Trident Computer ICT Software Engineering and Business TVET Institution Tuesday November 21, 2017 By Operation Sheet Ethiopian TVET-System BUSINESS AND FINANCE CLERICAL Works Support Level II OPERATION SHEET Unit of Competence: Apply Problem Solving Techniques to Routine Malfunction of Computer Module Title: CLEAR PRACTICAL PROCEDURES OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF COMPUTER
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Trident Computer ICT Software Engineering and Business TVET Institution Tuesday November 21, 2017 By Operation Sheet
Ethiopian TVET-System
BUSINESS AND FINANCE
CLERICAL Works Support
Level II
OPERATION SHEET Unit of Competence: Apply Problem Solving
Techniques to Routine Malfunction of Computer
Module Title: CLEAR PRACTICAL PROCEDURES OF
SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF COMPUTER
Trident Computer ICT Software Engineering and Business TVET Institution Tuesday November 21, 2017 By Operation Sheet
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit of Competence: .. Apply Problem Solving Techniques to Routine
Malfunction of Computer ..................................................................... i
Apply problem solving techniques to routine malfunctions
competence 1
Replacing a Power Supply ................................................................... 1
Replacing a Video Card ....................................................................... 7
Replacing a CPU .................................................................................. 9
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the computer.
Click to select any options that are required to start the computer
from the CD drive if you are prompted. 2. When the "Welcome to Setup" screen appears, press R to start the
Recovery Console.
3. If you have a dual-boot or multiple-boot computer, select the
installation that you must access from the Recovery Console.
4. When you are prompted, type the Administrator password. If the
administrator password is blank, just press ENTER.
5. At the command prompt, type the appropriate commands to diagnose
and repair your Windows XP installation.
For a list of commands that are available in Recovery Console,
type recovery console commands orhelp at the command prompt,
and then press ENTER.
For information about a specific command,
type help commandname at the command prompt, and then press
ENTER.
6. To exit the Recovery Console and restart the computer, type exit at
the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
1.2.2.5 How to use the Recovery Console command prompt
When you use the Recovery Console, you are working at a special command
prompt instead of the ordinary Windows command prompt. The Recovery
Console has its own command interpreter. To enter this command interpreter,
you are prompted by Recovery Console to type the local Administrator
password.
When the Recovery Console starts, you can press F6 to install a third-party
SCSI or RAID driver, in case that you need such a driver to access the hard
disk. This prompt works the same as it does during installation of the
operating system.
The Recovery Console takes several seconds to start. When the Recovery
Console menu appears, a numbered list of the Windows installations on the
computer appears. (Generally, only c:\Windows exists.) Press a number before
you press ENTER, even when only one entry appears. If you press ENTER
without selecting a number, the computer restarts and starts the process again.
Expand this image
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When you see the prompt for %SystemRoot% (generally
C:\Windows), you can start to use the available commands for the
Recovery Console.
Deleting the Recovery Console
Warning: To remove the Recovery Console you need to modify the Boot.ini file. Modifying this file incorrectly can
prevent your computer from starting properly. Please only attempt this step if you feel comfortable doing this.
To remove the Recovery Console from your hard drive follow these steps:
1. Double-click on My Computer and then double-click on the drive you installed the Recovery Console
(usually the C: drive).
2. Click on the Tools menu and select Folder Options.
3. Click on the View tab.
4. Select Show hidden files and folders and uncheck Hide protected operating system files.
5. Press the OK button.
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6. Now at the root folder delete the Cmdcons folder and the Cmldr file.
7. At the root folder, right-click the Boot.ini file, and then click Properties.
8. Click to clear the Read-only check box, and then click the OK button.
9. Click on Start, then Run and type Notepad.exe c:\boot.ini in the Open: field and press the OK button.
10. Remove the entry for the Recovery Console. It will look similar to this:
C:\cmdcons\bootsect.dat="Microsoft Windows Recovery Console" /cmdcons
Make sure you only delete that one entry.
11. When you are done, close the notepad and save when it asks.
12. Right click again on the boot.ini file and select Properties.
13. Put a checkmark back in the Read-only checkbox and then press the OK button.
The recovery console should now be removed from your system.
Extracting Files from the Operating System CD
It is usually recommended that you use Add or Remove Programs in Control Panel to install and uninstall
components, applications, and support software from the Windows XP Professional operating system CD. If system
files are missing or damaged, you can run Windows XP Professional Setup from the operating system CD and
choose the option to repair your existing installation. In some cases, however, you might need to extract a system or
startup file directly from the operating system CD.
Warning If you install incorrect versions of system or startup files or if you install files to incorrect locations, your
system might not operate as expected or might not start. Use the method described in this section only if your
product support representative indicates that it is necessary to manually retrieve a compressed file from your
operating system CD.
The /i386 folder on your Windows XP Professional operating system CD contains system and startup files in
compressed form. If you need to replace a file in your Windows XP Professional installation, you can use the copy
or expand command in Recovery Console to extract the needed file from the operating system CD. Use the copy
command unless you are extracting a file from a .cab file, such as Driver.cab. When extracting a file from a .cab file,
use the expand command.
When you use Recovery Console to extract a compressed file from the operating system CD, you must use exact file
names for the compressed and uncompressed files. Table A-6 illustrates compressed and uncompressed file names.
Table A-6 Compressed and Uncompressed File Names
Compressed File Name Uncompressed File Name
Ntoskrnl.ex_ Ntoskrnl.exe
Hal.dl_ Hal.dll
Using the Copy Command in Recovery Console
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If a file is not within a .cab file, you can use the copy command in Recovery Console to extract the file from the
operating system CD and place it on your local disk in a Windows XP Professional installation. When you use the
copy command to extract a file to a destination on your local disk, the file is automatically uncompressed. For more
information about running Recovery Console, including how to add it to your startup options, see Chapter 29,
“Troubleshooting the Startup Process.”
Use the copy command with the following syntax:
copy source [destination] Table A-7 describes the parameters that you can use with the copy command.
Table A-7 Parameters for the Copy Command
Parameter Description
Source Specifies the file to be copied
Destination Specifies the directory and/or file name for the new file
Source can be removable media, any directory within the System32 directory of the current Windows installation,
the root of any drive, the local installation sources, or the Cmdcons folder. (The C:\Cmdcons folder is the Recovery
Console installation folder.)
Destination can be any directory within the System32 directories of the current Windows installation, the root of any
drive, the local installation sources, or the Cmdcons folder. If you do not specify a destination, the command
defaults to the current directory. The copy command prompts you if the destination file already exists. The
destination cannot be removable media.
The copy command does not support replaceable parameters (wildcards).
Using the Expand Command in Recovery Console
To extract a file from a .cab file on the operating system CD and place it on your local disk in a Windows XP
Professional installation, start Recovery Console and use the expand command. When you use the expand
command to extract a file to a destination on your local disk, the file is automatically uncompressed. For more
information about running Recovery Console, including how to add it to your startup options, see Chapter 29,
“Troubleshooting the Startup Process.”
Use the expand command with the following syntax:
expand source [/f:filespec][destination][/y][/d] Tables A-8 describes the parameters that you can use with the expand command.
Tables A-8 Parameters for the Expand Command
Parameter Description
source Specifies the file that you want to expand. Cannot include wildcards.
destination Specifies the directory for the new file; the default is the current directory.
/y Suppresses the overwrite prompt when you expand or extract files.
/f:filespec If the source contains more than one file, this parameter is required to identify the specific file or
files that you want to expand. Can include wildcards.
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/d Lists the files contained in the cabinet file without expanding it or extracting from it.
The destination can be any folder within the System32 folder of the current Windows installation, the root
of any drive, the local installation sources, or the Cmdcons folder.
The destination cannot be removable media.
The destination file cannot be read-only. Use the Attrib command to remove the read-only attribute.
If the destination file already exists, the expand command prompts you for confirmation to overwrite the
file unless you include the /y parameter.
1.2.3.1 Repairing a Damaged Master Boot Record If the master boot record (MBR) on your hard disk is damaged, the computer cannot read it to determine how your
drive is partitioned or the location of your operating system boot files. The most typical cause for a damaged MBR
is a boot-sector computer virus. You can use the Windows XP CD-ROM or Windows XP boot disks to start your
system and fix the problem.
1.2.3.2 Determining Whether the Problem Is the MBR or Missing Boot Files In addition to a valid MBR, a bootable hard disk also needs to have the correct Windows bootable files installed on
it. The error message displayed when a system can’t boot will help you determine which problem the drive is
having.
If the system displays a message such as “No Boot Sector on Fixed Disk” or “No Boot Device Available,” the MBR
has been corrupted. If the system displays a message such as “Non-System Disk or Disk Error” or “Invalid System
Disk,” the MBR is okay but the boot files are missing or corrupted. Special Procedures for Special Cases The
procedures discussed in the following sections are designed to help you recover from a problem with a damaged
MBR or missing
boot files if you prepared your hard disk with the standard Windows utilities: the Windows XP Setup program or
Disk Management (see Chapter 3 for details). However, if you used a program packaged with your hard disk (or
downloaded from your hard disk vendor’s website) to prepare your hard disk, you might not have a standard MBR.
Programs such as Maxtor’s MaxBlast, Western Digital’s Data Lifeguard Tools, Seagate’s Disc Wizard, Ontrack
Disk Manager, and others serve two purposes:
• They provide an easier-to-use replacement for the Windows XP Disk Management or Setup process.
• Optionally, they can also provide a software-based BIOS replacement for BIOS chips that cannot handle the entire
capacity of the drive (typically older BIOS chips found on older boards).
Using the repair procedures in the following section to fix an MBR problem on a drive prepared with a program
such as this might overwrite the special MBR created by the hard disk setup program and prevent access to the
drive.
Repairing a Missing Boot Sector with Windows XP If you use Windows XP, boot from the CD-ROM and select the Repair option displayed on the Welcome to Setup
menu to fix your installation with the Recovery Console. When prompted, enter the number of the Windows
installation you want to fix. Unless you have a dual-boot configuration, your Windows installation will be listed as
1: C:\WINDOWS.
Next, enter the Administrator password to continue; if no Administrator password was set, press Enter.
Enter the command FIXBOOT at the Recovery Console prompt that appears. This option installs new bootable files
on your hard drive. Answer Y(es) when prompted to write a new boot sector. Enter the command FIXBOOTto re-
create the master boot record. When this is complete, type EXIT and press the Enter key to restart the computer.
Remove the CD-ROM so the computer can boot from the hard drive. These commands also work with Windows
2000.
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Getting the Boot Order Right for Fast Repairs If you need to fix your computer’s hard disk or perform other repairs using the Windows XP Recovery Console, you should
change the boot order of your drives in your system BIOS so you can boot from the Windows XP CD-ROM:
• First boot device: CD-ROM
If you do not have a bootable Windows XP CD (you have a preinstalled system with a recovery CD or recovery partition),
change
the first boot device to Floppy and see the sidebar “No Windows XP CD-ROM? Boot Disks to the Rescue!” to learn how to
download
Windows XP bootable floppy disk images.
• Second boot device: First hard disk (called hard disk 0 on somesystems)
• Third boot device: Floppy
You can also add the Recovery Console to the Windows XP startup menu. We recommend this because you won’t
need to hunt for your Windows XP CD when you need to run Recovery Console.
Fixing Other Startup Problems with Windows XP If Windows XP starts but can’t finish booting properly, or if it displays errors, you’ll need to access the Windows
Advanced Options menu. To do so, reboot your PC and press the F8 key repeatedly until the menu appears (this
might take a couple tries to get the timing down). You can select different options from this menu to get your system
back to
work in a hurry. Windows XP also provides the Startup/Shutdown Troubleshooter, available in the Help and
Support Center, which can help you determine the reason for startup problems. To use this troubleshooter even if
Windows won’t start normally, boot your system in Safe Mode or Safe Mode with Networking. The following table
provides a reference to which startup option is best to use depending on your circumstances.
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Solving Resource Conflicts with Device Manager
Resource conflicts take place when two or more devices are configured to use the same IRQ (unless they support
IRQ sharing), I/O port address, memory address, or DMA channel. For example, the General tab for the properties
sheet of the malfunctioning COM 2 port (see Figure 2.17) indicates that the port doesn’t have correct IRQ or other
resources available.
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When you have a malfunctioning device such as the one in Figure 2.17, you have several options for resolving the
problem:
• Look up the Device Manager code to determine the problem and its solution (see Table 2.4).
• Click the Solution button (if any) shown on the device’s General properties tab; the button’s name and usage
depends on the problem. Table 2.4 lists the codes, their meanings, and the solution button (if any).
• Manually change resources. If the nature of the problem is a resource conflict, you can click the Resources tab and
change the settings and eliminate the conflict if possible. Some recent systems that use ACPI power management
don’t permit manual resource changes in Device Manager and also override any changes you might make in the
system BIOS setup program. On these systems, if resource conflicts take place, you might need to disable ACPI
power management before you can solve resource conflicts. Fortunately, such resources conflicts are extremely rare.
Using Device Manager to Determine Other System Problems As you saw in the above figure only devices installed in the system will be displayed in the Windows Device
Manager. This can also help you determine why you are having problems with a device. For example, if you cannot
use a device attached to a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, and the Universal Serial Bus category isn’t listed in
Device Manager, you need to enable the USB ports in your system.
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Using Windows Update Before Windows 98 was released, keeping Windows up to date was a nightmare of downloading all types of patch
files, installing them, and trying to remember which files had been installed and in what order. Starting with
Windows 98, Microsoft provided a Windows Update feature on the Start menu. Click it to connect with Microsoft’s
Windows
Update website (http://windowsupdate.microsoft.com), which detects your Windows and Internet Explorer version,
inventories the software versions on your system, and provides a customized list of files your system needs. These
are divided into two categories:
• Express Install—High-priority critical updates
• Custom Install—Your choice of high-priority critical updates, optional software, and updated hardware drivers To
make Windows Update work effectively for you, I recommend the following:
• Configure your system for automatic updates. Microsoft provides service packs for Windows XP through its
automatic update service. See
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/sp2/default.mspx for details.
• Use Windows Update to check for updates at least once a week. If you hear of a flaw in Internet Explorer, Outlook
Express, or the Media Player, check for updates immediately.
• Even update utilities need to be updated from time to time. Be sure to install updates to Windows Update when
Microsoft informs you they need to be installed.
• Download service packs and other high-priority updates and restart your computer before you install less-vital
updates. If an update must be installed by itself, Windows Update prevents you from downloading and installing
others at the same time.
• Keep in mind that Windows Update doesn’t provide updates for applications, so be sure to visit your software
vendors’ websites for updates.
1.2.9.2 Ordering and Downloading Service Packs Microsoft is trying—very hard—to make manual downloading of Windows XP Service Packs a thing of the past by
incorporating the downloading of Service Pack 2 into the automatic updates feature of Windows Update. Frankly,
we think this is a great idea in theory, but a “not ready for prime time” idea in practice. Here’s why:
• Automatic updates with large downloads work very well for broadband Internet users.
• Although broadband is becoming increasingly popular, many users still rely on dial-up modems.
• Automatic updates, especially large files such as service packs, take way too long for dial-up users.
• Dial-up users are therefore the most likely to have outdated Windows installations. dial-up connection to get
Service Pack 2. There are two other ways to get it:
• You can order the Windows XP Service Pack 2 CD from
cdorder/en_us/default.mspx. The CD itself is free (shipping is just a few bucks), and you can give the CD to another
user running Service Pack 1 or original Windows XP after you install it.
• Use a friend’s broadband connection to download Windows XP Service Pack 2 from the Microsoft Download
Center
(http://www.microsoft.com/downloads). Enter “Windows XP Service Pack 2 Network Installation Package for IT
Professionals and Developers” to get a link to the file (about 270MB). Burn the downloaded file to a CD and install
Service Pack 2 from the CD.
After you install Service Pack 2 (which also includes SP1 fixes to Windows XP), you can use automatic updates or
Windows Update to keep your system updated.
How to Defragment Your Disk Drive Volumes in Windows XP
Disk Defragmenter MMC is based on the full retail version of Executive Software Diskeeper. The version
that is included with Windows XP and later provides limited functionality in maintaining disk
performance by defragmenting volumes that use the FAT, FAT32, or NTFS file system.
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To start Disk Defragmenter MMC, use one of the methods that is described in this article.
Method 1: Use the Properties of Your Local Disk
1. Open My Computer.
2. Right-click the local disk volume that you want to defragment, and then click Properties.
3. On the Tools tab, click Defragment Now.
4. Click Defragment.
Method 2: Use Computer Management MMC
1. Start Computer Management MMC (Compmgmt.msc).
2. Click Disk Defragmenter.
3. Click the volume that you want to defragment, and then click Defragment.
Method 3: Use Disk Defragmenter MMC.
1. Start Disk Defragmenter MMC (Dfrg.msc).
2. Click the volume that you want to defragment, and then click Defragment.
The version of Disk Defragmenter MMC that is included with Windows XP has the following limitations:
It can defragment only local volumes. It can defragment only one volume at a time.
It cannot defragment one volume while it is scanning another.
It cannot be scheduled. If you need to schedule disk defragmentation, use the Defrag.exe
command line tool. For additional information about using the command line Defrag.exe tool,
click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
Description of the New Command Line Defrag.exe Included with Windows XP
It can run only one MMC snap-in at a time.
The third-party products that are discussed in this article are manufactured by companies that are
independent of Microsoft. Microsoft makes no warranty, implied or otherwise, regarding the performance
or reliability of these products.
Starting Disk Cleanup
Disk Cleanup is available on both Home and Professional versions of XP. The utility can be accessed using the
methods listed below.
Click Start | Programs | Accessories | System Tools | Disk Cleanup Click Start | Run and in the Open box type cleanmgr and click OK In Windows Explorer or My Computer, right-click the disk in which you want to free up space,
click Properties, click theGeneral tab, and then click Disk Cleanup.