OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GELATIN EXTRACT FROM CAMEL HIDE (Camelus dromedarus) FOR APPLICATION IN HALAL INDUSTRY BY SLIMANE ABOULALA A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science Biotechnology Engineering Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia AUGUST, 2017
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OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
GELATIN EXTRACT FROM CAMEL HIDE (Camelus
dromedarus) FOR APPLICATION IN HALAL INDUSTRY
BY
SLIMANE ABOULALA
A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of Master of Science Biotechnology Engineering
This research aimed to optimize the pre-treatment and the extraction conditions of
camel hide gelatin as well as different characterization analysis was performed.
Firstly, this research investigate the effect of pretreatment on Camel Hide (CH) using
two different type of alkaline chemicals, namely, Sodium hydroxide " NaOH", and
Calcium hydroxide "Ca(OH)2 ." This treatment was done with the help of Sodium
sulfide as an unhearing agent. The combination of different set was done by using
Design of Expert (DOE) software. The total of 20 experiments runs was performed
following the suggested mix combinations of parameters: time of pre-treatment
(days), NaOH/ Ca(OH)2 concentration (g/l), Sodium sulfide concentration (g/l), and
response was chosen to be the Camel Hid thickness. The model was significant only
with Calcium hydroxide. The results of the study on the preference of calcium
hydroxide 40 g / l, sodium Sulfide 5 g / l, and duration of 8 days and has reached the
skin thickness of 5.2 ml. As for the second goal was a study of the effect of pH on the
process of gelatin extraction, which has been using the same software and install both
the temperature and time of extraction, where it was a constant in six phases until total
dissolve of the camel hid. The optimal pH was 3.5 for a yield of gelatin extracted
estimated (28.52g). The gelatin extracted dried in two ways: freeze-drying and heat-
dried. The research concluded with the study of physical and chemical properties of
camel gelatin. It was found that the gel strength was high (260 g), but for Amino acids
using HPLC device was found just like any other types of gelatin. As for the study of
functional groups using FTIR detect the presence of each of the amines 1,2 and 3 and
amides A and B. As for the study of thermal transitions using DSC gave similar
results compared to the buffalo gelatin as a reference.
iii
خلاصة البحثABSTRACT IN ARABIC
الكيميائة للجيلاتين راسة الخواص الفيزيائية و د ودراسة طرق الدعالجة والإستخلاص الأمثلين لجيلاتين جلود الجمال سعى هذا البحث إلى الدقارنة. فكان الذدف التحليل و قصد بالدستخلص مقارنة بالأنواع الأخرى. كان منهج الدراسة تجريبيا مخبريا باستخدام العديد من الأجهزة
الأول هو دراسة الدعالجة الدثلى لجلود الجمال قبل استخلاص الجيلاتين منها. قارنت الدراسة بين عاملين قاعديين و هما هيدروكسيد م(، و ة)ييازمن فترة الدعالج و كان كل من: ”Design of Expert“الصوديوم و هيدروكسيد الكالسيوم )الجير( بالإستعانة ببرنامج
كعوامل و سمك الجلد)مم( كنتيجة ،ل( /جم)الصوديوم كبريتاتو تركيز ،( جم/لهيدروكسيد الكالسيوم ) تركيز هيدروكسيد الصوديوم/ات الصوديوم كبريت/ل، جم 04كعامل كيميائي للمعالجة بتركيز قدره هيدروكسيد الكالسيومالتصميم. يسفرت نتائج الدراسة عن يفضلية
pH. يما عن الذدف الثاني فكان دراسة تأثير درجة الحموضة مم 5.5ييام كمدة مثلى للمعالجة. و قد بلغ سمك الجلد 8جم/ل، و 5على عملية استخلاص الجيلاتين، حيث تم باستخدام نفس البرنامج و تثبيت كل من درجة الحرارة و زمن الإستخلاص حيث كان مستمرا
) بعد تعديل %58.55بعائد للجيلاتين الدستخلص قدر بـ 5.5لد. و كانت درجة الحموضة الدثلى في ست مراحل حتى تلاشي الجالمجفف الحراري. في الجلد و الجيلاتين الدستخلص(. تم تجفيف الجيلاتين الدستخلص بطريقتين : التجفيد و % 04على نسبة الرطوبة
الكيميائية للجيلاتين الدستخلص، حيث تبين ين خاصية قوة تماسك الذلام خلص الذدف الأخير إلى دراسة الخواص الفيزيائية و باستعمال فتم دراستها يما عن الأحماض الآمنية Texsture anlyser جرام( باستخدام جهاز 564)البلوم(كانت عالية )
كشف FTIRفكانت موجودة كباقي الأنواع الأخرى من الجيلاتين. يما عن دراسة المجاميع الوظيفية باستعمال جهاز HPLCجهازيث ح DSCالتحولات الحرارية باستخدام . فيما كانت دراسة(ب)و (ي)و الأمينات 5و 5و 0 عن وجود كل من الأميدات
مرجع. كيعطت نتائج مماثلة مقارنة بجيلاتين الجاموس
iv
APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms
to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and
quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science (Biotechnology
Engineering)
…………………………………..
Irwandi Jaswir
Supervisor
…………………………………..
Mohammed Elwathig Saeed
Mirghani
Co-Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable
standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a
dissertation for the degree of Master of Science (Biotechnology Engineering).
…………………………………..
Nassereldeen A Kabbashi
Internal Examiner
…………………………………..
Parveen Jamal
Internal Examiner
This thesis was submitted to the Department of Biotechnology Engineering and is
accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
(Biotechnology Engineering)
…………………………………..
Faridah Youcef
Head, Department of
Biotechnology Engineering
This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Engineering and is accepted as a
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Biotechnology
Engineering)
…………………………………..
Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta
Dean, Kulliyyah of Engineering
v
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except
where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder
except as provided below
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may
be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print
or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system
and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other
universities and research libraries.
By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM
Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.
Affirmed by Slimane Aboulala
……..…………………….. ………………………..
Signature Date
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdolillah, all prise is due to Allah, the lord of the universe for making the
completion of this thesis and research a reality and may his blessing upon his prophet
Muhammed, (PBUH) the last and the final messenger.
I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to those who provided their time,
effort and support for this project. To my supervisor Prof.Dr.Irwandi Jaswir and my
co-supervisor Associate Professor. Dr.Mohammed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani, thanks
for your supervision, motivation, your wise advice and encouragements.
Thanks, for the partial financial support during my research as Research
Assistant (RA) from the fund of: Camel Gelatine Project from King Saud University
(KSU), Saudi Arabia.
My sincere appreciations go to department of Biotechnology Engineering,
IIUM, staff and technicians. To the International Halal Research and Training
(INHART) staff and technicians for their support and help.
To my senior friends in the Biotech department, Hammed, Saheed, Nureddin,
Mohammed Suleiman, Harmen, Deni, Norlina, for their support during my research.
Thanks for your friendship and happy souvenir.
To all my friends in Algerian Student Community IN IIUM, and Tawat
Malaysia for their emotional and guidance support. Especially Ahmed Hamid Aissa
(BASHA)
viii
DEDICATE
It is my utmost pleasure to dedicate this work to my dear parents: Hammou and
Fatimah, and to all my family, who granted me the gift of their unwavering belief in
my ability to accomplish this goal: thank you for your support and patience, as well as
financial support to fulfil the fees of my study.
A special dedication to my wife for her continuous support, encouragement and
advices, and for that, I will be forever grateful.
To my two sons: El- Yakdan Hadj Ibrahim, and Moussa AL –Amin, I took from their
time to my study. To my new baby Mohammed Ifaw which he born after my thesis
examination by two weeks 24/05/2017.
To the memoir of ALLAH yarham: Prof. Dr.Yakoob Che Man, the founding director of
Halal Institute Research Product in UPM, Malaysia.
To all whom their aim is to realise the project of HALAL GELATIN INDUSTRY to
provide the alternative to Muslim consumers. And for the sincere hard working in the
field of Halal Research and development.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii abstract in arabic ...................................................................................................... iii Approval Page .......................................................................................................... iv
declaration ................................................................................................................ v Copyright Page ......................................................................................................... vi acknowledgements ................................................................................................... vii
Dedice.. ……………….…………….……………………………..……….…….. xii
Tables of Contents………………………………………………………..………. ixii
list of tables .............................................................................................................. xii list of figures ............................................................................................................ xiv
List of Abbreviations……………………………………… ……………………. xiiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research Objectives................................................................................ 3 1.4 Research Methodology Outline .............................................................. 3
1.5 Research Scope ....................................................................................... 4 1.6 Outline of the Thesis ............................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 7
2.2 History of gelatin .................................................................................... 7
2.3 Overviw of collagen ............................................................................... 7
2.4 From collagen to gelatin ......................................................................... 8
2.5 The structure and composition of collagen and gelatin .......................... 9
2.6 Raw material for gelatin production ....................................................... 04
2.6.1 Preparation of bones ...................................................................... 00
2.6.1.1 Assorting and size reduction .............................................. 10
2.6.1.2 Degreasing the bones ........................................................ 15