Optics Optics Telescope Telescope Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608) Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608) By accident - no knowledge of optics By accident - no knowledge of optics Manufactured & sold in London (1609) Manufactured & sold in London (1609) Microscope Microscope Inventor unknown Inventor unknown Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614) Surveyors quadrant (1631) Surveyors quadrant (1631) Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674) Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)
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Optics Telescope Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608) By accident - no knowledge of optics Manufactured & sold in London (1609) Microscope.
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OpticsOptics TelescopeTelescope
Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)By accident - no knowledge of opticsBy accident - no knowledge of opticsManufactured & sold in London (1609)Manufactured & sold in London (1609)
Surveyors quadrant (1631)Surveyors quadrant (1631)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)
CrankCrank
Conversion of rotary & reciprocating Conversion of rotary & reciprocating motionsmotions
Cam - Hero of AlexandriaCam - Hero of AlexandriaCrank & connecting rod (1430)Crank & connecting rod (1430)
Crank & Connecting RodCrank & Connecting Rod
PrintPrint
Greatest invention of Middle agesGreatest invention of Middle ages Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)
Invention of paper reached Germany in about Invention of paper reached Germany in about 13201320
Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper plate, pour molten ironplate, pour molten iron
Development of inksDevelopment of inks First book (Caxton, 1474)First book (Caxton, 1474) By 1500, 1050 presses in EuropeBy 1500, 1050 presses in Europe
Screw PressScrew Press
THE FOURTH AGETHE FOURTH AGE
Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation
Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation
Coinage - first mass production ?Coinage - first mass production ?Factory systemFactory system Interchangeability of componentsInterchangeability of componentsA computer too earlyA computer too early
CoinageCoinage
As early as 600 BCAs early as 600 BC Coin Blanks (1000)Coin Blanks (1000)
Sheet of metal, hammered, then cutSheet of metal, hammered, then cut Bramante (Florence, 1500)Bramante (Florence, 1500)
Primarily operated by steamPrimarily operated by steam
Factory System (continued)Factory System (continued) Industrial citiesIndustrial cities
Coal and oil in addition to steamCoal and oil in addition to steamNo need to locate industry by a riverNo need to locate industry by a riverBritainBritain
Metal-working industriesMetal-working industriesMachines create more machinesMachines create more machineslathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing, lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing,
grinding, & gear-cuttinggrinding, & gear-cutting
James Watt’s Micrometer James Watt’s Micrometer (1772)(1772)
Henry Maudslay’s Screw Henry Maudslay’s Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)Cutting Lathe (1797)
Interchangeability of Interchangeability of ComponentsComponents
Beginning of mass productionBeginning of mass production LocksLocks
Joseph Bramah (1790)Joseph Bramah (1790)Required accuracy in productionRequired accuracy in productionBarrel of lock fits casing of anotherBarrel of lock fits casing of another
Smooth bore flintlock musketsSmooth bore flintlock musketsEli Whitney (1798)Eli Whitney (1798)Supplied US govt. with 15,000Supplied US govt. with 15,000Required 8 yearsRequired 8 years
A Computer Too EarlyA Computer Too Early Charles BabbageCharles Babbage
Professor of Mathematics, CambridgeProfessor of Mathematics, Cambridge Difference EngineDifference Engine (1833)(1833)
Power by steam (no foresight)Power by steam (no foresight) Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and
machiningmachining
Difference Engine (1833)Difference Engine (1833)
THE FIFTH AGETHE FIFTH AGE
The Expansion of SteamThe Expansion of Steam
Pre-SteamPre-Steam Francesca della Porta (1606)Francesca della Porta (1606)
Suction caused by condensing steamSuction caused by condensing steamAbility to draw up waterAbility to draw up water
Otto von Guericke (1654)Otto von Guericke (1654)Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere
made of two halvesmade of two halves Blaise Pascal (1648)Blaise Pascal (1648)
Weight of column of air is less at elevationWeight of column of air is less at elevation Robert Boyle (1660)Robert Boyle (1660)
Gas lawsGas laws
Steam EngineSteam Engine Hero of AlexandriaHero of Alexandria Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)
21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke10 gallons of water 51 yards per strokeLow efficiencyLow efficiency