Optical Navigation Division Abraham Chang Senior Field Application Engineer Avago Technology October 2008 Solving RF Chain Challenges with Solutions for.

Optical Navigation Division

Abraham ChangSenior Field Application EngineerAvago TechnologyOctober 2008

Solving RF Chain Challenges with Solutions for WiMAX and OFDM(A)

Avago's RF Solutions to WiMAXPage 2

Agenda

Brief WiMAX review and market picture

WiMAX RF challenges

Cost-effective approaches to solve RF challenges- Discrete Linear Amplifier Modules (LAM) - High power multi-throw switch - Power detect/temp sense/switch decoder - Thin laminate wideband filter

Future: Combination of above capabilities into a highly integrated FEM for mobile applications


WiMAX review

A cost-effective standard to increase data rates while replacing multiple existing standards for high data rate applications

Utilizes spectrally efficient OFDMA technology

Will be used in conjunction with WiFi and other standards to effectively cover large areas with high data rate service

Intel white paper: WiMAX* and Wi-Fi* Together: Synergies for Next-Generation Broadband


How will it roll out to the end customer?

Early rollouts to last-mile broadband wireless access applications in under-served regions

Indoor and outdoor subscriber units for enterprise and personal use

Dongles then embedded cards will allow access for mobility

Handset applications later


WiMAX is being aggressively deployed - 407 WiMAX Deployments in 133 countries

Red pins indicate 802.16d deployments, Yellow pins indicate 802.16e deployments

Courtesy WiMAX Forum: http://www.wimaxmaps.org/


Manufacturers are betting on WiMAX

Number of planned WiMAX-certified devices

0

100

200

300

400

500

2008 2009 2010 2011

Embedded

Dongles

Indoor subscriber units

Outdoor subscriber units


WiMAX user base will grow


Comparison of the new 802.16e and the older 802.16d WiMAX standard specifications

802.16-2004 (d) 802.16eMultiple Access Method OFDM / OFDMA S-OFDMA

Bandwidth supported (MHz)1.75/3.5/5.5/5.7 OFDM

1.25/3.5/7/14/28 OFDMA1.25/2.5/5/10/20 1.75/3/3.5/5.5/7

FFT size 256 OFDM / 2048 OFDMA 128/256/512/1024/2048

Sub Carrier spacing (KHz)22.5 OFDM @ 5 MHz 2.8 OFDMA @ 5MHz

11.2 for all BW modes

Duplexing FDD/TDD/Half duplex FDD FDD/TDD/Half duplex FDDFrame Duration (mS) 2/2.5/5/8/10/12.5/20 2/2.5/4/5/8/10/12.5/20

Channel CoderConcatenated convolutional RS

code, Block TC, CTCConcatenated convolutional RS

code, Block TC, CTC, LDPCSub-channelisation (DL) FUSC/PUSC/Band AMC FUSC/PUSC/Band AMCSub-channelisation (UL) PUSC/optional PUSC PUSC/optional PUSCHARQ Support Yes [2048 OFDMA only] YesFast CQI feedback Yes [2048 OFDMA only] YesAAS Yes YesSTC support 2/4 Antennas 2/3/4 AntennasFrequency Reuse 1 cell reuse not supported 1 cell reuse can be supportedMobility Handoff support No YesSleep Modes No YesData rates 75 Mbit/s max. 30 Mbit/s maxMulticast / Broadcast support

No Yes

Full Usage of Subchannels (FUSC) Partial Usage of Subchannels (PUSC)Convolutional Turbo Codes (CTC)

space-time coding (STC)Advanced Antenna Subsystem (AAS)Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ)Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC)

not compatible



Mobile WiMAX Front End Block DiagramShown below is one example of a 3.5GHz WiMAX FEM under development. A similar 2.5GHz FEM development is on the roadmap.

Design Targets for Power Amplifier

-Gain for 27 dBm Pout Designs2.3GHz –2.7GHz 36 dB Typ 3.3GHz –3.9GHz 34 dB Typ

-Operating Current (PA Only)27dBm PA Design at 3.6V into 50 Ohms 2.5GHz 605mA (23%) @ 27dBm & 355mA (9.8%) @ 21dBm

3.6GHz 630mA (22%) @ 27dBm & 375mA (9.3%) @ 21dBm25dBm PA Design at 3.6V into 50 Ohms

2.5GHz 440mA (20%) @ 25dBm & 225mA (9.8% PAE) @ 19dBm

3.6GHz 458mA (19%) @ 25dBm & 238mA (9.3% PAE) @ 19dBmGain control 2 x 10-12 dB steps

BLN


Overview of challenges for the RF chain

High linear power outputs at 2-6 GHz require power-hungry PAs

Challenging for fixed applications- presents a greater challenge for portable and mobile

applications- require long battery life at 3V, and small, thin form

factors

Co-located radios supporting multiple standards in small portable devices or handsets create switching, interference, and filtering problems


Challenges and DifficultiesNeed: Spectrum efficiency for high data-rate wireless communication

Cause: OFDM(A) (5MHz, 10MHz, 20MHz) PAR >11.48dB (Peak to Avg. Ratio)

Effect: Need to back-off the PA to meet the linearity requirements at 26dBm (P1dB>35dBm) over 16% BW for battery-operated wireless portable/mobile gadgets at multiple power levels and interference-free performance

Solution: High power, linear, efficient (LP and HP), low-cost and highly integrated module

Going Forward: Supports multi-mode, and modulation-adaptable (WiFi, WiMAX, LTE) schemes within IP-based cellular structures


Design Approach • Adapt a multi-carrier power amplifier approach• Analyze the instantaneous time-domain behavior of the PA MMIC• Develop an ultra linear power amplifier chain using Avago’s pHEMT process• Size each RF gain stage to minimize the spectral re-growth contribution to

minimum to final stage• Place fully temperature compensated bias network for each stage

Discrete Linear Amplifier Module (LAM)



Design Approach• Implement broadband inter-stage and output matching networks• Output matching network and supply bias feeds containing harmonic rejection

circuits• Optimize out-of-band transfer function to have minimum impact on the noise

power performance for better RFIC interface• Include all matching and DC-coupling components in the module to minimize

number of external components for ease-of-use and low cost of ownership• GND pins around RF pins for continuous ground path


Design Approach• Optimize bias network for full pulse operation to support static and transient

EVM performance• Minimize memory effects leading towards symmetric upper and lower SEM

performance• Flatten large signal performance (Plinear and gain) to minimize calibration time

during system integration• Add provisions to have load-insensitive high dynamic range power detector,

temperature sensor and gain step control – 2nd generation LAMs potentially contain these functions

• Maximize heat transfer with maximum number of plugged thermal vias underneath PA MMIC




Performance Summary• Achieved 25.5dBm linear power to meet 2.5% EVM

and -35dBm/100kHz @ 11MHz of SEM requirements across full band

• Total current < 500mA• WiFi Access PA (5.15-5.85GHz) Pout>23dBm • Meet both ETSI and IEEE 802.16e SEM requirements• Introduced dual-mode 2GHz PA to support WiMAX

and WiFi mode

EVM vs PoutVcc=3.0V, 25C, 16QAM 3/4

-45.0

-40.0

-35.0

-30.0

-25.0

-20.0

-15.0

-10.0

10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

Pout [dBm]

EV

M [

dB

]

3.4GHz_25C

3.5GHz_25C

3.6GHz_25C3.7GHz_25C

3.8GHz_25C

Total Current vs PoutVcc=3.0V, 25C, 16QAM 3/4

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Pout [dBm]

Ito

tal

[A]

3.4GHz_25C3.5GHz_25C3.6GHz_25C3.7GHz_25C3.8GHz_25C

Spectrum Emission Mask @11MHz vs PoutVcc=3.0V, 25C, 16QAM 3/4

-70.0

-60.0

-50.0

-40.0

-30.0

-20.0

-10.0

10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0Pout [dBm]

SE

M @

11M

Hz

[dB

m/1

00kH

z]

3.4GHz_25C3.5GHz_25C3.6GHz_25C3.7GHz_25C3.8GHz_25C

WiMAX PA (PAT-A) Spectrum Emission Mask, 25.4dBm, 16QAM 3/4

-55.0

-50.0

-45.0

-40.0

-35.0

-30.0

-25.0

-20.0

-15.0

-10.0

-5.0

0.0

-25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

freq_offset [MHz]

Po

ut

[dB

m/1

00kH

z]

Spec

3.5GHz_3.1V

3.5GHz_3.3V


High Power Multi-Throw WiMAX Switch for WiMAX FEM

SP4T WiMAX MIMO

(2.3-2.7GHz)

RF_AUX2

RF_RX 1

P_DET BS

VBAT

RXTX

PA BIAS PA_MODE

TEMP_SENSE PA_AUXMODE

PA_EN

GND

ºC

OMN

EPHEMT

PRINT

CMOSt/r

vnegtemp

ceb

Hlb_eph

Tx_en_sw_eph

Vdd_txGND

tx_att_1

tx_att_2

pa_en

hlb

pd_ts_on

tx_att_1_eph

tx_att_2_eph

pa_en_eph

Vdd

TX

RF_ANT 1

RF_AUX1MIMO RX

VANALOG VDIG

2.65 – 2.86V3.0 – 4.7V 1.62 – 1.88V 0.0 – 1.0V

PA_SUBBAND

PRINT + SMT

ISMN

DpHEMT

Design Approach• Develop low insertion loss, high isolation and high power capacity multi-

throw switch for WiMAX and WiFi MIMO operation using Avago’s proprietary pHEMT process

• Improve the linearity of the thru switch section to handle WiMAX signal without contributing the overall distortion

• Design SP3T and SP4T from 2 to 6GHz


High Power Multi-Throw WiMAX Switch for WiMAX FEM

Performance Summary• Typical Insertion Loss <0.6dB• Typical isolation >25dB• IP1dB >35.5dBm• 2.3-2.7GHz, 3.3-3.8GHz and 2-6GHz versions available

RF_RX 1

P_DET BS

VBAT

RXTX

PA BIAS PA_MODE

TEMP_SENSE PA_AUXMODE

PA_EN

GND

ºC

OMN

EpHEMT

PRINT

CMOSt/r

vnegtemp

ceb

Hlb_eph

Tx_en_sw_eph

Vdd_txGND

tx_att_1

tx_att_2

pa_en

hlb

pd_ts_on

tx_att_1_eph

tx_att_2_eph

pa_en_eph

Vdd

TX

RF_ANT 1RF_AUX1MIMO RX

VANALOG VDIG

2.65 – 2.86V3.0 – 4.7V 1.62 – 1.88V 0.0 – 1.0V

PA_SUBBAND

PRINT + SMT

ISMN

DpHEMT

SP3T WiMAX MIMO (3.3-3.8GHz)


ANT-2 RX OUT 2

RX OUT 1

TX IN P

PWRDET OUT

FEM ID VCC

TX/RX ON

PA BIAS VREF

TEMPSENSE_OUT PA GAIN STEPPA_ON GND

ºC

OMN

t/r

vnegtemp

ceb

Hlb_eph

Tx_en_sw_eph

Vdd_txGND

tx_att_1

tx_att_2

pa_en

hlb

pd_ts_on

tx_att_1_eph

tx_att_2_eph

pa_en_eph

Vdd

TX IN N

ANT-1

ISMNEPHEMT

PRINT

CMOS

PRINT + SMT

DpHEMT

PD + Temp. Sense + Switch Decoder for WiMAX FEM

Pwr. Det. + Temp. Sense + Decoder

On-chip ESD Multiplexed PD/TS out

Linear-in-dB PD 1V 15dB 30mV/dB

Offset PTAT TS (0.2V–1V)/(-30C-100C)

1-out-of-4 DECODER A10 CMOS (0.5x0.7mm2)

Size 0.5mm x 0.7mm On-chip ESD

Fully functional logic

Zero Current (Idd < 5nA)

Adapts to a range of logic levels: 2V <Vin< 4.0V

Tr/Tf < 5ns


Design Approach• For low cost solutions, wide-band filter structures are designed to suppress the

noise power generated by the RFICs as well as for the amplified noise by the PA• Combine lumped element and SMT components to save space and cost• Develop the filter topologies on coreless and dual core laminate substrates • Employ full 3D EM simulators for accuracy and time-to-market• Optimize the input and output for PA as well as multi-throw switch

Wide-Band Filters on Laminate for WiMAX FEM


Wide-Band Filters on Laminate for WiMAX FEM

Performance Summary• Typical Insertion Loss <1.2dB• Sufficient OOB rejection • Fitted to 6x6x1 module size


FUTURE: WiMAX (MIMO) FEM for Mobile Applications

Integration of Building Blocks

• All the building blocks are ready to integrate for low cost solution

• Employ Avago’s proprietary semiconductor technologies

• Support MIMO operation

• Contain dual mode (WiMAX/WiFi) operations for high-level of integration

• Have provision for LNAs

• Target size = 6x6x1

• Work with digital pre-D systems with consistent AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics

• Next step: Integrate these building blocks and release low-cost high performance WiMAX FEMs

ANT-2 RX OUT 2

RX OUT 1

TX IN P

PWRDET OUT

FEM ID VCC

TX/RX ON

PA BIAS VREF

TEMPSENSE_OUT PA GAIN STEPPA_ON GND

ºC

OMN

t/r

vnegtemp

ceb

Hlb_eph

Tx_en_sw_eph

Vdd_txGND

tx_att_1

tx_att_2

pa_en

hlb

pd_ts_on

tx_att_1_eph

tx_att_2_eph

pa_en_eph

Vdd

TX IN N

ANT-1

ISMNEPHEMT

PRINT

CMOS

PRINT + SMT

DpHEMT

Under Develope

ment


Under Develope

ment


Avago GaAsCap Package make Lower Cost


Avago can offer WiFi and WiMAX power amplifiers in a proprietary GaAsCap™ wafer scale packaging option.

This would give the thinnest package product on the market, a very valuable option for FEM builders using LTCC since it would eliminate wire bond step and allow 1.2mm total FEM height.

GaAsCap IC packaging option

700u

300u

LT

CC

M

MIC

P

last

ic

200u

1.2mm

Cap wafer

Base wafer

Backside Via

Gasket Gasket

Backside Via

10 mils thick



Avago WiMAX Released Product

• LNA

• PA


WLAN & WiMAX LNA in Ultra Thin Package

*Pre-released products: Avago Technologies reserves the right to alter specifications, features, functions, markings, manufacturing release dates and general availability of the product at any time, including the right not to release the product shown in this slide

Ultra thin (0.4mm) and miniature package Very low noise figure High linearity at low operating current Built in bias control & shutdown functions Low external component count

P/N Freq (GHz)

LNA Mode BypassPackage

(mm)Vd (V)

Id (mA)

NF (dB)

IIP3 (dBm)

Gain (dB)

IP1dB (dBm)

IL (dB)

IIP3 (dBm)

MGA-645T6 2.4 3 7 1.1 7 15 -7 4.5 16 2x1.3x0.4

MGA-655T6 3.5 3 10 1.2 3 15 +1 6.5 19 2x1.3x0.4

MGA-675T6* 5.5 3 11 1.3 -3 19 -10 N/A N/A 2x1.3x0.4

Surface Mount2x1.3x0.4 mm3

UTSLP

Note: MGA-675T6 does not have bypass switch

MGA-645T6

Market Released !


Pre-released products: Avago Technologies reserves the right to alter specifications, features, functions, markings, manufacturing release dates and general availability of the product at any time, including the right not to release the product shown in this slide

Value Propositions Low operating voltage (3.3V or 5V) Low current, high efficiency Integrated switch control attenuator Integrated shutdown and power detector Fully matched RF Input and output

MCOB5x5x1.1 mm3

Mobile WiMAX Linear Power Amplifier

Note 1: Linear Output power measured at 64QAM OFDMA modulation per IEEE 802.16e specs

Part number ALM-42216 ALM-42316

Freq range (GHz) 2.3-2.7 3.3-3.8

Test freq (GHz) 2.5 3.5

Vdd (V) 3.3 3.3Ids (mA) 400 420

Pout (dBm) 22.5 22.5

EVM (%) 2.5% 2.5%

PAE (%) 13% 13%

Gain (dB) 30 28

Pwr Det Yes Yes

Idq (mA) 200 240

Atte. (dB) 20 20

Package (mm) 5x5x1.1 5x5x1.1

P1dB (dBm) 31 30.5

Matching Full Full

Samples Available Available

Functional block diagram

Shutdown

Detector

Market Released !


WLAN & WiMAX ½ W Driver Amplifiers


½ Watt High Linearity Smart FET High linearity and P-1dB at low operating current Built in adjustable temperature compensation circuit Low external component count Standard 3x3 LPCC package 5V Supply

P/N Freq (GHz)

Typical PerformancePackage

(mm)Vd (V)

Id (mA)

NF (dB)

IP3 (dBm)

Gain (dB)

P1dB (dBm)

MGA-30216* 1.7-2.5 5 200 2.0 43 14.0 27 3x3x1

MGA-30316* 3.3-3.9 5 200 2.0 43 12.5 27 3x3x1

MGA-30116* 0.4-1.0 5 200 2.0 43 16.0 27 3x3x1

Vdd

Rbias

RFin RFout

MGA-30X16

Market Released !


WLAN & WiMAX 1 W Driver Amplifiers


1 Watt High Linearity Amplifier Fully Matched Module High linearity and P-1dB at low operating current Unconditionally stable across load conditions Built in adjustable temperature compensation circuit 5x6 MCOB Module package 5V Supply

P/N Freq (GHz)

Typical PerformancePackage

(mm)Vd (V)

Id (mA)

NF (dB)

IP3 (dBm)

Gain (dB)

P1dB (dBm)

ALM-31222* 1.7-2.5 5 400 3.7 49.5 14.5 32 5x6x1.1

ALM-31322* 3.3-3.9 5 400 2.0 46 12.0 30 5x6x1.1

ALM-31122* 0.4-1.0 5 400 2.0 46 16.0 30 5x6x1.1

ALM-322XX* 1.7-2.5 5 800 2.0 49 16.0 33 7x10x1.1

Vdd

bias

RFin RFoutInputmatch

Outputmatch

Vctrl

ALM-31X22

Market Released !


FBAR WiFi/WiMAX Filter Technologies


WiMAX Spectrum2305-2320 2345-2360 2500-2655 2655-2690

US WCS- licensed MMDS/ITFS - licensed

2570-2620 3300-3400 3600-3800 5725-5850

UMTS extension band(Band VII guard band)

licensed

Fixed Broadband Spectrumextension to 3800 more limited

licensed

UNII Upper band

2 3 4 5 6 GHz

US

Europe

802.16-2004“3.5” “5.8”

802.16e“2.3” “2.5”

2700-2900

3400-3600 5470-57255150-5350

New WRCUNII Low, Mid bands

2400-2484

ISM

5725-5850

UNII Upper band

5470-57255150-5350

New WRCUNII Low, Mid bands

2400-2484

ISM

802.11 b,g 802.11 aWiFi Spectrum

Solid: initial WiMAX profileStriped: future WiMAX profile

2 3 4 5 6 GHz2400-2484 ISM 5125=5850 ISM US

Europe





Thank you.

For additional information, visit

www.avagotechwireless.com

Optical Navigation Division Abraham Chang Senior Field Application Engineer Avago Technology October 2008 Solving RF Chain Challenges with Solutions for.

Documents

avagos rf solutions

ofdma slide

mobile wimax

wimax deployments

wimax fem

rf chain challenges

rf gain stage

compatible slide