Operating Systems “Introduction” Mathieu Delalandre (PhD) University of Tours, Tours city, France [email protected] 1
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Operating Systems“Introduction”
Mathieu Delalandre (PhD)University of Tours, Tours city, France
1
Operating Systems“Introduction”
1. Definition of OS
2. A brief history
3. Taxonomy of OS
4. Lecture goals and keynotes
2
Definition of OS (1)Middle view: the general definition
Operating System(OS)
Applications
Hardware
User User User
Operating system: interface between the hardware and the user, responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of resources, that acts as a host for running applications on the machine.
Application: designed to help the user to perform a singular or multiple related specific tasks (e.g. office, programming toolkit, web browser, etc.).
Hardware: physical electronic components and mechanical parts that make up a piece of computer equipment (keyboard, disk drive, CPU, motherboard, etc.).
Users: could share a same computer (through session / terminal).
Laye
rs
Rq. This layer separation is quite subjective Application / OS e.g. firewall, tactile pattern recognition, voice command device, image indexing, intelligent
Operating System (iOS), etc.Hardware / OS e.g. virtual memory, synchronization primitives, bit counting, Neural Processing Unit (NPU),
DMA, SIMD (e.g. AVX), GPU, etc. 3
Definition of OS (2)
HardwareOperating System
Virtual machine
Virtual machine
Virtual machine
HardwareOperating System
Middleware
HardwareOperating System
HardwareOperating System
User 1
User 2
User 3
…
dependent to the hardware
User
independent from the hardware
dependent to the hardware
independent from the hardware
Case one to many i.e. a virtual machine
e.g. The VM/370 operating system (1971)
Case many to one i.e. a distributed systeme.g. ARPANET (1970)
User view (OS as an extended machine): the OS is designed mostly for ease of use, with some attention to performance and none attention to resource utilization (i.e. the user do not take care of hardware).
4
Definition of OS (3)
Operating System
CPU
Memory
Devices (mouse, screen,
keyboard
Virtual machine
Virtual machine
Virtual machine
User 1
User 2
User 3
…
dependent to hardware
independent from hardware
…
Hardware resources (CPU, Memory, etc.) must be shared in two ways:
�Time sharing�Space sharing
System view (OS as hardware manager): from the computer point of view, the OS is the program most intimately involved with the hardware management and the resource allocation.
5
Operating Systems“Introduction”
1. Definition of OS
2. A brief history
3. Taxonomy of OS
4. Lecture goals and keynotes
6
A brief history (1)
7
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
Task definition
Programming on panel
Execute Printing
Human operators
ENIAC ENIAC
1st generation e.g. ENIAC
A brief history (2)
1401
Task definition
Edit punched
card
Card(s) to tape
drive(s)
Execute from tape drive(s)
Human programmer
1401 7090
Punched card
1401 7090
8
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
2sd generation e.g. IBM 1401 & 7090
A brief history (3)
Job 3
Job 2
Job 1
OS
Memory partitioning
Multiprogramming is the allocation of a computer system and its resources to more than one concurrent application / job
Job2
Job3
Job1
CPU schedule
If a job is blocked, go to next onePrivate memory area
3rd generation e.g. IBM system/360� a game of compatible computer 360/(A-L)� implement multi-programming and spooling
9
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
A brief history (4)
3rd generation e.g. IBM system/360� a game of compatible computer 360/(A-L)� implement multi-programming and spooling
Spooling (simultaneous peripheral operation on-line) refers to a process of transferring data by placing it in a temporary working area where another program may access it for processing at a later point in time.
Read Execute PrintTape
Read
Buffer Execute
Tape
PrintPrinter
Job
JobSpooler
Without spooling
With spooling
10
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
A brief history (5)
4th generation e.g. Personal Computer� LSI (Large Scale Integration) made possible PC� Doug Engelbart proposed IHM in the early 60s, implemented in the first Apple computer in 1984� Since end of 80s, Internet becomes part of the computer world
Internet host computers First IBM PC to laptop First keyboard and mouse
11
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
A brief history (6)
In the queue ….�Mobile systems�Multimodality�Visualization�Quantum computer�iOS
Mobile systems Multimodality“ Voice recognition”
Multimodality“Gesture based interaction”
12
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
A brief history (7)
Multimodality“Eye tracker”
Multimodality“Brain computer interface”
13
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
In the queue ….�Mobile systems�Multimodality�Visualization�Quantum computer�iOS
A brief history (8)
Visualization“3D screen”
Visualization“real virtuality”
Visualization“Electronic paper”
14
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
In the queue ….�Mobile systems�Multimodality�Visualization�Quantum computer�iOS
Visualization“Augmented reality and tagging the real world”
A brief history (9)
15
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
Quantum computer
In the queue ….�Mobile systems�Multimodality�Visualization�Quantum computer�iOS
A brief history (10)
16
Gen
erat
ion
Bat
ch
Com
patib
ility
Mul
ti-pr
og
Par
alle
lism
Mic
roco
mpu
ter
IHM
Net
wor
k
Mob
ile s
yste
ms
Mul
timod
ality
Vis
ualiz
atio
n
Qua
ntum
com
pute
r
Ubi
quito
us c
ompu
ting
1945-1955 1st
1955-1965 2sd √
1965-1980 3rd √ √ √
1980-today 4th √ √ √
in the queue √ √ √ √ √
iOS (Artificial) intelligence Operating System is a system that manages computer software and hardware and provides common service for the computer using its intelligence by a computer or a machine in order to solve complex problems with ease. e.g. Siri and Google Assistant, etc.
In the queue ….�Mobile systems�Multimodality�Visualization�Quantum computer�iOS
Operating Systems“Introduction”
1. Definition of OS
2. A brief history
3. Taxonomy of OS
4. Lecture goals and keynotes
17
Taxonomy of OSOS depends of computer application
• Mainframes are powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, etc.
• Server computers link other computers or electronic devices together. They often provide essential services across a network, either to private users inside a large organization or to public users via the Internet.
• Multicomputers offer a major-league computer power by connecting multiple CPUs together (e.g. GPU workstation). They need a special OS support for communication, connectivity and consistency.
• Personal Computers (PC) are any general-purpose computers whose sizes, capabilities, and original sale prices make them useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user with no intervening computer operator.
• Real-Time Systems (RTS) implement hardware and software components that are subject to real-time constraints i.e. operational deadlines from events to system responses.
• Embedded systems are designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. They are embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
• Mobile systems include personal digital assistants (PDA) or cellular telephones, many of which use special purpose embedded systems.
Erg
onom
ics
Com
mun
icat
ion
Rob
ustn
ess
Opt
imiz
atio
n
Mainframes √ √Servers √ √Multicomputers √ √PC √RTS √ √Embedded systems √ √ √Mobile systems √ √
√ a major feature of concerned OS
18
Operating Systems“Introduction”
1. Definition of OS
2. A brief history
3. Taxonomy of OS
4. Lecture goals and keynotes
19
Lecture goals and keynotes• Lecture goals: to introduce concepts, techniques and algorithms employed to design OS i.e. it deals with the model
level only, no technical aspects here.
• Keynotes:
Hardware/software co-design: over the years, hardware and software have been developed collaboratively to design OS e.g. Memory Management Unit, Direct Memory Access, Transaction look-aside buffer, SSE-based synchronization, vectorization, etc.
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny: over the years, concepts become popular or move to trash. However, extinction is sometimes for a few year in computer science e.g. Virtual Machine OS/360 (1970) vs. Java (1995).
20
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