Optical Fiber - working & principle

KSHITIJ MITTAL

OPTICAL FIBER

o Total Internal Reflectiono What Is Optical Fibers ?o Construction Of Optical Fibers.o Working Of Optical Fiber.o Optical Fiber For Communication. o Advantages Of Optical Fiber.o Disadvantages Of Optical Fiber.o Big Datao Need Of Optical Fiber.

INDEX

Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected.

𝜽𝟐𝜽𝟐

𝜽𝟏𝜽𝟏= 𝜽𝑪

Refracted Rays

Reflected Rays

= 90

> 𝜽𝑪

Denser Medium

Rarer Medium

𝒏𝟏

𝒏𝟐

SOUR

CETOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

OPTICAL FIBERS are the reflective tubes that can guide light for a long distance – because the walls of the fibre don't absorb any light due to TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

What is Optical fibers ?

COREGlass with a higher index

of refraction than cladding it carries signal

BUFFERProtects the fiber from damage and moisture

CLADDING Glass with a lower index of refraction than the core

Construction of Optical fibers.

Core

Cladding

Buffer

𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙𝟗𝟎−𝜽𝒄

𝜽𝒄𝜽𝒄 𝜽𝒄

SOUR

CE

Working of optical fiber.

Optical fiber is used as a medium for telecommunication and computer networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially advantageous for long-distance communications as per-channel light signals propagating in the fiber have been modulated at rates as high as 111 gigabits per second.

Transmitter

Receiver

Typically a laser or LEDConverts electrical to optical signal.

PhotodiodeDetects optical signal and coverts to electrical signal.

Optical Fiber Cable.

Optical Fiber For Communication.

o Much higher bandwidth (Gbps) - Thousands of channels can be multiplexed together over one strand of fiber

o Immunity to noise - Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI).

o Safety - Doesn’t transmit electrical signals, making it safe in environments like a gas pipeline.

o Security - Impossible to “tap into.” o Attenuation - It is a term that refers to the reduction in the strength of a signal.

(fibers can be made to have only 0.2 dB/km of attenuation)o Reliability - More resilient than copper in extreme environmental conditions.o Size - Lighter and more compact than copper. Unlike impure, brittle glass, fiber is

physically very flexible.

Advantages of optical fiber.

Disadvantages include the cost of interfacing equipment necessary to convert electrical signals to optical signals. (optical transmitters, receivers) splicing fiber optic cable is also more difficult.

o Expensive over short distance

o Requires highly skilled installers

o Adding additional nodes is difficult

Disadvantages of optical fiber.

WHAT IS BIG DATA?Big data is a term used to describe the exponential growth and availability of data, both structured and unstructured

BUT

Optical fiber play major role in handling BIG DATA

The first most important is the fact that a fiber optic cable can transmit data over 100 km, as opposed to the 100m from regular Ethernet.

There have been many projects and studies on fiber optics that have broken record speeds. The most recent record speed came to around 109 terabytes/s.

Need of optical fiber.

Need of optical fiber.

TILL TODAY

OPTICAL FIBER is the only hope to handle such a

BIG DATA

THE END