operator kkp

APPROVAL SHEET

Title : Transfer Liquid With Centrifugal Pump

By : Andi Lasmana

Name Of Training : Production Operator (OTP-2)

This paper work has been approved in March 2013.

Approved by :

Advisor , English Corrector,

( Rohenda.,S.T,M.T ) ( Luita Y.D.,S.Pd )

NIP. 197401192006041001 NIP.19830615200812019

Course Leader,

( Purnomo sidi.,S.T.,M.T )

NIP.197805142003121001

PREFACE

All praises are offered for draise be to Allah SWT for giving me all the blessing and inspiration to finish this paper. This paper is prepared to fulfill one of requirements to finish the course on OPERATOR & TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAM (OTP 2), which was held in PUSDIKLAT MIGAS CEPU from

The title discused in this paper is Liquid Transfer With Centrifugal Pump that represents the writers understanding about supporting devices in oil and gas operation. I would like to extend my thanks and high appreciation to :

a. Total E&P Indonesie management.

b. PT. Radiant Utama Internsco,tbk management.

c. Pusdiklat Migas Cepu Management.

d. Mr. Purnomo sidi,ST.,MT as my Course Leader.

e. Mr. Rohenda,S.T., M.T as my Advisor.

f. Mrs. Luita Y.D.,S.Pd as my English Corrector.

g. Pusdiklat Migas Cepu Lecturers, Instructor and Staff

h. All of my friens of OTP-2 TOTAL E&P INDONESIE who have motivated me, and help me to finish this paper.

i. My family and someone who always pray and support me anytime.

j. Every one for their helped and support given to make this paper finished

In this paper, there may be some mistakes. For these mistakes, everybody can make correction and suggestions. I always welcome and appeciate for any suggestions.

Cepu, March 2013

Andi Lasmana

ABSTRACT

Application of centrifugal pumps is used in many industries, especially petroleum industry. Centrifugal pump is used to move liquids from one place to another throught a pipe with the principle of converting energy of a prime mover first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.

The components are divided into two main groups, namely stationary component and rotating componentwhich must be done in both maintenance to keep their optional performance and life time. Centrifugal pump can be operated in parallel and series depending on head and capacity needed in a procces. Right operation procedure will increase life time of each component of a centrifugal pump and also maintain performance.

TABLE OF CONTENT

ContentsAPPROVAL SHEETiPREFACEiiABSTRACTivTABLE OF CONTENTvLIST OF FIGURESviiCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1I.1Oil and Gas Process1I.2Background3I.3Objectives4I.4Scope5CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY6II.1Basic principle of centrifugal pump6II.2The classification of Centrifugal Pumps7Centrifugal pumps can be classified according to several ways:7II.2.1Orientation of the pump shaft7II.2.2Number of stages8II.2.3the type of flow in the impeller.9According to the type of impeller.11II.3Component of centrifugal pump12II.3.1Stationery component12II.3.2Rotary component16CHAPTER III OPERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP22III.1Basic operation of centrifugal pump22III.1.1Capacity22III.1.2Head23III.1.3Net positive suction head25III.1.4Series and pararell operation26III.1.5Preventing Cavitation28III.2Operation Method of Centrifugal Pump30CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION32REFERENCES33

LIST OF FIGURES

figure III2 shaft pump8

figure III3 multistage centrifugal pump9

figure III4 Radial flow10

figure III5 Mixed flow10

figure III6 Axial flow11

figure III7 component centrifugal pump.12

figure III8 Diffuser guide vane13

figure III9 Stuffing box14

figure III10 Wearing ring16

figure III11 Impeller18

figure III12 Shaft sleeve20

figure IV1 Curve operation series and pararell28

v

INTRODUCTION Oil and Gas Process

Oil and gas process

From the well fluid goes up to choke thus the flow can be regulated as expected, then the fluidis leading to a manifold pipe which collects fluids from there servoir produced. Then, the fluids go intothe separator to be separated the fluids at liquid phase and the gas phase with density factors, the boiling point and times eparation.

Gas phase:

The gas phase is out from gas separator outlet leading to the water cooler to cool the gas before heading to the scrubber. In the scrubber, gas is cleaned from water vapor containing gas.Then headed to the gas goes to compressor to compress gas and increases gas pressure. Next, gas is towards to the air cooler to cool the hot gas resulted from compression. After that, cooled gas goes to the scrubber to separate gas from water vapor remains through a air cooler. The next step is the scrubber gas is heading to contactor glycol unit to separate gas from water vapor to get dry gas based on the specification to avoid hydrate in the pipeline sale.

Oil phase:

After separation of the oil separator unit in to lp separator stage, this separator is separated smaller gas remains in in the oil.Then, it goes to atmospheric flash drum to separate the remains of the gas from the oil to the centrifugal pump to increase the speed at which the flow can go to the destination. After that, it is headed to gas boot to separate gas remains in the pipe line. Clean water from gas then goes to gas tank. The oil is sent to oil metering using centrifugal pump to obtain rapid and volume obtained keep constant.

Water phase:

Separated water in the first stage separator and second stage separator enter to oily water treatment system where this equipment unit separates oil droplets in the water continuous phase. This separation unit uses gravitation principle. Different specific gravity is very important since it causes floating oil to the surface quickly and well. Oil phase is separated from water phase then it is returned to the process and water phase that is based on the specification of water quality will be flowed out of the sea, marsh and river.

Background

In an oil and gas industry, there is oil in the process for the sale to the consumer and the separation of process water. Oil is in the process to be separated from the remaining gases are still followed by oil. The oil has already separated the low pressure, low pressure oil can not flow to the shelter (tank). In order for the oil that has been in this process can stream to shelter the oil it needed a tool to help drain the oil from a low place to a higher or lower than the pressure to high pressure pumping equipment is. The oil produced has to kentalan low on stream using a centrifugal pump for easier flow. Pumps centrifugal pumps type of dynamic, where the impeller pump has a working lift oil from a lower to a higher place. In the process of oil and gas industry centrifugal pump is used to flow liquid from a low to high or from low pressure to higher pressure for example liquid flow to tanks, to send to tangker for sale.

A cenrifugal pump is one kind of pump which is used for any aplication in procces plant. Centrifugal pumps are by far the most commonly used of the pump types because of their simplicity design, high effiency, wide range of capacity, head, smooth flow rate, and easy operation and maintenance. There are several reasons to choose this pump type, basiclly they are:

a. Simple principle of work

b. There are varios types of options output capacity of water supply

c. Spindle motor can be directly connected to the pump

d. Uniformity of motion which is continuous, with little or no periodic variation in the rate of flow and pressure

e. Great reliability of operation and easy to maintenance

f. Small size (due to their high speed), which means that they require less room and lighter

g. Low invesment and maintenance cost for hi-cpacity pumping

Operation parameter and procedure of a centrifugal pump should be the same as the procces requirement. Right operation will raise efficiencies and automatically reduce the operation cost. Pump is one of main equipment to support a procces. Therefore, operation performance and conditions of centrifugal pump must be maintained so that the pump procces in a plat can run smoothly.

Objectives

This paper Liquid Transfer With Centrifugal Pump has objectives as follows:

Describe the working principle of centrifugal pump

Add our knowladge about the main parts or components and functions of centrifugal pump

Developing our knowladge about the basic operation and maintenance of centrifugal pump

Scope

The paper focuses on basic principle and operation centrifugal pump.

BASIC THEORYBasic principle of centrifugal pump

A centrifugal pump is a rotating manchine in which flow and pressure are generated dynamically. Its procces is to convert energy of a prime mover (a electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the vokute or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser are stationary part that converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.

The procces liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye (center) of a revolving device known as an impeller. When the impller rotates, it spins the liquid sitting in to cavities between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low-pressure area is created more liquid to flow toward the inlet. Because the impeller blades are curved, the fluid is fushed in a tangential and radial direction by the centrifugal force. This force acting inside the pump is the same one that keeps water inside a bucket that is rotating at the end of string.

The key idea is that energy created by the centrifugal force is kinetic energy. In the discharge nizzle, the liquid further is decelerated and its velocity is converted to pressure according to bernoullis principle. Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) develoved is approximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller expressed by the following well-known formula:

H = v2 2g

H = Total heat develovment (feet)

V = velocity of periphery of impeller (feet/second)

G = acceleration due to gravity (feet/second2 )

The classification of Centrifugal PumpsCentrifugal pumps can be classified according to several ways:

Orientation of the pump shaft

This refers to the plane on which the shaft axis of the pump is placed. Its either horizontal or vertical as shown in figure

figure III2 shaft pump

Number of stages

This refers to the number is sets of impellers and diffusers in a pump. A set forms a stage and its usally single, dual, or multiple stages figure.

figure III3 multistage centrifugal pump

the type of flow in the impeller.

Radial flow pumps

This pump has a construction such as the liquid flow out of the impeller will pump shaft perpendicular (radial direction).

figure III4 Radial flow

Mixed flow pumpLiquid flow leaving the impeller inside the pump time will move along the surface of the cone (tilted) so that velocity component is directed radial and axial.

figure III5 Mixed flow

Axial flow pumpLiquid flow leaving the impeller will move along the surface of the cylinder (axial direction).

figure III6 Axial flow

According to the type of impeller.

Closed impellerBlades closed by two walls that are an integral part, a substance used for pumping clean or slightly liquid containing impurities.

Semi-open impellerThis type of open impellers adjacent inlets (front) and closed door behind him. Suitable for pumping liquids containing fewer impurities such as: water containing sand, wear liquid, slurry, and others.

Open impellerimpeller type has no walls in front and behind. The back wall there is little left to strengthen the blade. This type is widely used for pumping liquids that contain a lot of dirt.

Component of centrifugal pump

A centripugal pump has two main component. They are :

a. A stationary component (Dinamic part)

b. A rotating component comprised (static part)

figure III7 component centrifugal pump.

Stationery component

Stationery component at centrifugal pump consists of :

a. Base plate and frame

Its the fuction of base plate and frame is to support pump and its peripherals. For pump that direct coupled with prime mover, the pump and prime mover are sited in one base plate or frame.

b. Casing

Is the outermost part of the pump, which functions as:- Protective entire rotating element- The locus quide vane or Diffusor, inlet and outlet nozzle- The place that gives the direction of flow of the impeller speed and convert the energy into the energy of the fluid dynamic (single stage).

c. Diffuser guide vane

These parts are usually mounted in casing and tighten with bolt. This part is used to:

Regulate flow of liquid to volute space (for single stage pump), or to next stage (for multistage pump).

Change kinetic energy into potential energy.

figure III8 Diffuser guide vane

d. Stuffing box

The stuffing box is a chamber or a housing to seal the shaft where it passes through the pump casing. It prevents leakage at the point where the shaft passes out through the pump casing to atnhosphare. It prevents liquid out from the pump if pump pressure higher than ambient pressure. It also prevents cavitation (air enter inside pump) when pump working with suction lift system and inside staffinf box pressure lower than ambient pressure.

figure III9 Stuffing box

e. Mechanical seal

The stuffing boxes have many disadvantages and these include:

Persistent leakage and loss of product if the shaft surface is not smooth

If the gland is too tightened, the shaft/sleeve gets hot and there can be rapid wear of the surface

They require constant supervision

As a result, the use of gland packing is being phased out but is still used in noncritical and low-power applications. Inthe most of the applications,mechanical seals are used, most of the disadvantages of packing are eliminated by the use od mechanical seals.

f. Wearing ring

The impeller is a rotating component and it is housed within the pump casing. To prevent frictional contact, a gap is between the periphery of an impeller intake and the pump casing. In addition, there is a pressure difference between them, which result in the ricurculation of the pumped liquid. This leakage reduces the efficiency of the pump. The other advantages of lower clearance is that reduced leakage prevent erosion due to suction recirculation and also provides a much better rotor dynamic stability to the pump. Therefore, in the areas of the impeller intake, metallic rings are fitted on the impeller eye as well as on the pump casing. Accordingly, the wearing ring on the impeller is called as impeller wearing rings and the one fitted on the casing is called as the case wearing ring.

figure III10 Wearing ring

Rotary component

Rotary component at centrifugal pump consists of :

a. Impeller

The impeller of the centrifugal pump converts the mechanical rotation to the velocity of the liquid. The impeller acts as the spinning wheel inthe pump. It has an inlet to the outlet of the impeller by venes. The angle and shape of the vanes are designed based on flow rate. Impellers can have many features on them like balancing holes and back vanes. These help in reducing the axial thurst generated by the hydrulic pressure. In order to reduce recirculation losses and to enhance the volumemetric efficiency of the impellers, they are provided with wearing rings.

There are types of the impeller :

1) Based on construction of impeller.

a) Closed : from the impeller hub, the vanes radial extends with cover plates. The vane between two plates tha is joined at one unity. This impeller has best efficiencies than other type and suitable for pumping clean liquid or that containts a few of scale.

b) Semi-open impeller : from the impeller hub, the vanes radial extend with one cover plates. This impeller has middle efficiencies and suitable for pumping liquid that contains some scale.

c) Open impeller : from the impeller hub, the vanes radial extends without shrouds or cover plates. This impeller has worst efficiencies than other type and suitable for pumping liquid that contains a lot of scale.

figure III11 Impeller

2) Based on suction type.

Single suction : in general, an impeller has one eye or a single opening through which liquid suction occurs. Such impellers are called as single-suction impellers. Pump with a single suction impeller (impeller having suction cavity on side only) is of simple design but impeller is subjected to giher axial thurst imnalance due to the flow on one side of the impeller only.

Double suction : in certain pumps, the flow rate is quite high. This can be managed by having one impeller with two suction eyes. Pumps with double suction impeller has lower NPSH-r than single suction impeller.

3) Based on flow outlet on impeller.

Axial

Radial

Mixed

b. Shaft

The basic purpose of centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torque encountered when starting and during operation while supporting the impeller and other rotating parts. It is a must do job with a deflection less than minimum clearance between the rotating and stationary parts. To do its job, transmission shaft must have properties or specifications as follows:

Rigid and slightly deflection when stationary or rotate.

Able to handle torque and bending force, also hydraulic force at radial and axial direction.

c. Shaft sleeve

Pump shaft is usually protected from erosion, corrosion, and wear at the seal chamber, leakage joints, internal bearings, and in the waterways by renewable sleeves. The shaft sleeve assembly shall extend beyond the outer face of the seal gland plate. (leakage between the shaft and the sleeve should not be confused with leakage through the mechanicak seal).

figure III12 Shaft sleeve

d. Coupling

Couplings can compensate for axial growth of the shaft and transmit torque to the impeller. Shaft couplings can be broadly classfied into two groups: rigid and flexible. Rigid couplings are used in applications where there is absolutely no possibility or room for any misalignment. Flexible shaft couplings are more prone to selection, installation, amd maintenance errors.

e. Bearing

The fuctions of the bearings of the centrifugal pump are :

To support the shaft that carrying one or more impeller.

To allow the shaft to rotate with a minimum of friction.

To keep the rotating shaft and impellers in correct position within the stationary parts of the pump.

OPERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPBasic operation of centrifugal pumpCapacity

Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed by the pump to the desired point in the procces. It is commonly measured in either gallons per minute (gpm) or cubic meters per hour (m3/hr). The capacity usually changes with the changes of the procces. For example, a boiler feed pump is an application that needs a constant pressure with varying capacities to meet a changing steam demand.

The capacity depends on a number of factors like:

Procces liquid charateristics, densty, viscosity

Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections

Impeller size

Impeller rotational speed RPM

Size and shape of cavities between the vanes

For a pump with a particular impeller running at cartain speed in a liquid, the only items on the list above that can change the amount flowing through the pump are the pressure at the pump inlet and outlet. The effect on the flow through a pump by changing the outlet pressures is graphed on a pump curve. As liquids essentialy incompresible, the capacity is directly related with the velocity of flow in the suction pipe.

Head

Significance of using the head term instead of the pressure term. The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being coused by vertical column of the liquid due to its weight. The height of this column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid. The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the pump. In other word, head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the pump could create from the kinetic energy imoarted to the liquid. Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water straight up into the air, the height the water goes up would be the head.

The head is not equivalent to pressure. Head is term that has units of a lenght or feet and pressure has units of force oer unit area or pound per square inch. The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pumps energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specific grafity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head will not change, since any given centrifugal pump can move a lot of different fluids, with different specific gravities, it is simpler tu discuss the pumps and forget about pressure.

Static suction head (hs) : head resulting from elevation of the liquid relative to the pump center line. If the liquid level is above pomp centerline, it is positive. If the liquid level is below pump centerline, it is negative. Negative has condition commonly denoted as a suction lift condition.

Static discharge head (hd): the vertical distance in feet between the pump centerline and the point of free discharge or the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.

Total static head: the vertical distance from the surface of the source of the supply to the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank is called the total static head. This is the sum of static suction lift plus static discharge head, this is the total height the water is raised by the pump. When the liquid is discharge above level of the liquid inthe tank, the discharge head is measured from the centre line of the pump to the point of free discharge.

Friction head (hf): the head required to overcome the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent upon the size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings, flow rate , and nature of the liquid.

Vapor pressure head(hvp): vapor pressure at which a liquid and its co-exist in equilibrium at a given temperature. The vapor pressure of liquid can be obtained from vapor pressure tables. When the vapor pressure is converted to head, it is referred to as vapor pressure head (hvp). The value of hvp of a liquid increase with the risingtemperature and in effect, opposes the pressure on the liquid surface, the positive force that tends to cause liquid flow into the pump suction i.e it reduces the suction pressure head.

Pressure head (hp): pressure head must be considered when a pumping system either begins or terminates in a tank which is under some pressure other than atmospheric. The pressure in such a tank must first be converted to feet of liquid. Denoted as hp, pressure head refers to absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid reservoir supplying the pump suction, converted to feet of head. If the system is open, hp equals atmospheric pressure head.

Net positive suction head

The concept of NPSH involves two terms:

a) NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head Available)

Net positive suction head available has a function of the system in which the pump operates. It is the excess pressure of the liquid in feet absolute overits vapor pressure as it arrives at the pump suction, to be sure that the pump selected does not cavitate. It is calculated based on system or procces conditions.

b) NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Require)

NPSH require has a function of the pump design and is determined based on actual pump test by the vendor. As the liquid passes from the pump suction to the eye of the impeller, the velocity increase and the pressure decreases. The centrifugal force of the impeller vanes further increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of the liquid. The NPSH required is the positive head in feet absolute required at the pump suction to overcome these pressure drops in the pump and maintain the majority of the liquid above its vapor pressure. The rated pump head is not achieved when the NPSHa equals the NPSHr of the pump.

Series and pararell operation

One of the challenges that pump users face quite frequently comes into play when more than one pump is required to operate at the same time on the same system. With such multiple pump systems, there two arrangements where the operating characteristics of the different pumps can be considered to provide a single combine performance curve.

a. Series Operation

This arrangement is often used where a largeer pump cannot operate with the NPSH thats being made available from the system a smaller pump is, therefore, installed upstream of the larger one to boost the suction pressure to larger pump. It should be noted that in the series operation, the only essential similarity between the two pumps is that they both be able to operate at the same flow rate. The pump can deliver totally different levels of head, as long as they operate at the same capacity. The ultimateexample of series operation is the multistages pump, where the first impeller pumps into the second, then into the third, etc. This results in a high-pressure pump with all the impellers operating at the same capacity. Insome pumping arrangements, we can have multiple pumps that operate on two systems that are closely combined but they are no in a true series operation and cannot be considered much. One such example would be when one pump is supplying the flow and pressure for one system, while the second pump is bleeding off the first system to deliver a lasser flow to another system. While one pump is indeed discharging into the suction of the secon pump, it is doing so at a different flow rate . consequently, they cannot be treated as thought they were operating series.

b. Pararell Operation

In the more common pararell operation, banks of the pumps are combined in order to handle a high fluctuation of flow in a common system. This arrangement is widely used the water treatment business, where the potable water being supplied to a subdivision from the water treatment plant will experince huge fluctuations in demand from one time of day to another. The use of multiple pumps on the same system allows the pumps to be switched on and off as required to meet the varying demand. In such arrangement, all the pumps take their suction from a common source and discharge into common header, each pump will operate at the same head, but share the flow rate with the other pumps.

figure IV1 Curve operation series and pararell

Preventing Cavitation

If a centrifugal pump is cavitating, several changes in the system design or operation may be necessary to increase the NPSHA above the NPSHR and stop the cavitation. One method for increasing the NPSHA is to increase the pressure at the suction of the pump. For example, if a pump is taking suction from an enclosed tank, either raising the level of the liquid in the tank or increasing the pressure in the space above the liquid increases suction pressure. It is also possible to increase the NPSHA by decreasing the temperature of the liquid being pumped. Decreasing the temperature of the liquid decreases the saturation pressure, causing NPSHA to increase. Recall from the previous module on heat exchangers that large steam condensers usually subcool the condensate to less than the saturation temperature, called condensate depression, to prevent cavitation in the condensate pumps. If the head losses in the pump suction piping can be reduced, the NPSHA will be increased. Various methods for reducing head losses include increasing the pipe diameter, reducing the number of elbows, valves, and fittings in the pipe, and decreasing the length of the pipe.

It may also be possible to stop cavitation by reducing the NPSHR for the pump. The NPSHR is not a constant for a given pump under all conditions, but depends on certain factors. Typically, the NPSHR of a pump increases significantly as flow rate through the pump increases. Therefore, reducing the flow rate through a pump by throttling a discharge valve decreases NPSHR. NPSHR is also dependent upon pump speed. The faster the impeller of a pump rotates, the greater the NPSHR. Therefore, if the speed of a variable speed centrifugal pump is reduced, the NPSHR of the pump decreases. However, since a pump's flow rate is most often dictated by the needs of the system on which it is connected, only limited adjustments can be made without starting additional parallel pumps, if available. The net positive suction head required to prevent cavitation is determined through testing by the pump manufacturer and depends upon factors including type of impeller inlet, impeller design, pump flow rate, impeller rotational speed, and the type of liquid being pumped. The manufacturer typically supplies curves of NPSHR as a function of pump flow rate for a particular liquid (usually water) in the vendor manual for the pump.

Operation Method of Centrifugal Pump

A. Preparation

Check the pump

Check the lubrication system

Check the cooling system

B. Start up of centrifugal pump

Open the suction valve

Start the prime mover if avaliable

Check the critical parts

If there is atrouble occur, lower the rpm or stop the pump. Then recheck the pump

C. During operation of centrifugal pump

Check the condition of pump

Check the cooler and the cooling system

Check the lube and lubrication system

Check the vibration

D. Stop the centrifugal pump

Close discharge valve

Stop the prime mover

Close suction valve

Close the lubrication and cooler duct

Open the drain valve

Check the bolts

Clean up the area

CONCLUSION

A centrifugsa pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the velocity of a liquid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids throught a piping system. The liquid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into downstream piping system. The Centrifugal pumps have two major components, Static component and rotaring components.

To get the pump performance (capacity and head) in accordance with the optional desired, the election must be cunducted according to a centrifugal pump with a design that is needed. In the application, the operation centrifugal pump must be in accordance with the procedures and parameters that have been defined so that the operation can take place safely. Pumps working in this capacity and pump head desired can be achieved and to maintain the condition of the component of that is not quickly broken (avoid the accurrence of breakdown). Centrifugal pump can operated in pararell operation which is used to increase the capacity and operated in series which is used to increase the head.

REFERENCES

Handoko, Susilo.2006. Pumps: Pusdiklat Migas Cepu

Labanoff, Val S, Robbert R Ross.Houston.1985.Centrifugal Pump : Design and application Second Eddition. Gulf Publishing Company.

Karassik, Igor J., William C. Krutzsch, Warren H. Fraser, and Joseph P. Messina. 1986. Pump Handbook: Mc. Graw Hill publishing Co. New York.

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