Sharif University of Technology 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Optical Fiber Communication: Technology and Systems Overview lecturer: Dr. Ali Fotowat Ahmady Optical Communications: Circuits, Systems and Devices September, 2012
Optical Communications: Circuits, Systems and Devices
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Optical Communications: Circuits, Systems and Devices. Chapter 1: Introduction Optical Fiber Communication: Technology and Systems Overview lecturer: Dr. Ali Fotowat Ahmady. September, 20 1 2. Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Sharif University of Technology 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
Optical Fiber Communication: Technology and Systems Overview
lecturer: Dr. Ali Fotowat Ahmady
Optical Communications: Circuits, Systems and Devices
September, 2012
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High Speed Electrical Links
• Necessary to equalize the growing disparity between on-chip computation and chip-to-chip communication bandwidth• Components
- High-bandwidth transceiver (TX, RX)- Terminated channel- Precise clock generation and recovery
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
TX RXChannel
Timing0 1 0 0 0 01 1 1 1
Timing
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Limitations of Electrical Links (1 of 2)
• Maximum on-chip clock frequency that can be propagated without swing attenuation• Clock period limit 6 – 8 FO4 inverter delays
- 0.25 CMOS 750 – 1000ps 1 – 1.3GHz
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
1x 4x
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Limitations of Electrical Links (2 of 2)
• Limited bandwidth distance product of wiresBits/s (LC lines)
• Proportional noise sources- Reflections- Cross-talk
• Power Consumption ~ 30mW/Gb/s
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15 210B A l
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Benefits of Optical Links (1 of 2)
• Enormous capacity: 1.3 mm-1.55 mm allocates bandwidth of 37 THz!!• Cables and equipment have small size and weight
- A large number of fibers fit easily into an optical cable- Applications in special environments as in aircrafts, satellites, ships
• Longer Distances (SMF)- Less attenuation per distance: Optical fiber loss can be as low as 0.2dB/km Compared to loss of coaxial cables: 10-300dB/km) - Almost zero frequency dependant loss- Dispersion Limited (Chromatic ~5ps/nm/km)
• Lower Power- Less attenuation
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Benefits of Optical Links (2 of 2)
• Less Noise- No crosstalk between fibers- No reflections
• Immunity to interference- Nuclear power plants, hospitals, EMP resistive systems
(installations for defense)• Electrical isolation
- Electrical hazardous environments- Negligible crosstalk
• Signal security - Banking, computer networks, military systems
• Silica fibers have abundant raw material
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Market Transition from Electrical to Optical
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History of Optical Telecommunications (1 of 3)
• Roman times-glass drawn into fibers• Venice Decorative Flowers made of glass fibers• 1841- Daniel Colladon-Light guiding demonstrated in water jet• 1870- Tyndall observes light guiding in a thin water jet• 1880- Bell invents Photophone• 1888- Hertz Confirms EM waves and relation to light• 1880-1920 Glass rods used for illumination• 1930- Lamb experiments with silica fiber• 1931- Owens-Fiberglass• 1951- Heel, Hopkins, Kapany image transmission using fiber bundles• 1958- Goubau et. al. Experiments with the lens guide• 1958-59 Kapany creates optical fiber with cladding
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History of Optical Telecommunications (2 of 3)
• 1960- Ted Maiman demonstrates first laser in Ruby• 1960- Javan et. al. invents HeNe laser• 1962- 4 Groups simultaneously make first semiconductor lasers• 1961-66 Kao, Snitzer et al conceive of low loss single mode fiber communications and develop theory• 1970- First room temp. CW semiconductor laser-Hayashi & Panish• 1975- Coax, 274 Mb/s at 1km repeater spacing• April 1977- First fiber link with live telephone traffic-GTE Long Beach 6 Mb/s• May 1977- First Bell system 45Mb/s links: GaAs lasers 850nm Multimode -2dB/km loss• Early 1980s- InGaAsP 1.3 µm Lasers: 0.5 dB/km, lower dispersion-Single mode
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History of Optical Telecommunications (3 of 3)
• Late 1980s-Single mode transmission at 1.55 µm - 0.2 dB/km• 1987- 1.3 um InGaAsP lasers, SMF, 1.7 Gb/s at 50km• 1989- Erbium doped fiber amplifier• 1990s- 1.55 um InGaAsP DFB lasers, SMF, 2.5-10 Gb/s at 40km• 1990s- WDM, 1.55 um InGaAsP DFB lasers, EDFA, SMF, 2.5-10Gb/s at 300-10,000km repeater spacing• 1 Q 1996- 8 Channel WDM• 4th Q 1996- 16 Channel WDM• 1Q 1998- 40 Channel WDM• 2002- 64 WDM chx 10Gbps over 250,000 km span
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Increase in Bitrate-Distance product
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Per-Fiber Capacity Trends
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Optical Fiber vs. Twisted-Pair Cable & Coaxial Cable
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Benchmark between Optical Fibers and Twisted-Pair Cable
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Optical Signal Processing (1 of 2)
• With the development of network communication, the transmitted signals need further processed such as switching, add-drop multiplexing,
- Processing in electronic domain
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Optical Signal Processing (2 of 2)
- Processing in optical domain (discrete component)
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Progress in Lightwave Communication Technology (1 of 5)
• First Generation Fiber Optic Systems- Purpose: Eliminate repeaters in T-1 systems used in inter-office trunk lines- Technology: 0.8 μm GaAs semiconductor lasers, Multimode
silica fibers- Limitations: Fiber attenuation, Intermodal dispersion- Deployed since 1974
• Second Generation Fiber Optic Systems- Opportunity: Development of low-attenuation fiber (removal of H2O and other impurities), Eliminate repeaters in long-distance lines
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Progress in Lightwave Communication Technology (2 of 5)
- Technology: 1.3 μm multi-mode semiconductor lasers, Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers, DS-3 signal: 28 multiplexed DS-1 signals carried at 44.736Mbits/s- Limitation: Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing ≈ 6km)- Deployed since 1978
• Third Generation Fiber Optic Systems- Opportunity: Development of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers - Technology: 1.55 μm single-mode semiconductor lasers, Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers, OC-48 signal: 810
multiplexed 64-kb/s voice channels carried at 2.488 Gbits/s
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Progress in Lightwave Communication Technology (3 of 5)
- Limitations: Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing ≈ 40 km), Fiber dispersion- Deployed since 1982
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Progress in Lightwave Communication Technology (4 of 5)
• Fourth Generation Fiber Optic Systems- Opportunity: Deregulation of long-distance market - Technology: 1.55 μm single-mode, narrow-band semiconductor lasers, Single-mode, low-attenuation, dipersion-shifted silica
fibers, Wavelength-division multiplexing of 2.488Gb/s or 9.953Gb/s signals
- Limitations: Nonlinear effects limit the following system parameters (Signal launch power, Propagation distance without regeneration/reclocking, WDM channel separation, Maximum number of WDM channels per fiber), Polarization-mode dispersion limits the following parameters (Propagation distance without regeneration/reclocking)
- Deployment began in 1994
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Progress in Lightwave Communication Technology (5 of 5)
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Generic Optical Fiber System (1 of 3)
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Generic Optical Fiber System (2 of 3)
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Generic Optical Fiber System (3 of 3)
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Important Communication Systems and Technologies (1 of 3)
• Wide-area networks- Either government-regulated or in the public network
environment◦ WANS originated in telephony
- Main technologies: SONET/SDH, ATM, WDM◦ Voice circuits vs. packets◦ Non-optical technologies (unless encapsulated in SONET or ATM): T1/E1/J1, DS-3, Frame Relay◦ Standards bodies include ITU-T, IETF, ATM Forum, Frame Relay Forum, IEEE
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Important Communication Systems and Technologies (2 of 3)
• Metropolitan-area/regional-area networks- A MAN or RAN covers a North American metropolitan area, or a small to medium-sized country in Europe or Asia- Main technologies: SONET, ATM, Gigabit & 10-Gigabit
Ethernet, DWDM◦ Non-optical technologies: T1, T3, Frame Relay
• Local-area networks- Main technologies: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet- Currently fiber for backbone, copper for distribution- Excess capacity enhances performance
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Important Communication Systems and Technologies (3 of 3)
• Access networks- The first (or last) network segment between customer premises and a WAN or MAN
◦ Owned by a Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)- Broadband digital technologies: HFC, DSL
◦ Ethernet framing vs. ATM- Twisted pair vs. coaxial cable vs. fiber vs. wireless vs. free-
space optics
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Optical “Food Chain”
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Optical Communication Protocol Stack
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Optical Network Architecture (1 of 2)
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
WDM provides enabling technology for Optical Network Layer: Data format transparency for multi-service optical layer Optical channel bandwidth management
and high-capacity throughput
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Optical Network Architecture (2 of 2)
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
Long Haul
Metro
Access
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Traffic Growth and Composition
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DWDM Technology (1 of 2)
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
∆λ = 25 – 100GHz (0.4 or 0.8 nm @ 1500 nm)
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DWDM Technology (2 of 2)
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Evolution of WDM System Capacity
• Repeater spacing for commercial systems- Long-haul systems - 600 km repeater spacing- Ultra-long haul systems - 2000 km repeater spacing
(Raman + EDFA amplifiers, forward error correction coding, fast external modulators)
- Metro systems - 100 km repeater spacing• State of the art in DWDM
- channel spacing 50 GHz, 200 carriers, 10 Gb/s, repeater spacing few thousand km
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Global Undersea Fiber systems
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
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Installed Fiber in US
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Professional Societies and Corporations (1 of 2)
• Optical Society of America (OSA)- Oldest optics/photonics society in North America- Covers all fields of optics, from human vision to optical
physics Peer-reviewed journals include Journal of the Optical Society of America, Applied Optics, Optics Letters, Journal of Light wave Technology (co-sponsored with IEEE-LEOS), Journal of Optical Networking, Optics Express
• IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (IEEE-LEOS)- Journal of Quantum Electronics, Photonics Technology
Letters, Journal of Special Topics in Quantum Electronics
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Professional Societies and Corporations (2 of 2)
- Co-sponsors the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) and the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) with OSA
• SPIE - Not-for-profit corporation- Organizes many conferences and publishes proceedings
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Three Giant Companies (1 of 3)
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
Symbol LU – (S&P 500)
Employees ~ 47,000
HQ New Jersey, US
CEO Patricia Russo, 50:(salary: $14.28mil/yr)
Revenue FY03: $8.6billion
• LUCENT (www.lucent.com): adding more lanes
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Three Giant Companies (2 of 3)
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
Symbol NT (NYSE)
Employees 39,690
HQ Ontario, CANADA
CEO Frank A. Dunn, 49Salary: $849,000/yr
Revenue FY03: $9.6bil
• NORTEL (www.nortelnetworks.com): providing faster transport equipments
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Three Giant Companies (3 of 3)
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
Symbol CSSO (S&P 500, Amex Internet, Nasdaq 100)
Employees 34,466
HQ San Jose, CA
CEO John Chambers, 53
Revenue FY03: $20.40bil
• CISCO (www.cisco.com): raising the speed limit
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Questions
Chapter 1 Introduction Optical Fiber Communications
?September, 2012
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