1.1 to Step 1.4 to check the encapsulation attributes of the serial interfaceconfigured for NE 2.

Step 2 Check information about maintenance point (MP) groups configured for NE 1 and NE 2.1. Enter NE 1's NE Explorer and choose Configuration > Packet Configuration >

Interface Management > MP Group Management from the function tree.2. Click Query. Information about the MP group configured for NE 1 is displayed on the

General Attributes tab page. Then, check Enable Tunnel. The expected value isEnable.

3. Repeat Step 2.1 to Step 2.2 to check information about the MP group configured for NE2.

Step 3 Change the frame mode of NE 1's port connecting NE 1 to NE 2, and ensure that theinterconnected ports on NE 1 and NE 2 use different frame modes.1. Enter NE 1's NE Explorer, select the CQ1 board from the object tree, and choose

Configuration > Interface Management > Path Configuration from the function tree.2. In the Path Configuration dialog box, right-click Frame Mode of the port connecting NE

1 to NE 2 and choose 30 from the drop-down list. At this time, the interconnected ports onNE 1 and NE 2 use different frame modes, because NE 2's port connecting NE 2 to NE 1takes the default value 31.

NOTE

The default value of Frame Mode is 31. As Frame Mode is not changed for NE 2, Frame Modeof NE 2's port connecting NE 2 to NE 1 takes the default value 31.

3. Click Apply.

Step 4 Check the status of the PPP link on NE 1.1. In NE 1's MP Group Management window, select the desired MP group. Information

about members of the MP group is displayed on the Member Attribute tab page. Then,check PPP Link Status. The expected value is DOWN, indicating that ML-PPP fails.



56

Step 5 Change the frame mode of NE 1's port connecting NE 1 to NE 2 and ensure that theinterconnected ports on NE 1 and NE 2 use the same frame mode.1. In NE 1's Path Configuration dialog box, right-click Frame Mode of the port connecting

NE 1 to NE 2 and choose 31 from the drop-down list. At this time, the interconnected portson NE 1 and NE 2 use the same frame mode.

2. Click Apply.

Step 6 Check the status of the PPP link on NE 1 again.1. In NE 1's MP Group Management window, select the desired MP group. Information

about members of the MP group is displayed on the Member Attribute tab page. Then,check PPP Link Status. The expected value is UP, indicating that ML-PPP is operatingnormally.

----End

4.9 Testing ClocksClock synchronization is critical to services on a network. To prevent service interruption dueto a clock failure, clock availability needs to be tested and ensured.

4.9.1 Testing CES ACR ClocksThe circuit emulation service (CES) adaptive clock recovery (ACR) clock adopts the ACRtechnology to recover the clock synchronization information transmitted in CES services. Itensures the ACR clock synchronization of all NEs in the PSN, which is very important to CESservices. CES ACR clocks are classified into two types: standard CES ACR clock and enhancedCES ACR clock. To ensure that all the clocks on the PSN are synchronous, you must test theCES ACR clocks.



57

Prerequisitesl You must be an NM user with NE administrator authority or higher.

l All CES ACR clock parameters must be configured properly on each NE. For details, seeConfiguring the CES ACR Clock in Feature Description.


BER tester or SDH analyzer.U2000


Figure 4-10 shows the connection diagram for testing CES ACR clocks.

Figure 4-10 Connection diagram for testing CES ARC clocks

BTS1

NE1(Slave)

BTS2

CES

NE2(Master)

BSC

PSN

E1

E1 E1

E1

Procedure

Step 1 Right-click NE1 and choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu.

Step 2 Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > PDH Interfacefrom the Function Tree and check whether Clock Mode is Slave Mode.

Step 3 Choose Configuration > Clock > ACR Clock from the Function Tree and check the settingsof CES Service, Track Mode and Lock Status. The Track Mode of NE1 should be SlaveMode and Lock Status should be Locked.

NOTE

A CES ACR clock is locked 15 minutes after it is configured.

Step 4 Choose Configuration > Clock > Clock Domain from the Function Tree to check the settingofClock Domain, Clock Domain Board and Clock Port.

Step 5 Choose Fault > Browse Current Alarm from the Main Menu.

Step 6 In the Filter window, click the Alarm Source tab and click Custom. Click Add and chooseNE to add NE1 to Selected Alarm Source. Then, click OK to start the filter.



58

Step 7 Check the alarms reported by NE1. If the CES ACR clock is locked abnormally, aCES_ACR_LOCK_ABN alarm is reported.

NOTE

If the CES_ACR_LOCK_ABN alarm persists 15 minutes after the configuration, the CES ACRconfiguration is incorrect. Refer to Alarm and Event Handling for possible causes and troubleshootingprocedures.

Step 8 Right-click NE2 and choose NE Explorer from the shortcut menu.

Step 9 Choose Configuration > Packet Configuration > Interface Management > PDH Interfacefrom the Function Tree and check whether Clock Mode is Master Mode.

Step 10 Test the CES ACR clock of NE2 by following instructions in Step 3 to Step 7.

Step 11 Test bit errors in the CES services using the BER tester or SDH analyzer. In normal situation,no bit error is tested. If bit errors are tested, it indicates that the CES ACR clock configurationfails.

----End

Follow-up ProcedureNone



59

A Glossary

Numerics

2DM two-way delay measurement

3G See 3rd Generation.

3R reshaping, retiming, regenerating

3rd Generation (3G) The third generation of digital wireless technology, as defined by the InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU). Third generation technology is expected to deliverdata transmission speeds between 144 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, compared to the 9.6 kbit/s to19.2 kbit/s offered by second generation technology.

802.1Q in 802.1Q(QinQ)

A VLAN feature that allows the equipment to add a VLAN tag to a tagged frame. Theimplementation of QinQ is to add a public VLAN tag to a frame with a private VLANtag to allow the frame with double VLAN tags to be transmitted over the serviceprovider's backbone network based on the public VLAN tag. This provides a layer 2VPN tunnel for customers and enables transparent transmission of packets over privateVLANs.

A

AAL See ATM Adaptation Layer.

ABR See available bit rate.

AC alternating current

ACH associated channel header

ACL See access control list.

ACR allowed cell rate

ADM add/drop multiplexer

ADMC automatically detected and manually cleared

ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line

AF See assured forwarding.

AGC automatic gain control

AIS alarm indication signal

OptiX OSN 500 Multi-Service CPE Optical TransmissionSystemCommissioning Guide A Glossary


60

ALC See automatic level control.

ALS See automatic laser shutdown.

AM See adaptive modulation.

AMI See alternate mark inversion.

AMU ATM cell multiplex unit

ANSI See American National Standards Institute.

APD See avalanche photodiode.

APS automatic protection switching

ARP See Address Resolution Protocol.

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASK amplitude shift keying

ATM asynchronous transfer mode

ATM AdaptationLayer (AAL)

An interface between higher-layer protocols and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).The AAL provides a conversion function to and from ATM for various types ofinformation, including voice, video, and data.

ATPC See automatic transmit power control.

AU See administrative unit.

AUG See administrative unit group.

AWG arrayed waveguide grating

Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)

An Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. It allows hosts androuters to determine the link layer addresses through ARP requests and ARP responses.

American NationalStandards Institute(ANSI)

An organization that defines U.S standards for the information processing industry.ANSI participates in defining network protocol standards.

access control list(ACL)

A list of entities, together with their access rights, which are authorized to have accessto a resource.

adaptive modulation(AM)

A technology that is used to automatically adjust the modulation mode according to thechannel quality. When the channel quality is favorable, the equipment uses a high-efficiency modulation mode to improve the transmission efficiency and the spectrumutilization of the system. When the channel quality is degraded, the equipment uses thelow-efficiency modulation mode to improve the anti-interference capability of the linkthat carries high-priority services.

administrative unit(AU)

The information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layerand the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher orderVC) and an AU pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative tothe multiplex section frame start.

administrative unitgroup (AUG)

One or more administrative units occupying fixed, defined positions in an STM payload.An AUG consists of AU-4s.

alternate markinversion (AMI)

A synchronous clock encoding technique which uses bipolar pulses to represent logical1 values.



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assured forwarding(AF)

One of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF.It is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short delay.For traffic within the bandwidth limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For traffic thatexceeds the bandwidth limit, AF degrades the service class and continues to forward thetraffic instead of discarding the packets.

automatic lasershutdown (ALS)

A technique (procedure) to automatically shutdown the output power of laser transmittersand optical amplifiers to avoid exposure to hazardous levels.

automatic level control(ALC)

A feature that identifies speech signals and adjusts the sound volume to stay within acomfortable range, improving user experience.

automatic transmitpower control (ATPC)

A method of adjusting the transmit power based on fading of the transmit signal detectedat the receiver

available bit rate (ABR) A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possibleforwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-timequality. It does not provide any guarantee in terms of cell loss or delay.

avalanche photodiode(APD)

A semiconductor photodetector with integral detection and amplification stages.Electrons generated at a p/n junction are accelerated in a region where they free anavalanche of other electrons. APDs can detect faint signals but require higher voltagesthan other semiconductor electronics.

B

B-ISDN See broadband integrated services digital network.

BA booster amplifier

BBE background block error

BC boundary clock

BCD binary coded decimal

BDI See backward defect indication.

BE See best effort.

BER bit error rate

BFD See Bidirectional Forwarding Detection.

BGP Border Gateway Protocol

BIOS See basic input/output system.

BIP See bit interleaved parity.

BIP-8 See bit interleaved parity-8.

BIP-X bit interleaved parity-X

BITS See building integrated timing supply.

BMC best master clock

BNC See bayonet-neill-concelman.

BPDU See bridge protocol data unit.

BPS board protection switching

BRAS See broadband remote access server.



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BSC binary synchronous communication

BSS base station subsystem

BTS base transceiver station

BWS backbone wavelength division multiplexing system

BidirectionalForwarding Detection(BFD)

A fast and independent hello protocol that delivers millisecond-level link failuredetection and provides carrier-class availability. After sessions are established betweenneighboring systems, the systems can periodically send BFD packets to each other. Ifone system fails to receive a BFD packet within the negotiated period, the system regardsthat the bidirectional link fails and instructs the upper layer protocol to take actions torecover the faulty link.

backplane An electronic circuit board containing circuits and sockets into which additionalelectronic devices on other circuit boards or cards can be plugged.

backward defectindication (BDI)

A function that the sink node of a LSP, when detecting a defect, uses to inform theupstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path.

basic input/outputsystem (BIOS)

A firmware stored in the computer mainboard. It contains basic input/output controlprograms, power-on self test (POST) programs, bootstraps, and system settinginformation. The BIOS provides hardware setting and control functions for the computer.

bayonet-neill-concelman (BNC)

A connector used for connecting two coaxial cables.

best effort (BE) A traditional IP packet transport service. In this service, the diagrams are forwardedfollowing the sequence of the time they reach. All diagrams share the bandwidth of thenetwork and routers. The amount of resource that a diagram can use depends of the timeit reaches. BE service does not ensure any improvement in delay time, jitter, packet lossratio, and high reliability.

bit interleaved parity(BIP)

A method of error monitoring. With even parity an X-bit code is generated by equipmentat the transmit end over a specified portion of the signal in such a manner that the firstbit of the code provides even parity over the first bit of all X-bit sequences in the coveredportion of the signal, the second bit provides even parity over the second bit of all X-bitsequences within the specified portion, and so on. Even parity is generated by setting theBIP-X bits so that there is an even number of 1s in each monitored partition of the signal.A monitored partition comprises all bits which are in the same bit position within the X-bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal. The covered portion includes the BIP-X.

bit interleaved parity-8(BIP-8)

Consists of a parity byte calculated bit-wise across a large number of bytes in atransmission transport frame. Divide a frame is into several blocks with 8 bits (one byte)in a parity unit and then arrange the blocks in matrix. Compute the number of "1" or "0"over each column. Then fill a 1 in the corresponding bit for the result if the number isodd, otherwise fill a 0.

bridge protocol dataunit (BPDU)

The data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN thatuses a spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information onports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it wasintended to go. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in anetwork topology. The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridgesinterfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state.



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broadband integratedservices digital network(B-ISDN)

A standard defined by the ITU-T to handle high-bandwidth applications, such as voice.It currently uses the ATM technology to transmit data over SONNET-based circuits at155 to 622 Mbit/s or higher speed.

broadband remoteaccess server (BRAS)

A new type of access gateway for broadband networks. As a bridge between backbonenetworks and broadband access networks, BRAS provides methods for fundamentalaccess and manages the broadband access network. It is deployed at the edge of networkto provide broadband access services, convergence, and forwarding of multiple services,meeting the demands for transmission capacity and bandwidth utilization of differentusers. BRAS is a core device for the broadband users' access to a broadband network.

building integratedtiming supply (BITS)

In the situation of multiple synchronous nodes or communication devices, one can usea device to set up a clock system on the hinge of telecom network to connect thesynchronous network as a whole, and provide satisfactory synchronous base signals tothe building integrated device. This device is called BITS.

built-in WDM A function which integrates some simple WDM systems into products that belong to theOSN series. That is, the OSN products can add or drop several wavelengths directly.

C

CAR committed access rate

CAS See channel associated signaling.

CAS multiframe A multiframe set up based on timeslot 16. Each CAS multiframe contains 16 E1 PCMframes. Among the 8 bits of timeslot 16 in the first frame, the first 4 bits are used formultiframe synchronization. The multiframe alignment signal (MFAS) forsynchronization is 0000. The last 4 bits are used as the not multiframe alignment signal(NMFAS). The NMFAS is XYXX. For the other 15 frames, timeslot 16 is used totransmit exchange and multiplexing (E&M) signaling corresponding to each timeslot.

CAU See client automatic upgrade.

CBR See constant bit rate.

CBS See committed burst size.

CC See continuity check.

CDVT cell delay variation tolerance

CE See customer edge.

CES See circuit emulation service.

CFM connectivity fault management

CFR cell fill rate

CGMP Cisco Group Management Protocol

CIR committed information rate

CISPR International Special Committee on Radio Interference

CIST See Common and Internal Spanning Tree.

CLEI common language equipment identification

CLNP connectionless network protocol

CLP See cell loss priority.



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CMI coded mark inversion

CRC See cyclic redundancy check.

CRC-4 multiframe A multiframe recommended by ITU-T G.704 and set up based on the first bit of timeslot0. The CRC-4 multiframe is different from the CAS multiframe in principle andimplementation. Each CRC-4 multiframe contains 16 PCM frames. Each CRC-4multiframe consists of two CRC-4 sub-multiframes. Each CRC-4 sub-multiframe is aCRC-4 check block that contains 2048 (256 x 8) bits. Bits C1 to C4 of a check block cancheck the previous check block.

CSA Canadian Standards Association

CSES consecutive severely errored second

CSF Client Signal Fail

CSMA/CD See carrier sense multiple access with collision detection.

CSPF constraint shortest path first

CST See common spanning tree.

CV connectivity verification

CW control word

CWDM See coarse wavelength division multiplexing.

Common and InternalSpanning Tree (CIST)

The single spanning tree jointly calculated by STP and RSTP, the logical connectivityusing MST bridges and regions, and MSTP. The CIST ensures that all LANs in thebridged local area network are simply and fully connected.

Coordinated UniversalTime (UTC)

The world-wide scientific standard of timekeeping. It is based upon carefully maintainedatomic clocks and is kept accurate to within microseconds worldwide.

carrier sense multipleaccess with collisiondetection (CSMA/CD)

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a computernetworking access method in which:

l A carrier sensing scheme is used.l A transmitting data station that detects another signal while transmitting a frame,

stops transmitting that frame, transmits a jam signal, and then waits for a randomtime interval before trying to send that frame again.

cell loss priority (CLP) A field in the ATM cell header that determines the probability of a cell being droppedif the network becomes congested. Cells with CLP = 0 are insured traffic, which isunlikely to be dropped. Cells with CLP = 1 are best-effort traffic, which might bedropped.

channel associatedsignaling (CAS)

A signaling system in which signaling information is transmitted within a dedicated voicechannel. China Signaling System No. 1 is a type of CAS signaling.

circuit emulationservice (CES)

A function with which the E1/T1 data can be transmitted through ATM networks. At thetransmission end, the interface module packs timeslot data into ATM cells. These ATMcells are sent to the reception end through the ATM network. At the reception end, theinterface module re-assigns the data in these ATM cells to E1/T1 timeslots. The CEStechnology guarantees that the data in E1/T1 timeslots can be recovered to the originalsequence at the reception end.

client automaticupgrade (CAU)

A function that enables a user to automatically detect the update of the client version andupgrade the client. This keeps the version of the client is the same as that of the server.



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coarse wavelengthdivision multiplexing(CWDM)

A signal transmission technology that multiplexes widely-spaced optical channels intothe same fiber. CWDM widely spaces wavelengths at a spacing of several nm. CWDMdoes not support optical amplifiers and is applied in short-distance chain networking.

collision A condition in which two packets are being transmitted over a medium at the same time.Their interference makes both unintelligible.

committed burst size(CBS)

A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket C, that is, the maximum burstIP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed information rate.This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should benot less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.

common spanning tree(CST)

A single spanning tree that connects all the MST regions in a network. Every MST regionis considered as a switch; therefore, the CST can be considered as their spanning treegenerated with STP/RSTP.

constant bit rate (CBR) A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. CBR transfers cells based onthe constant bandwidth. It is applicable to service connections that depend on preciseclocking to ensure undistorted transmission.

continuity check (CC) Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved afterMEPs transmit Continuity Check Messages (CCMs) periodically.

customer edge (CE) A part of BGP/MPLS IP VPN model. It provides interfaces for direct connection to theService Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or host.

cyclic redundancycheck (CRC)

A procedure used in checking for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking usesa complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sendingdevice performs the calculation before transmission and includes it in the packet that itsends to the receiving device. The receiving device repeats the same calculation aftertransmission. If both devices obtain the same result, it is assumed that the transmissionwas error free. The procedure is known as a redundancy check because each transmissionincludes not only data but extra (redundant) error-checking values.

D

DC direct current

DC-C See DC-return common (with ground).

DC-I See DC-return isolate (with ground).

DC-return common(with ground) (DC-C)

A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited withthe PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and also on the line betweenthe output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.

DC-return isolate (withground) (DC-I)

A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited withthe PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and is isolated from the PGNDon the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.

DCC See data communications channel.

DCE data connection equipment

DCM See dispersion compensation module.

DCN See data communication network.

DDF digital distribution frame

DDN See digital data network.



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DE discard eligible

DEI device emulation interrupt

DHCP See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

DIP switch dual in-line package switch

DLAG See distributed link aggregation group.

DM See delay measurement.

DNI dual node interconnection

DRDB dynamic random database

DSCP See differentiated services code point.

DSL See digital subscriber line.

DSLAM See digital subscriber line access multiplexer.

DTE See data terminal equipment.

DTMF See dual tone multiple frequency.

DVB-ASI digital video broadcast-asynchronous serial interface

DVMRP See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.

DWDM See dense wavelength division multiplexing.

DiffServ See Differentiated Services.

Differentiated Services(DiffServ)

An IETF standard that defines a mechanism for controlling and forwarding traffic in adifferentiated manner based on CoS settings to handle network congestion.

Distance VectorMulticast RoutingProtocol (DVMRP)

An Internet gateway protocol mainly based on the RIP. The protocol implements a typicaldense mode IP multicast solution. The DVMRP protocol uses IGMP to exchange routingdatagrams with its neighbors.

Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol(DHCP)

A client-server networking protocol. A DHCP server provides configuration parametersspecific to the DHCP client host requesting, generally, information required by the hostto participate on the Internet network. DHCP also provides a mechanism for allocationof IP addresses to hosts.

data communicationnetwork (DCN)

A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to support the datacommunication function.

data communicationschannel (DCC)

The data channel that uses the D1–D12 bytes in the overhead of an STM-N signal totransmit information about operation, management, maintenance and provision(OAM&P) between NEs. The DCC channels that are composed of bytes D1–D3 arereferred to as the 192 kbit/s DCC-R channel. The other DCC channels that are composedof bytes D4–D12 are referred to as the 576 kbit/s DCC-M channel.

data terminalequipment (DTE)

A user device composing the UNI. The DTE accesses the data network through the DCEequipment (for example, a modem) and usually uses the clock signals produced by DCE.

delay measurement(DM)

The time elapsed since the start of transmission of the first bit of the frame by a sourcenode until the reception of the last bit of the loopbacked frame by the same source node,when the loopback is performed at the frame's destination node.



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dense wavelengthdivision multiplexing(DWDM)

The technology that utilizes the characteristics of broad bandwidth and low attenuationof single mode optical fiber, employs multiple wavelengths with specific frequencyspacing as carriers, and allows multiple channels to transmit simultaneously in the samefiber.

differentiated servicescode point (DSCP)

According to the QoS classification standard of the Differentiated Service (Diff-Serv),the type of services (ToS) field in the IP header consists of six most significant bits andtwo currently unused bits, which are used to form codes for priority marking.Differentiated services code point (DSCP) is the six most important bits in the ToS. It isthe combination of IP precedence and types of service. The DSCP value is used to ensurethat routers supporting only IP precedence can be used because the DSCP value iscompatible with IP precedence. Each DSCP maps a per-hop behavior (PHB). Therefore,terminal devices can identify traffic using the DSCP value.

digital data network(DDN)

A high-quality data transport tunnel that combines the digital channel (such as fiberchannel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel) and the cross multiplextechnology.

digital subscriber line(DSL)

A technology for providing digital connections over the copper wire or the localtelephone network. DSL performs data communication over the POTS lines withoutaffecting the POTS service.

digital subscriber lineaccess multiplexer(DSLAM)

A network device, usually situated in the main office of a telephone company thatreceives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections andputs the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques.

dispersion The maximum error of the local clock compared with the reference clock.

dispersioncompensation module(DCM)

A module, which contains dispersion compensation fibers to compensate for thedispersion of transmitting fiber.

distributed linkaggregation group(DLAG)

A board-level port protection technology used to detect unidirectional fiber cuts and tonegotiate with the opposite end. Once a link down failure occurs on a port or a hardwarefailure occurs on a board, the services can automatically be switched to the slave board,achieving 1+1 protection for the inter-board ports.

dual tone multiplefrequency (DTMF)

In telephone systems, multifrequency signaling in which standard set combinations oftwo specific voice band frequencies, one from a group of four low frequencies and theother from a group of four higher frequencies, are used.

E

E-Aggr See Ethernet aggregation.

E-LAN See Ethernet local area network.

E-Line See Ethernet line.

EBS See excess burst size.

ECC See embedded control channel.

EDFA See erbium-doped fiber amplifier.

EEPROM See electrically erasable programable read-only memory.

EF See expedited forwarding.

EFM Ethernet in the First Mile



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EFM OAM Ethernet in the first mile OAM

EIA See Electronic Industries Alliance.

EIR See excess information rate.

EMC See electromagnetic compatibility.

EPD early packet discard

EPL See Ethernet private line.

EPLAN See Ethernet private LAN service.

EPON See Ethernet passive optical network.

ERPS Ethernet ring protection switching

ESC See electric supervisory channel.

ESCON See enterprise system connection.

ESD electrostatic discharge

ESN See equipment serial number.

ETS European Telecommunication Standards

ETSI See European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

EVC Ethernet virtual connection

EVPL See Ethernet virtual private line.

EVPLAN See Ethernet virtual private LAN service.

Electronic IndustriesAlliance (EIA)

An association based in Washington, D.C., with members from various electronicsmanufacturers. It sets standards for electronic components. RS-232-C, for example, isthe EIA standard for connecting serial components.

EoD See Ethernet over dual domains.

Ethernet A LAN technology that uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. Thespeed of an Ethernet interface can be 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/s or 10000 Mbit/s. An Ethernet network features high reliability and is easy to maintain.

Ethernet aggregation(E-Aggr)

A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-point EVC (Ethernet virtualconnection).

Ethernet line (E-Line) A type of Ethernet service that is based on a point-to-point EVC (Ethernet virtualconnection).

Ethernet local areanetwork (E-LAN)

A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-multipoint EVC (Ethernetvirtual connection).

Ethernet over dualdomains (EoD)

A type of boards. EoD boards bridge the PSN and TDM networks, enabling Ethernetservice transmission across PSN and TDM networks.

Ethernet passiveoptical network(EPON)

A passive optical network based on Ethernet. It is a new generation broadband accesstechnology that uses a point-to-multipoint structure and passive fiber transmission. Itsupports upstream/downstream symmetrical rates of 1.25 Gbit/s and a reach distance ofup to 20 km. In the downstream direction, the bandwidth is shared based on encryptedbroadcast transmission for different users. In the upstream direction, the bandwidth isshared based on TDM. EPON meets the requirements for high bandwidth.



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Ethernet private LANservice (EPLAN)

A type of Ethernet service provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS networks. Thisservice is carried over a dedicated bridge and point-to-multipoint connections.

Ethernet private line(EPL)

A type of Ethernet service that is provided with dedicated bandwidth and point-to-pointconnections on an SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer network.

Ethernet virtualprivate LAN service(EVPLAN)

A type of Ethernet service provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS networks. Thisservice is carried over a shared bridge and point-to-multipoint connections.

Ethernet virtualprivate line (EVPL)

A type of Ethernet service provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS networks. Thisservice is carried over a shared bridge and point-to-point connections.

EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandards Institute(ETSI)

A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.

eSFP enhanced small form-factor pluggable

electric supervisorychannel (ESC)

A technology that implements communication among all the nodes and transmission ofmonitoring data in an optical transmission network. The monitoring data of ESC isintroduced into DCC service overhead and is transmitted with service signals.

electrically erasableprogramable read-onlymemory (EEPROM)

A type of EPROM that can be erased with an electrical signal. It is useful for stablestorage for long periods without electricity while still allowing reprograming. EEPROMscontain less memory than RAM, take longer to reprogram, and can be reprogramed onlya limited number of times before wearing out.

electromagneticcompatibility (EMC)

A condition which prevails when telecommunications equipment is performing itsindividually designed function in a common electromagnetic environment withoutcausing or suffering unacceptable degradation due to unintentional electromagneticinterference to or from other equipment in the same environment.

embedded controlchannel (ECC)

A logical channel that uses a data communications channel (DCC) as its physical layer,to enable transmission of operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM)information between NEs.

encapsulation A technology for layered protocols, in which a lower-level protocol accepts a messagefrom a higher-level protocol and places it in the data portion of the lower-level frame.Protocol A's packets have complete header information, and are carried by protocol Bas data. Packets that encapsulate protocol A have a B header, an A header, followed bythe information that protocol A is carrying. Note that A could equal to B, as in IP insideIP.

enterprise systemconnection (ESCON)

A path protocol which connects the host with various control units in a storage system.It is a serial bit stream transmission protocol. The transmission rate is 200 Mbit/s.

equalization A method of avoiding selective fading of frequencies. Equalization can compensate forthe changes of amplitude frequency caused by frequency selective fading.

equipment serialnumber (ESN)

A string of characters that identify a piece of equipment and ensures correct allocationof a license file to the specified equipment. It is also called "equipment fingerprint".

erbium-doped fiberamplifier (EDFA)

An optical device that amplifies the optical signals. The device uses a short length ofoptical fiber doped with the rare-earth element Erbium and the energy level jump ofErbium ions activated by pump sources. When the amplifier passes the external lightsource pump, it amplifies the optical signals in a specific wavelength range.



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excess burst size (EBS) A parameter related to traffic. In the single rate three color marker (srTCM) mode, thetraffic control is achieved by the token buckets C and E. Excess burst size is a parameterused to define the capacity of token bucket E, that is, the maximum burst IP packet sizewhen the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parametermust be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than themaximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.

excess information rate(EIR)

The bandwidth for excessive or burst traffic above the CIR; it equals the result of theactual transmission rate without the safety rate.

exercise switching An operation to check whether the protection switching protocol functions properly. Theprotection switching is not really performed.

expedited forwarding(EF)

The highest order QoS in the Diff-Serv network. EF PHB is suitable for services thatdemand low packet loss ratio, short delay, and broad bandwidth. In all the cases, EFtraffic can guarantee a transmission rate equal to or faster than the set rate. The DSCPvalue of EF PHB is "101110".

F

FC See fiber channel.

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FDD See frequency division duplex.

FDDI See fiber distributed data interface.

FDI See forward defect indication.

FDI packet See forward defect indication packet.

FDV See frame delay variation.

FEC See forwarding equivalence class.

FFD fast failure detection

FIB See forward information base.

FICON See Fiber Connect.

FIFO See first in first out.

FLR See frame loss ratio.

FPGA See field programmable gate array.

FPS See fast protection switching.

FRR See fast reroute.

FTN FEC to NHLFE

FTP File Transfer Protocol

Fiber Connect(FICON)

A new generation connection protocol which connects the host to various control units.It carries single byte command protocol through the physical path of fiber channel, andprovides higher rate and better performance than ESCON.

fast protectionswitching (FPS)

A type of pseudo wire automatic protection switching (PW APS). When the workingPW is faulty, the source transmits services to the protection PW and the sink receivesthe services from the protection PW. FPS generally works with the interworking function(IWF) to provide end-to-end protection for services.



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fast reroute (FRR) A technology which provides a temporary protection of link availability when part of anetwork fails. The protocol enables the creation of a standby route or path for an activeroute or path. When the active route is unavailable, the traffic on the active route can beswitched to the standby route. When the active route is recovered, the traffic can beswitched back to the active route. FRR is categorized into IP FRR, VPN FRR, and TEFRR.

fiber channel (FC) A high-speed transport technology used to build storage area networks (SANs). Fiberchannel can be on the networks carrying ATM and IP traffic. It is primarily used fortransporting SCSI traffic from servers to disk arrays. Fiber channel supports single-modeand multi-mode fiber connections. Fiber channel signaling can run on both twisted paircopper wires and coaxial cables. Fiber channel provides both connection-oriented andconnectionless services.

fiber distributed datainterface (FDDI)

A standard developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for high-speed fiber-optic local area networks (LANs). FDDI provides specifications fortransmission rates of 100 megabits (100 million bits) per second on networks based onthe token ring network.

field programmablegate array (FPGA)

A type of semi-customized circuit used in the application specific integrated circuit(ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as thePAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits but alsoovercomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in terms of thelimited number of gate arrays.

first in first out (FIFO) A stack management mechanism. The first saved data is first read and invoked.

forward defectindication (FDI)

A packet generated and traced forward to the sink node of the LSP by the node that firstdetects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of the defect and its location. Itsprimary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affected higher level client LSPsand (in turn) their client layers.

forward defectindication packet (FDIpacket)

A packet that responds to the detected failure event. It is used to suppress alarms of theupper layer network where failure has occurred.

forward informationbase (FIB)

A table that provides information for network hardware (bridges and routers) for themto forward data packets to other networks. The information contained in a routing tablediffers according to whether it is used by a bridge or a router. A bridge relies on both thesource (originating) and destination addresses to determine where and how to forward apacket.

forwarding equivalenceclass (FEC)

A class-based forwarding technology that classifies the packets with the same forwardingmode. Packets with the same FEC are processed similarly on an MPLS network. Thedivision of FECs is flexible, and can be a combination of the source address, destinationaddress, source port, destination port, protocol type, and VPN.

frame delay variation(FDV)

A measurement of the variations in the frame delay between a pair of service frames,where the service frames belong to the same CoS instance on a point to point ETHconnection.

frame loss ratio (FLR) A ratio, is expressed as a percentage, of the number of service frames not delivereddivided by the total number of service frames during time interval T, where the numberof service frames not delivered is the difference between the number of service framesarriving at the ingress ETH flow point and the number of service frames delivered at theegress ETH flow point in a point-to-point ETH connection.



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frequency divisionduplex (FDD)

An application in which channels are divided by frequency. In an FDD system, the uplinkand downlink use different frequencies. Downlink data is sent through bursts. Bothuplink and downlink transmission use frames with fixed time length.

G

G-ACH generic associated channel header

GAL generic associated channel header label

GCC general communication channel

GCP GMPLS control plan

GCRA generic cell rate algorithm

GFC generic flow control

GFP See Generic Framing Procedure.

GMPLS generalized multiprotocol label switching

GNE See gateway network element.

GPON gigabit-capable passive optical network

GPS See Global Positioning System.

GRE See Generic Routing Encapsulation.

GSM See Global System for Mobile Communications.

Generic FramingProcedure (GFP)

A framing and encapsulation method which can be applied to any data type. It has beenstandardized by ITU-T SG15.

Generic RoutingEncapsulation (GRE)

A mechanism for encapsulating any network layer protocol over any other network. GREis used for encapsulating IP datagrams tunneled through the Internet. GRE serves as aLayer 3 tunneling protocol and provides a tunnel for transparently transmitting datapackets.

Global PositioningSystem (GPS)

A global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, andtiming services to worldwide users.

Global System forMobileCommunications(GSM)

The second-generation mobile networking standard defined by EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). It is aimed at designing a standard forglobal mobile phone networks. The standard allows a subscriber to use a phone globally.GSM consists of three main parts: mobile switching subsystem (MSS), base stationsubsystem (BSS), and mobile station (MS).

gain The difference between the optical power from the input optical interface of the opticalamplifier and the optical power from the output optical interface of the jumper fiber,which expressed in dB.

gateway networkelement (GNE)

A network element that is used for communication between the NE application layer andthe NM application layer.

H

HCS higher order connection supervision

HD high definition

HD-SDI See high definition-serial digital interface signal.



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HDB3 See high density bipolar of order 3 code.

HDLC High-Level Data Link Control

HDTV See high definition television.

HEC See header error control.

HPA high order path adaptation

HPT higher order path termination

HQoS See hierarchical quality of service.

HSDPA See High Speed Downlink Packet Access.

HSI high-speed Internet

HSL See high-level script language.

High Speed DownlinkPacket Access(HSDPA)

A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirementfor asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables themaximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing theWCDMA network topology.

header error control(HEC)

A field within the ATM frame whose purpose is to correct any single bit error in the cellHeader and also to detect any multi-bit errors. It actually performs a CRC check in thefirst four header bits and also at the receiving end.

hierarchical quality ofservice (HQoS)

A type of QoS that controls the traffic of users and performs the scheduling accordingto the priority of user services. HQoS has an advanced traffic statistics function, and theadministrator can monitor the usage of bandwidth of each service. Hence, the bandwidthcan be allocated reasonably through traffic analysis.

high definitiontelevision (HDTV)

A type of TV that is capable of displaying at least 720 progressive or 1080 interlacedactive scan lines. It must be capable of displaying a 16:9 image using at least 540progressive or 810 interlaced active scan lines.

high definition-serialdigital interface signal(HD-SDI)

High definition video signal transported by serial digital interface.

high density bipolar oforder 3 code (HDB3)

A code used for baseband transmissions between telecommunications devices. TheHDB3 code has the following feature: high capability of clock extraction, no directcurrent component, error-checking capability, and a maximum of three consecutivezeros.

high-level scriptlanguage (HSL)

A script language. Based on python, the HSL syntax is simple, clear, and extendable.

hot patch A patch that is used to repair a deficiency in the software or add a new feature to a programwithout restarting the software and interrupting the service. For the equipment using thebuilt-in system, a hot patch can be loaded, activated, confirmed, deactivated, deleted, orqueried.

I

IAE incoming alignment error

IANA See Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.

IC See integrated circuit.



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ICC See ITU carrier code.

ICMP See Internet Control Message Protocol.

ICP IMA Control Protocol

IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

IETF See Internet Engineering Task Force.

IF See intermediate frequency.

IGMP See Internet Group Management Protocol.

IGMP snooping A multicast constraint mechanism running on a layer 2 device. This protocol managesand controls the multicast group by listening to and analyzing Internet GroupManagement Protocol (IGMP) packets between hosts and Layer 3 devices. In thismanner, the spread of the multicast data on layer 2 network can be prevented efficiently.

IGP See Interior Gateway Protocol.

ILM incoming label map

IMA See inverse multiplexing over ATM.

IN intelligent network

IP Internet Protocol

IPA See intelligent power adjustment.

IPTV See Internet Protocol television.

IPv4 See Internet Protocol version 4.

IPv6 See Internet Protocol version 6.

IS-IS See Intermediate System to Intermediate System.

ISDN integrated services digital network

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISP See Internet service provider.

IST internal spanning tree

ITC independent transmit clock

ITU See International Telecommunication Union.

ITU carrier code (ICC) A code assigned to a network operator/service provider, maintained by the ITU-TTelecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB).

ITU-T See International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication StandardizationSector.

Institute of Electricaland ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE)

A society of engineering and electronics professionals based in the United States butboasting membership from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on electrical,electronics, computer engineering, and science-related matters.

Interior GatewayProtocol (IGP)

A routing protocol that is used within an autonomous system. The IGP runs in small-sized and medium-sized networks. The commonly used IGPs are the routing informationprotocol (RIP), the interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP), the enhanced IGRP(EIGRP), and the open shortest path first (OSPF).



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Intermediate System toIntermediate System(IS-IS)

A protocol used by network devices (routers) to determine the best way to forwarddatagram or packets through a packet-based network.

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion (ITU)

A United Nations agency, one of the most important and influential recommendationbodies, responsible for recommending standards for telecommunication (ITU-T) andradio networks (ITU-R).

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion-TelecommunicationStandardization Sector(ITU-T)

An international body that develops worldwide standards for telecommunicationstechnologies. These standards are grouped together in series which are prefixed with aletter indicating the general subject and a number specifying the particular standard. Forexample, X.25 comes from the "X" series which deals with data networks and opensystem communications and number "25" deals with packet switched networks.

Internet AssignedNumbers Authority(IANA)

A department operated by the IAB. IANA delegates authority for IP address-spaceallocation and domain-name assignment to the NIC and other organizations. IANA alsomaintains a database of assigned protocol identifiers used in the TCP/IP suite, includingautonomous system numbers.

Internet ControlMessage Protocol(ICMP)

A network-layer (ISO/OSI level 3) Internet protocol that provides error correction andother information relevant to IP packet processing. For example, it can let the IP softwareon one machine inform another machine about an unreachable destination. See alsocommunications protocol, IP, ISO/OSI reference model, packet (definition 1).

Internet EngineeringTask Force (IETF)

A worldwide organization of individuals interested in networking and the Internet.Managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), the IETF is charged withstudying technical problems facing the Internet and proposing solutions to the InternetArchitecture Board (IAB). The work of the IETF is carried out by various working groupsthat concentrate on specific topics such as routing and security. The IETF is the publisherof the specifications that led to the TCP/IP protocol standard.

Internet GroupManagement Protocol(IGMP)

One of the TCP/IP protocols for managing the membership of Internet Protocol multicastgroups. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish and maintainmulticast group memberships.

Internet Protocoltelevision (IPTV)

A system in which video is transmitted in IP packets. Also called "TV over IP", IPTVuses streaming video techniques to deliver scheduled TV programs or video-on-demand(VOD). Unlike transmitting over the air or through cable to a TV set, IPTV uses thetransport protocol of the Internet for delivery and requires either a computer and softwaremedia player or an IPTV set-top box to decode the images in real time.

Internet Protocolversion 4 (IPv4)

The current version of the Internet Protocol (IP). IPv4 utilizes a 32bit address which isassigned to hosts. An address belongs to one of five classes (A, B, C, D, or E) and iswritten as 4 octets separated by periods and may range from 0.0.0.0 through to255.255.255.255. Each IPv4 address consists of a network number, an optionalsubnetwork number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers togetherare used for routing, and the host number is used to address an individual host within thenetwork or subnetwork.

Internet Protocolversion 6 (IPv6)

An update version of IPv4, which is designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) and is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). It is a new version of the InternetProtocol. The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits whilean IPv6 address has 128 bits.

Internet serviceprovider (ISP)

An organization that offers users access to the Internet and related services.



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integrated circuit (IC) A combination of inseparable associated circuit elements that are formed in place andinterconnected on or within a single base material to perform a microcircuit function.

intelligent poweradjustment (IPA)

A mechanism used to reduce the optical power of all the amplifiers in an adjacentregeneration section in the upstream to a safety level if the system detects the loss ofoptical signals on the link. If the fiber is broken, the device performance degrades, or theconnector is not plugged well, the loss of optical signals may occur. With IPA,maintenance engineers will not be hurt by the laser sent out from the slice of brokenfiber.

intermediate frequency(IF)

The transitional frequency between the frequencies of a modulated signal and an RFsignal.

inverse multiplexingover ATM (IMA)

A technique that involves inverse multiplexing and de-multiplexing of ATM cells in acyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose rateis approximately the sum of the link rates.

L

L2VPN Layer 2 virtual private network

L3VPN Layer 3 virtual private network

LACP See Link Aggregation Control Protocol.

LACPDU Link Aggregation Control Protocol data unit

LAG See link aggregation group.

LAN See local area network.

LAPD link access procedure on the D channel

LAPS Link Access Protocol-SDH

LB local battery

LC Lucent connector

LCAS See link capacity adjustment scheme.

LCK See Locked signal function.

LCN local communications network

LDP Label Distribution Protocol

LED See light emitting diode.

LER See label edge router.

LIFO See last in first out.

LLC See logical link control.

LLID local loopback ID

LM See loss measurement.

LMP link management protocol

LOC loss of clock

LOM loss of multiframe

LOP loss of pointer



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LOS See loss of signal.

LPA low order path adaptation

LPT link-state pass through

LSP See label switched path.

LSR See label switching router.

LT linktrace

LVDS See low voltage differential signal.

Layer 2 switching A data forwarding method. In a LAN, a network bridge or 802.3 Ethernet switchtransmits and distributes packet data based on the MAC address. Since the MAC addressis at the second layer of the OSI model, this data forwarding method is called Layer 2switching.

Link AggregationControl Protocol(LACP)

A dynamic link aggregation protocol that improves the transmission speed andreliability. The two ends of the link send LACP packets to inform each other of theirparameters and form a logical aggregation link. After the aggregation link is formed,LACP maintains the link status in real time and dynamically adjusts the ports on theaggregation link upon detecting the failure of a physical port.

Locked signal function(LCK)

A function administratively locks an MEG end point (MEP) at the server layer, informsconsequential data traffic interruption to the peer MEP at the client layer, and suppressesthe alarm at the client layer.

label edge router (LER) A device that sits at the edge of an MPLS domain, that uses routing information to assignlabels to datagrams and then forwards them into the MPLS domain.

label switched path(LSP)

A sequence of hops (R0...Rn) in which a packet travels from R0 to Rn through labelswitching mechanisms. A label-switched path can be chosen dynamically, based oncommon routing mechanisms or through configuration.

label switching router(LSR)

Basic element of an MPLS network. All LSRs support the MPLS protocol. The LSR iscomposed of two parts: control unit and forwarding unit. The former is responsible forallocating the label, selecting the route, creating the label forwarding table, creating andremoving the label switch path; the latter forwards the labels according to groupsreceived in the label forwarding table.

last in first out (LIFO) A play mode of the voice mails, the last voice mail is played firstly.

light emitting diode(LED)

A display and lighting technology used in almost every electrical and electronic producton the market, to from a tiny on/off light to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights andperimeter lighting. LEDs are also used as the light source in multimode fibers, opticalmice and laser-class printers.

linear MSP linear multiplex section protection

link aggregation group(LAG)

An aggregation that allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a linkaggregation group so that a MAC client can treat the link aggregation group as if it werea single link.

link capacityadjustment scheme(LCAS)

LCAS in the virtual concatenation source and sink adaptation functions provides acontrol mechanism to hitless increase or decrease the capacity of a link to meet thebandwidth needs of the application. It also provides a means of removing member linksthat have experienced failure. The LCAS assumes that in cases of capacity initiation,increases or decreases, the construction or destruction of the end-to-end path is theresponsibility of the network and element management systems.



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local area network(LAN)

A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few squarekilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet,FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANsare generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/s (that is, 1 Gbit/s).

logical link control(LLC)

According to the IEEE 802 family of standards, Logical Link Control (LLC) is the uppersublayer of the OSI data link layer. The LLC is the same for the various physical media(such as Ethernet, token ring, WLAN).

loss measurement (LM) A method used to collect counter values applicable for ingress and egress service frameswhere the counters maintain a count of transmitted and received data frames between apair of MEPs.

loss of signal (LOS) No transitions occurring in the received signal.

low voltage differentialsignal (LVDS)

A low noise, low power, low amplitude method for high-speed (gigabits per second) datatransmission over copper wire.

M

MA maintenance association

MAC See Media Access Control.

MADM multiple add/drop multiplexer

MAN See metropolitan area network.

MBS maximum burst size

MCF message communication function

MCR minimum cell rate

MD See maintenance domain.

MDF See main distribution frame.

MDP message dispatch process

MDU See multi-dwelling unit.

ME See maintenance entity.

MEG See maintenance entity group.

MEL maintenance entity group level

MEP maintenance end point

MFAS See multiframe alignment signal.

MIB See management information base.

MIP maintenance intermediate point

MLD See multicast listener discovery.

MP maintenance point

MPLS See Multiprotocol Label Switching.

MPLS TE multiprotocol label switching traffic engineering

MPLS TP See Multiprotocol Label Switching traffic policing.



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MPLS VPN See multiprotocol label switching virtual private network.

MPLS-TP See multiprotocol label switching transport profile.

MS multiplex section

MSA multiplex section adaptation

MSB most significant bit

MSOH multiplex section overhead

MSP See multiplex section protection.

MST See multiplex section termination.

MSTI See multiple spanning tree instance.

MSTP See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol.

MTBF See mean time between failures.

MTTR See mean time to repair.

MTU See maximum transmission unit.

MUX See multiplexer.

Media Access Control(MAC)

A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of thedata link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connectingthe physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocolchecks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain controlinformation is added to the data, and then the data and the control information aretransmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MACprotocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmittedcorrectly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the controlinformation is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer.

Multiple SpanningTree Protocol (MSTP)

A protocol that can be used in a loop network. Using an algorithm, the MSTP blocksredundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed as a tree network. In this case,the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided in the loop network. Theprotocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and multiple spanning trees. Thissolves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded in a VLAN because in STP/RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs.

Multiprotocol LabelSwitching (MPLS)

A technology that uses short tags of fixed length to encapsulate packets in different linklayers, and provides connection-oriented switching for the network layer on the basis ofIP routing and control protocols. It improves the cost performance and expandability ofnetworks, and is beneficial to routing.

Multiprotocol LabelSwitching trafficpolicing (MPLS TP)

It is a scheme that supervises the specific traffic entering the communication devices.By policing the speed of traffic that enters the network, it "punishes" the traffic out ofthe threshold, so the traffic going into network is limited to a reasonable range, protectingthe network resources and the interests of the carriers.

main distributionframe (MDF)

A device at a central office, on which all local loops are terminated.

maintenance domain(MD)

The network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by connectivityfault management (CFM). The devices in a maintenance domain are managed by a singleInternet service provider (ISP).



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maintenance entity(ME)

An ME consists of a pair of maintenance entity group end points (MEPs), two ends of atransport trail, and maintenance association intermediate points (MIPs) on the trail.

maintenance entitygroup (MEG)

A MEG consists of MEs that meet the following criteria:

l Exist within the same management edges.l Have the same MEG hierarchy.l Belong to the same P2P or P2MP connection.

managementinformation base (MIB)

A type of database used for managing the devices in a communications network. Itcomprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities (such asrouters and switches) in a network.

maximum transmissionunit (MTU)

The largest packet of data that can be transmitted on a network. MTU size varies,depending on the network—576 bytes on X.25 networks, for example, 1500 bytes onEthernet, and 17,914 bytes on 16 Mbit/s token ring. Responsibility for determining thesize of the MTU lies with the link layer of the network. When packets are transmittedacross networks, the path MTU, or PMTU, represents the smallest packet size (the onethat all networks can transmit without breaking up the packet) among the networksinvolved.

mean time betweenfailures (MTBF)

The average time between consecutive failures of a piece of equipment. It is a measureof the reliability of the system.

mean time to repair(MTTR)

The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.

metropolitan areanetwork (MAN)

A network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area orregion larger than that covered by even a large LAN but smaller than the area coveredby an WAN. The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a singlelarger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network).It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridgingthem with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campusnetwork.

mirror An action to store a copy of a file to another archive site to release the load of the originalsite, or to provide an archive site closer to the users geographically.

mirroring The duplication of data for backup or to distribute network traffic among severalcomputers with identical data.

multi-dwelling unit(MDU)

A network access unit used for multi-dwelling units. It provides Ethernet and IP servicesand optionally VoIP or CATV services; has multiple broadband interfaces on the userside and optionally POTS ports or CATV RF ports. It is mainly applicable to FTTB,FTTC, or FTTCab networks.

multicast listenerdiscovery (MLD)

A protocol used by an IPv6 router to discover the multicast listeners on their directlyconnected network segments, and to set up and maintain member relationships. On IPv6networks, after MLD is configured on the receiver hosts and the multicast router to whichthe hosts are directly connected, the hosts can dynamically join related groups and themulticast router can manage members on the local network.

multiframe alignmentsignal (MFAS)

A distinctive signal inserted in every multiframe or once in every n multiframes, alwaysoccupying the same relative position within the multiframe, and used to establish andmaintain multiframe alignment.



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multiple spanning treeinstance (MSTI)

A type of spanning trees calculated by MSTP within an MST Region, to provide a simplyand fully connected active topology for frames classified as belonging to a VLAN thatis mapped to the MSTI by the MST Configuration. A VLAN cannot be assigned tomultiple MSTIs.

multiplex sectionprotection (MSP)

A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between andincluding two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to a"protection" channel.

multiplex sectiontermination (MST)

A function, which is performed to generate the MSOH during the process of forming anSDH frame signal and terminates the MSOH in the reverse direction.

multiplexer (MUX) Equipment which combines a number of tributary channels onto a fewer number ofaggregate bearer channels, the relationship between the tributary and aggregate channelsbeing fixed.

multiprotocol labelswitching transportprofile (MPLS-TP)

A packet transport technology proposed by IETF that combines the packet experienceof MPLS with the operational experience of transport networks.

multiprotocol labelswitching virtualprivate network(MPLS VPN)

An Internet Protocol (IP) virtual private network (VPN) based on the multiprotocol labelswitching (MPLS) technology. It applies the MPLS technology for network routers andswitches, simplifies the routing mode of core routers, and combines traditional routingtechnology and label switching technology. It can be used to construct the broadbandIntranet and Extranet to meet various service requirements.

N

NAS network access server

NDF new data flag

NHLFE next hop label forwarding entry

NMC network management center

NNI network-to-network interface

NPC See network parameter control.

NPE network provider edge

NRT-VBR non-real-time variable bit rate

NRZ non-return to zero

NRZI non-return to zero inverted

NSAP See network service access point.

NSF non-stop forwarding

NTP Network Time Protocol

network parametercontrol (NPC)

During communications, UPC is implemented to monitor the actual traffic on each virtualcircuit that is input to the network. Once the specified parameter is exceeded, measureswill be taken to control. NPC is similar to UPC in function. The difference is that theincoming traffic monitoring function is divided into UPC and NPC according to theirpositions. UPC locates at the user/network interface, while NPC at the network interface.

network service accesspoint (NSAP)

A network address defined by ISO, at which the OSI Network Service is made availableto a Network service user by the Network service provider.



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O

O&M operation and maintenance

OA optical amplifier

OADM See optical add/drop multiplexer.

OAM See operation, administration and maintenance.

OAMPDU operation, administration and maintenance protocol data unit

OAU See optical amplifier unit.

OC ordinary clock

OCP optical channel protection

OCS optical core switching

ODF optical distribution frame

ODU See outdoor unit.

OLT optical line terminal

ONT See optical network terminal.

ONU See optical network unit.

OPEX operating expense

OPU optical channel payload unit

OSC See optical supervisory channel.

OSI See open systems interconnection.

OSN optical switch node

OSNR See optical signal-to-noise ratio.

OSPF See Open Shortest Path First.

OTDR See optical time domain reflectometer.

OTM optical terminal multiplexer

OTN optical transport network

OTU See optical transponder unit.

OTUk optical channel transport unit-k

Open Shortest PathFirst (OSPF)

A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Dijkstra'salgorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. Alink state database is constructed with the network topology which is identical on allrouters in the area.

open systemsinterconnection (OSI)

A framework of ISO standards for communication between different systems made bydifferent vendors, in which the communications process is organized into seven differentcategories that are placed in a layered sequence based on their relationship to the user.Each layer uses the layer immediately below it and provides a service to the layer above.Layers 7 through 4 deal with end-to-end communication between the message sourceand destination, and layers 3 through 1 deal with network functions.



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operation,administration andmaintenance (OAM)

A group of network support functions that monitor and sustain segment operation,support activities that are concerned with, but not limited to, failure detection,notification, location, and repairs that are intended to eliminate faults and keep a segmentin an operational state, and support activities required to provide the services of asubscriber access network to users/subscribers.

optical add/dropmultiplexer (OADM)

A device that can be used to add the optical signals of various wavelengths to one channeland drop the optical signals of various wavelengths from one channel.

optical amplifier unit(OAU)

A board that is mainly responsible for amplifying optical signals. The OAU can be usedin both the transmitting direction and the receiving direction.

optical networkterminal (ONT)

A device that terminates the fiber optical network at the customer premises.

optical network unit(ONU)

A form of Access Node that converts optical signals transmitted via fiber to electricalsignals that can be transmitted via coaxial cable or twisted pair copper wiring toindividual subscribers.

optical signal-to-noiseratio (OSNR)

The ratio of signal power and noise power in a transmission link. OSNR is the mostimportant index of measuring the performance of a DWDM system. OSNR = signalpower/noise power.

optical supervisorychannel (OSC)

A technology that uses specific optical wavelengths to realize communication amongnodes in optical transmission network and transmit the monitoring data in a certainchannel.

optical time domainreflectometer (OTDR)

A device that sends a very short pulse of light down a fiber optic communication systemand measures the time history of the pulse reflection to measure the fiber length, the lightloss and locate the fiber fault.

optical transponderunit (OTU)

A device or subsystem that converts the accessed client signals into the G.694.1/G.694.2-compliant WDM wavelength.

orderwire A channel that provides voice communication between operation engineers ormaintenance engineers of different stations.

outdoor unit (ODU) The outdoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements frequencyconversion and amplification for radio frequency (RF) signals.

P

P2MP point-to-multipoint

P2P See point-to-point service.

PADR PPPoE active discovery request

PBS See peak burst size.

PCB See printed circuit board.

PCM See pulse code modulation.

PCR See peak cell rate.

PDH See plesiochronous digital hierarchy.

PDU See power distribution unit.

PE See provider edge.

PHB See per-hop behavior.



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PHP penultimate hop popping

PIM-DM Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode

PIM-SM Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode

PIR peak information rate

PLL See phase-locked loop.

PM performance monitoring

PMS Product Management System

POH path overhead

PON passive optical network

POS See packet over SDH/SONET.

PPD partial packet discard

PPI PDH physical interface

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet

PPS port protection switching

PQ See priority queuing.

PRBS See pseudo random binary sequence.

PRC primary reference clock

PRI primary rate interface

PSD See power spectrum density.

PSN See packet switched network.

PSTN See public switched telephone network.

PSU power supply unit

PT payload type

PTI payload type indicator

PTN packet transport network

PTP See point to point.

PVID See port default VLAN ID.

PVP See permanent virtual path.

PW See pseudo wire.

PWE3 See pseudo wire emulation edge-to-edge.

packet over SDH/SONET (POS)

A MAN and WAN technology that provides point-to-point data connections. The POSinterface uses SDH/SONET as the physical layer protocol, and supports the transport ofpacket data (such as IP packets) in MAN and WAN.

packet switchednetwork (PSN)

A telecommunications network that works in packet switching mode.



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packet switching A network technology in which information is transmitted by means of exchangingpackets and the bandwidth of a channel can be shared by multiple connections.

parity check A method for character level error detection. An extra bit is added to a string of bits,usually a 7-bit ASCII character, so that the total number of bits 1 is odd or even (odd oreven parity). Both ends of a data transmission must use the same parity. When thetransmitting device frames a character, it counts the numbers of 1s in the frame andattaches the appropriate parity bit. The recipient counts the 1s and, if there is parity error,may ask for the data to be retransmitted.

peak burst size (PBS) A parameter that is used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximumburst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. Thisparameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that PBS should be not less than themaximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded. See also CIR, CBS, and PIR.

peak cell rate (PCR) The maximum rate at which an ATM connection can accept cells.

per-hop behavior(PHB)

IETF Diff-Serv workgroup defines forwarding behaviors of network nodes as per-hopbehaviors (PHB), such as, traffic scheduling and policing. A device in the network shouldselect the proper PHB behaviors, based on the value of DSCP. At present, the IETFdefines four types of PHB. They are class selector (CS), expedited forwarding (EF),assured forwarding (AF), and best-effort (BE).

permanent virtual path(PVP)

Virtual path that consists of PVCs.

phase-locked loop(PLL)

A circuit that consists essentially of a phase detector which compares the frequency ofa voltage-controlled oscillator with that of an incoming carrier signal or reference-frequency generator; the output of the phase detector, after passing through a loop filter,is fed back to the voltage-controlled oscillator to keep it exactly in phase with theincoming or reference frequency.

plesiochronous digitalhierarchy (PDH)

A multiplexing scheme of bit stuffing and byte interleaving. It multiplexes the minimumrate 64 kit/s into the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, and 565 Mbit/s rates.

point to point (PTP) A type of service in which data is sent from a single network termination to anothernetwork termination.

point-to-point service(P2P)

A service between two terminal users. In P2P services, senders and recipients areterminal users.

port default VLAN ID(PVID)

A default VLAN ID of a port. It is allocated to a data frame if the data frame carries noVLAN tag when reaching the port.

power distribution unit(PDU)

A unit that performs AC or DC power distribution.

power spectrumdensity (PSD)

The power layout of random signals in the frequency domain.

printed circuit board(PCB)

A board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic componentsusing conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated ontoa non-conductive substrate.

priority queuing (PQ) A queue scheduling algorithm based on the absolute priority. According to the PQalgorithm, services of higher priorities are ensured with greater bandwidth, lowerlatency, and less jitter. Packets of lower priorities must wait to be sent till all packets ofhigher priorities are sent. In this manner, services of higher priorities are processed earlierthan others.



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provider edge (PE) A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE isresponsible for managing VPN users, establishing LSPs between PEs, and exchangingrouting information between sites of the same VPN. A PE performs the mapping andforwarding of packets between the private network and the public channel. A PE can bea UPE, an SPE, or an NPE.

pseudo random binarysequence (PRBS)

A sequence that is random in a sense that the value of an element is independent of thevalues of any of the other elements, similar to real random sequences.

pseudo wire (PW) An emulated connection between two PEs for transmitting frames. The PW is establishedand maintained by PEs through signaling protocols. The status information of a PW ismaintained by the two end PEs of a PW.

pseudo wire emulationedge-to-edge (PWE3)

An end-to-end Layer 2 transmission technology. It emulates the essential attributes of atelecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a packet switched network(PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed time divisionmultiplexing (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the realsituation.

public switchedtelephone network(PSTN)

A telecommunications network established to perform telephone services for the publicsubscribers. Sometimes it is called POTS.

pulse code modulation(PCM)

A method of encoding information in a signal by changing the amplitude of pulses.Unlike pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), in which pulse amplitude can changecontinuously, pulse code modulation limits pulse amplitudes to several predefinedvalues. Because the signal is discrete, or digital, rather than analog, pulse codemodulation is more immune to noise than PAM.

Q

QAM See quadrature amplitude modulation.

QPSK See quadrature phase shift keying.

QinQ See 802.1Q in 802.1Q.

QoS See quality of service.

quadrature amplitudemodulation (QAM)

Both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. It conveys two analog message signals,or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves,using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitudemodulation (AM) analog modulation scheme. These two waves, usually sinusoids, areout of phase with each other by 90° and are thus called quadrature carriers or quadraturecomponents — hence the name of the scheme.

quadrature phase shiftkeying (QPSK)

A modulation method of data transmission through the conversion or modulation andthe phase determination of the reference signals (carrier). It is also called the fourth periodor 4-phase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK uses four dots in the star diagram. The four dots areevenly distributed on a circle. On these phases, each QPSK character can perform two-bit coding and display the codes in Gray code on graph with the minimum BER.

quality of service (QoS) A commonly-used performance indicator of a telecommunication system or channel.Depending on the specific system and service, it may relate to jitter, delay, packet lossratio, bit error ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio. It functions to measure the quality of thetransmission system and the effectiveness of the services, as well as the capability of aservice provider to meet the demands of users.



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R

RADIUS See Remote Authentication Dial In User Service.

RAN See radio access network.

RDI remote defect indication

RED See random early detection.

REG See regenerator.

REI remote error indication

RIP See Routing Information Protocol.

RMEP remote maintenance association end point

RMON remote network monitoring

RNC See radio network controller.

ROPA See remote optical pumping amplifier.

RPR resilient packet ring

RSOH regenerator section overhead

RST regenerator section termination

RSTP See Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol.

RSVP See Resource Reservation Protocol.

RSVP-TE See Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering.

RTN radio transmission node

RTP real-time performance

RTS request to send

Rapid Spanning TreeProtocol (RSTP)

An evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, providing for faster spanning treeconvergence after a topology change. The RSTP protocol is backward compatible withthe STP protocol.

Remote AuthenticationDial In User Service(RADIUS)

A networking protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, andAccounting (AAA) management for computers to connect and use a network service.

Resource ReserVationProtocol-TrafficEngineering (RSVP-TE)

An extension to the RSVP protocol for setting up label switched paths (LSPs) in MPLSnetworks. The RSVP-TE protocol is used to establish and maintain the LSPs by initiatinglabel requests and allocating label binding messages. It also supports LSP rerouting andLSP bandwidth increasing.

Resource ReservationProtocol (RSVP)

A network control protocol like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and designedfor Integrated Service and used to reserve resources on every node along a path. RSVPoperates on the transport layer; however, RSVP does not transport application data.

RoHS restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances

Routing InformationProtocol (RIP)

A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a routebased on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vectorprotocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and isknown to waste bandwidth.



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radio access network(RAN)

The network that provides the connection between CPEs and the CN. It isolates the CNfrom wireless network.

radio networkcontroller (RNC)

A piece of equipment in the RNS which is in charge of controlling the use and the integrityof the radio resources.

random early detection(RED)

A packet loss algorithm used in congestion avoidance. It discards the packet accordingto the specified higher limit and lower limit of a queue so that global TCP synchronizationresulting from traditional tail drop can be prevented.

real-time variable bitrate (rt-VBR)

A parameter intended for real-time applications, such as compressed voice over IP(VoIP) and video conferencing. The rt-VBR is characterized by a peak cell rate (PCR),sustained cell rate (SCR), and maximum burst size (MBS). You can expect the sourcedevice to transmit in bursts and at a rate that varies with time.

receiver sensitivity The minimum acceptable value of average received power at point R to achieve a 1 x10-12 BER (The FEC is open).

reflectance The ratio of the reflected optical power to the incident optical power.

regenerator (REG) A piece of equipment or device that regenerates electrical signals.

remote opticalpumping amplifier(ROPA)

A remote optical amplifier subsystem designed for applications where power supply andmonitoring systems are unavailable. The ROPA subsystem is a power compensationsolution to the ultra-long distance long hop (LHP) transmission.

rt-VBR See real-time variable bit rate.

S

SAI service area identifier

SAN storage area network

SAToP Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing over Packet

SC square connector

SCR sustainable cell rate

SD See signal degrade.

SD-SDI See standard definition-serial digital interface signal.

SDH See synchronous digital hierarchy.

SDI See serial digital interface.

SDP serious disturbance period

SDRAM See synchronous dynamic random access memory.

SELV safety extra-low voltage

SEMF synchronous equipment management function

SES severely errored second

SF See signal fail.

SFP small form-factor pluggable

SFTP See Secure File Transfer Protocol.

SHDSL See single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line.



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SLA See service level agreement.

SLIP See Serial Line Interface Protocol.

SMB Server Message Block

SMSR side mode suppression ratio

SNCMP subnetwork connection multipath protection

SNCP subnetwork connection protection

SNCTP subnetwork connection tunnel protection

SNMP See Simple Network Management Protocol.

SOH section overhead

SONET See synchronous optical network.

SP See service provider.

SPC soft permanent connection

SPE See superstratum provider edge.

SPI SDH physical interface

SRG See shared risk group.

SRLG shared risk link group

SSH See Secure Shell.

SSL See Secure Sockets Layer.

SSM See Synchronization Status Message.

SSMB synchronization status message byte

SSU synchronization supply unit

STP Spanning Tree Protocol

Secure File TransferProtocol (SFTP)

A network protocol designed to provide secure file transfer over SSH.

Secure Shell (SSH) A set of standards and an associated network protocol that allows establishing a securechannel between a local and a remote computer. A feature to protect information andprovide powerful authentication function for a network when a user logs in to the networkthrough an insecure network. It prevents IP addresses from being deceived and plain textpasswords from being captured.

Secure Sockets Layer(SSL)

A security protocol that works at a socket level. This layer exists between the TCP layerand the application layer to encrypt/decode data and authenticate concerned entities.

Serial Line InterfaceProtocol (SLIP)

A protocol that defines the framing mode over the serial line to implement transmissionof messages over the serial line and provide the remote host interconnection functionwith a known IP address.



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Simple NetworkManagement Protocol(SNMP)

A network management protocol of TCP/IP. It enables remote users to view and modifythe management information of a network element. This protocol ensures thetransmission of management information between any two points. The pollingmechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, whichcan be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on thenetwork and report these activities to the network console workstation. Controlinformation about each device is maintained by a management information block.

Synchronization StatusMessage (SSM)

A message that carries quality levels of timing signals on a synchronous timing link.Nodes on an SDH network and a synchronization network acquire upstream clockinformation through this message. Then the nodes can perform proper operations on theirclocks, such as tracing, switching, or converting to holdoff, and forward thesynchronization information to downstream nodes.

serial digital interface(SDI)

An interface that transmits data in a single channel in sequence.

service level agreement(SLA)

A service agreement between a customer and a service provider. SLA specifies theservice level for a customer. The customer can be a user organization (source domain)or another differentiated services domain (upstream domain). An SLA may includetraffic conditioning rules which constitute a traffic conditioning agreement as a wholeor partially.

service provider (SP) An entity that offers service subscriptions to individual subscribers and contracts withcarriers to implement services for a specific DN. A service provider may contract withmore than one carrier.

shared risk group(SRG)

A group of resources that share a common risk component whose failure can cause thefailure of all the resources in the group.

signal degrade (SD) A signal indicating that associated data has degraded in the sense that a degraded defectcondition is active.

signal fail (SF) A signal indicating that associated data has failed in the sense that a near-end defectcondition (non-degrade defect) is active.

single-pair high-speeddigital subscriber line(SHDSL)

A symmetric digital subscriber line technology developed from HDSL, SDSL, andHDSL2, which is defined in ITU-T G.991.2. The SHDSL port is connected to the userterminal through the plain telephone subscriber line and uses trellis coded pulseamplitude modulation (TC-PAM) technology to transmit high-speed data and providethe broadband access service.

span The physical reach between two pieces of WDM equipment. The number of spansdetermines the signal transmission distance supported by a piece of equipment and variesaccording to transmission system type.

standard definition-serial digital interfacesignal (SD-SDI)

Standard definition video signal transported by serial digital interface.

superstratum provideredge (SPE)

Core devices that are located within a VPLS full-meshed network. The UPE devices thatare connected with the SPE devices are similar to the CE devices. The PWs set upbetween the UPE devices and the SPE devices serve as the ACs of the SPE devices. TheSPE devices must learn the MAC addresses of all the sites on UPE side and those of theUPE interfaces that are connected with the SPE. SPE is sometimes called NPE.



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synchronous digitalhierarchy (SDH)

A transmission scheme that follows ITU-T G.707, G.708, and G.709. It defines thetransmission features of digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing mode,transmission rate level, and interface code. SDH is an important part of ISDN and B-ISDN. It interleaves the bytes of low-speed signals to multiplex the signals to high-speedcounterparts, and the line coding of scrambling is used only for signals. SDH is suitablefor the fiber communication system with high speed and a large capacity since it usessynchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping structure.

synchronous dynamicrandom access memory(SDRAM)

A new type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventionalmemory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU's bus and is capable ofrunning at 100 MHz, about three times faster than conventional FPM RAM, and abouttwice as fast as EDO DRAM or BEDO DRAM. SDRAM is replacing EDO DRAM incomputers.

synchronous opticalnetwork (SONET)

A high-speed network that provides a standard interface for communications carriers toconnect networks based on fiber optical cable. SONET is designed to handle multipledata types (voice, video, and so on). It transmits at a base rate of 51.84 Mbit/s, butmultiples of this base rate go as high as 2.488 Gbit/s.

T

TCI tag control information

TCM See trellis coded modulation scheme.

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TDC tunable dispersion compensator

TDM See time division multiplexing.

TE See traffic engineering.

TFTP See Trivial File Transfer Protocol.

TIM trail trace identifier mismatch

TLV See type-length-value.

TM See terminal multiplexer.

TMN See telecommunications management network.

TOD time of day

TPID tag protocol identifier

TPS See tributary protection switching.

TST See Test.

TTI trail trace identifier

TTSI See trail termination source identifier.

TUG tributary unit group

Telnet A standard terminal emulation protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Telnet allows usersto log in to remote systems and use resources as if they were connected to a local system.Telnet is defined in RFC 854.



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Test (TST) A function which is used to perform one-way on-demand in-service or out-of-servicediagnostics tests. This includes verifying bandwidth throughput, frame loss, bit errors,and so on.

Trivial File TransferProtocol (TFTP)

A small and simple alternative to FTP for transferring files. TFTP is intended forapplications that do not need complex interactions between the client and server. TFTPrestricts operations to simple file transfers and does not provide authentication. TFTP issmall enough to be contained in ROM to be used for bootstrapping diskless machines.

tail drop A congestion management mechanism, in which packets arrive later are discarded whenthe queue is full. This policy of discarding packets may result in network-widesynchronization due to the TCP slow startup mechanism.

telecommunicationsmanagement network(TMN)

A protocol model defined by ITU-T for managing open systems in a communicationsnetwork. An architecture for management, including planning, provisioning, installation,maintenance, operation and administration of telecommunications equipment, networksand services.

terminal multiplexer(TM)

A device used at a network terminal to multiplex multiple channels of low rate signalsinto one channel of high rate signals, or to demultiplex one channel of high rate signalsinto multiple channels of low rate signals.

throughput The maximum transmission rate of the tested object (system, equipment, connection,service type) when no packet is discarded. Throughput can be measured with bandwidth.

time divisionmultiplexing (TDM)

A multiplexing technology. TDM divides the sampling cycle of a channel into time slots(TSn, n=0, 1, 2, 3…), and the sampling value codes of multiple signals engross time slotsin a certain order, forming multiple multiplexing digital signals to be transmitted overone channel.

traceroute A program that prints the path to a destination. Traceroute sends a sequence of datagramswith the time-to-live (TTL) set to 1,2, and so on, and uses ICMP time exceeded messagesthat return to determine routers along the path.

traffic engineering (TE) A technology that is used to dynamically monitor the traffic of the network and the loadof the network elements, to adjust in real time the parameters such as traffic managementparameters, route parameters and resource restriction parameters, and to optimize theutilization of network resources. The purpose is to prevent the congestion caused byunbalanced loads.

trail termination sourceidentifier (TTSI)

A TTSI uniquely identifies an LSP in the network. A TTSI is carried in the connectivityverification (CV) packet for checking the connectivity of a trail. If it matches the TTSIreceived by the sink point, the trail has no connectivity defect.

trellis codedmodulation scheme(TCM)

A modulation scheme which allows highly efficient transmission of information overband-limited channels such as telephone lines.

tributary protectionswitching (TPS)

A function that uses a standby tributary processing board to protect N tributaryprocessing boards.

tunnel A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs.In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The tunnelensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases, a tunnelis an MPLS tunnel.



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type-length-value(TLV)

An encoding type that features high efficiency and expansibility. It is also called Code-Length-Value (CLV). T indicates that different types can be defined through differentvalues. L indicates the total length of the value field. V indicates the actual data of theTLV and is most important. TLV encoding features high expansibility. New TLVs canbe added to support new features, which is flexible in describing information loaded inpackets.

U

UART universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

UAS unavailable second

UAT See unavailable time event.

UBR unspecified bit rate

UBR+ Unspecified Bit Rate Plus

UDP See User Datagram Protocol.

UNI See user-to-network interface.

UPC See usage parameter control.

UPE user-end provider edge

UPI user payload identifier

UPM uninterruptible power module

UPS uninterruptible power supply

UTC See Coordinated Universal Time.

User DatagramProtocol (UDP)

A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send adatagram to an application program on another. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IPto deliver datagram. UDP provides application programs with the unreliableconnectionless packet delivery service. There is a possibility that UDP messages will belost, duplicated, delayed, or delivered out of order. The destination device does notconfirm whether a data packet is received.

unavailable time event(UAT)

An event that is reported when the monitored object generates 10 consecutive severelyerrored seconds (SES) and the SESs begin to be included in the unavailable time. Theevent will end when the bit error ratio per second is better than 10-3 within 10 consecutiveseconds.

usage parametercontrol (UPC)

During communications, UPC is implemented to monitor the actual traffic on each virtualcircuit that is input to the network. Once the specified parameter is exceeded, measureswill be taken to control. NPC is similar to UPC in function. The difference is that theincoming traffic monitoring function is divided into UPC and NPC according to theirpositions. UPC locates at the user/network interface, while NPC at the network interface.

user-to-networkinterface (UNI)

The interface between user equipment and private or public network equipment (forexample, ATM switches).

V

V-NNI virtual network-network interface

V-UNI See virtual user-network interface.



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VB virtual bridge

VBR See variable bit rate.

VCC See virtual channel connection.

VCCV virtual circuit connectivity verification

VCG See virtual concatenation group.

VCI virtual channel identifier

VDSL very-high-data-rate digital subscriber line

VDSL2 See very-high-speed digital subscriber line 2.

VLAN virtual local area network

VOA variable optical attenuator

VP See virtual path.

VPI See virtual path identifier.

VPLS See virtual private LAN service.

VPN virtual private network

VPWS See virtual private wire service.

VRRP See Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.

VSI See virtual switch instance.

Virtual RouterRedundancy Protocol(VRRP)

A protocol used for multicast or multicast LANs such as an Ethernet. A group of routers(including an active router and several backup routers) in a LAN is regarded as a virtualrouter, which is called a backup group. The virtual router has its own IP address. Thehost in the network communicates with other networks through this virtual router. If theactive router in the backup group fails, one of the backup routers in this backup groupbecomes active and provides routing service for the host in the network.

VoIP See voice over IP.

variable bit rate (VBR) One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike apermanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidthand is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice calls.

very-high-speed digitalsubscriber line 2(VDSL2)

An extension of the VDSL technology, which complies with ITU G.993.2, supportsmultiple spectrum profiles and encapsulation modes, and provides short-distance andhigh-speed access solutions to the next-generation FTTx access service.

virtual channelconnection (VCC)

A VC logical trail that carries data between two end points in an ATM network. A point-to-multipoint VCC is a set of ATM virtual connections between two or multiple endpoints.

virtual concatenationgroup (VCG)

A group of co-located member trail termination functions that are connected to the samevirtual concatenation link

virtual path (VP) A bundle of virtual channels, all of which are switched transparently across an ATMnetwork based on a common VPI.

virtual path identifier(VPI)

The field in the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell header that identifies to whichvirtual path the cell belongs.



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virtual private LANservice (VPLS)

A type of point-to-multipoint L2VPN service provided over the public network. VPLSenables geographically isolated user sites to communicate with each other through theMAN/WAN as if they are on the same LAN.

virtual private wireservice (VPWS)

A technology that bears Layer 2 services. VPWS emulates services such as ATM, FR,Ethernet, low-speed TDM circuit, and SONET/SDH in a PSN.

virtual switch instance(VSI)

An instance through which the physical access links of VPLS can be mapped to thevirtual links. Each VSI provides independent VPLS service. VSI has Ethernet bridgefunction and can terminate PW.

virtual user-networkinterface (V-UNI)

A virtual user-network interface, works as an action point to perform serviceclassification and traffic control in HQoS.

voice over IP (VoIP) An IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voiceinformation over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in a digital formin discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols of thepublic switched telephone network (PSTN).

W

WAN See wide area network.

WCDMA See Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.

WDM wavelength division multiplexing

WEEE waste electrical and electronic equipment

WFQ See weighted fair queuing.

WLAN See wireless local area network.

WRED See weighted random early detection.

WRR weighted round robin

WTR See wait to restore.

Wideband CodeDivision MultipleAccess (WCDMA)

A standard defined by the ITU-T for the third-generation wireless technology derivedfrom the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology.

wait to restore (WTR) The number of minutes to wait before services are switched back to the working line.

weighted fair queuing(WFQ)

A fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidth allocation weights. Thisscheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of an interface to queues, accordingto their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. In this manner, packets of all priorityqueues can be scheduled.

weighted random earlydetection (WRED)

A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global TCPsynchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-prioritypacket when calculating the packet loss ratio.

wide area network(WAN)

A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which arephysically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as aprovince, a state or even a country.

wireless local areanetwork (WLAN)

A hybrid of the computer network and the wireless communication technology. It useswireless multiple address channels as transmission media and carriers out data interactionthrough electromagnetic wave to implement the functions of the traditional LAN.



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Z

Z interface extension Extending the analogue subscriber to another place by extending the Z interface.



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OptiX OSN 500 Commissioning Guide(V100R006)

Documents

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