Operating Factors - LoCITY · PDF fileOperating Factors © 2017 TRL Ltd ... Natural gas (fossil fuel) Shale gas (fracking) Town gas (coal) ... Gas Oil . 35 Replacement

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Operating Factors

© 2017 TRL Ltd

Gas vehicles – overview Tim Barlow

September 2017

Natural Gas (NG)

Methane (CH4)

Compressed natural gas (CNG)

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Sources:

Fossil fuel wells

Renewable sources

Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Petroleum gas – mainly:

propane (C3H8)

butane (C4H10)

propene (C3H6)

Sources

Derived from fossil fuel sources

(Renewable sources)

Gas for transport

the future of transport. © 2017 TRL Ltd

Fuel specifications

CNG LNG LPG Diesel

State Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid

Pressure High pressure (200-250 bar)

Low pressure Low pressure Ambient pressure

Temperature Ambient

temperature -120 to -170 °C

Ambient temperature

Ambient temperature

Specific energy (MJ/kg)

53.6 53.6 46.4 48

Energy density (MJ/litre)

9 (at 250 bar) 0.036 (ambient)

22.2 26 35.8


Methane (CNG & LNG) sources

Natural gas (fossil fuel)

Shale gas (fracking)

Town gas (coal)

Biogas

Landfill

Biomass

Synthetic

CNG supplies

Connection to grid (with compressor)

Tanker

Liquefied to compressed natural gas

LNG supplies

Delivery by tanker

Fuel Sources & Delivery


LPG sources

Petroleum (fossil fuel)

BioLPG – waste products

Organic plant material

Vegetables oils

Animal fats

LPG supplies

Delivery by tanker

Fuel Sources & Delivery


CNG LNG

Low energy density (need large tanks) Higher energy density

High pressure (need strong tanks)

Low pressure, insulated tank (though some gas might boil off)

Ambient temperature Very cold temperature (spill risks!)

Available from national grid, with suitable compressor

Have to be delivered by tanker

CNG v LNG


Public CNG/LNG refuelling facilities in the UK

Source: http://www.gasvehiclehub.org/refuelling-facility Accessed: 15/09/2017

(by appointment/special arrangement)


http://www.gasvehiclehub.org/refuelling-facility





Diesel engine Compression ignition (no spark)

High compression ratios

Heavy engine blocks

Latest emissions control (Euro 6/VI)

EGR

DOC

DPF

SCR (with AdBlue)

AOC

Fuel

Diesel

Vegetable oil

Engine cycles

Otto (petrol) engine Positive ignition (spark)

Lower compression ratios

Light engine blocks

Latest emissions control (Euro 6)

3-way catalytic converter

Closed loop control (lambda sensor)

Fuel

Petrol

CNG

LNG

LPG

Etc.

Rudolf Diesel Nikolaus Otto


Dedicated gas engine Positive ignition (spark)

Single fuel

Advantages

Engine optimised to run on that fuel (more efficient)

More fuel savings

Simple emissions control system

Disadvantages

Needs a new engine (retrofit possible but difficult)

Uncertain future residual values (lower resale value?)

Engine options

Dual fuel engine Compression ignition (no spark)

Diesel used to create ignition

Advantages

Existing diesel engine can be retrofitted

Can run on just diesel if needed

Could be reverted to standard when selling

Disadvantages

Not as efficient as a dedicated engine

Some problems with methane slip on early conversions


Dedicated CNG/LNG engines Cummins Westport ISX12 G natural gas engine Displacement: 11.9 litre Up to 400 hp and 1450 lb-ft of torque

Scania 9-litre gas engine 270 and 305 hp


Gas Vehicles


Gas Vehicles


Gas Vehicles


Cenex study – emissions savings compared to a Euro VI diesel

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

TTW CO2 WTW CO2 NO2

Savi

ngs

Dedicated gas

Dedicated biomethane

Source: LoCITY Options Report, Cenex, 12 Sept 2017


Cenex study – whole life costs

Type Saving

CNG truck £80,000

LNG truck £40,000

DF LPG truck £8,000

Large goods vehicle – 36t 4x2 artic Annual mileage 110,000 Costs include: • O-licence • Congestion charge • Road taxes • Fuel • Maintenance • Depreciation

Diesel truck: £600,000 over 7 years

Source: LoCITY Options Report, Cenex, 12 Sept 2017 the future of transport. © 2017 TRL Ltd

Thank you

Social Services Transport

21 Sept 2017

Vehicle Presentation Richard Clarke

Fleet & Depot Manager

1. Electric

2. Hydrogen (caveat)

3. Bio Methane CNG

4. Hybrids/Petrol

5. Petrol

6. Diesel Hybrid

7. Diesels

Camden’s Fuel Hierarchy

camden.gov.uk

Greener Alternatives 86

Re-purposing existing greener vehicles 20

Total fleet that can be alternatively fuelled in the short term: 106 vehicles

Percentage of whole fleet = 38%

Total Fleet circa 280

camden.gov.uk

camden.gov.uk

Camden’s Journey

Started 2008 with VW Caddies

Iveco Daily

RCV (via Veolia and Gully suckers)

Mercedes Sprinters

camden.gov.uk

Positives

Clean

Easy to use

Small foot-print

Cheap

Good relationship

Good news story

camden.gov.uk

Challenges

Wet gas

Connection to grid

Vehicles

Bio-Methane

Costs

Consumption & KPIs/volumes

camden.gov.uk

Action Going Forward

Variety of vehicle using ROI as template

Speaking to more manufacturers

Attending days like today

Shout the message

CNG Bio-Methane is the new diesel





https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eVG5ANaA5Y&feature=youtu.be




Martin Flach Alternative Fuels Director IVECO UK & ROI

33

34

More than a new product …a new chapter in the road transport !

Trucks’ fuel history

1770

Wood

1850

Coal

1899

Petrol

2008

Natural Gas

2016

Bio CNG-LNG

CO2

1930

Gas Oil

35

Replacement candidates

Hybrid H2

Diesel CNG

LNG

Bio-diesel

Ethanol

1. Must be as efficient as diesel

Total Cost of Ownership

Reliability & Safety

Payload & Versatility

Comfort & performance

2. Must be low environmental impact

Reduced CO2 emission

Reduced air pollutants

Reduced noise

Reduced oil dependency

3. Requires efficient distribution network

Widespread availability

Ongoing, easy access supply

Electric

Replacement candidates

36

Alternative technologies

Full

Electric Parallel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid

CNG

Bio CNG

LNG

Bio LNG

Mis

sio

ns

Urban +++ + +++ +++ +++

Regional Impossible No benefit + +++ +++

Off-Road Impossible No benefit + +++ +++

National Impossible No benefit No benefit +++

Rigids only +++

Long Haul Impossible No benefit No benefit Difficult +++

Fiat CNG – the very beginning 1937

NGVs – New Technology?

During the Second World War

NGVs – New Technology?

39

EMISSIONS VERSUS EURO VI LIMITS

70 % less NOx 99 % less PM 90 % Less NMHC 88 % less Methane

10 to 95% CO2 emissions annually

Up to 20 tonnes CO2 saving per truck

Up to 125 tonnes CO2 saving per truck with Bio-CNG/LNG

Air Quality Global Warming

Noise

3 dB noise reduction

Piek Quiet Truck Certification (-72 dB)

Night time delivery possible

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

CNG-LNG vs DIESEL Euro VI

NOx Emissions -54%

NO2 Emissions -96%

CO2 Emissions -10%

(15 tonnes/truck/yr)

External savings (2009/33 EU)

- €4,885 (-14%)

Fuel consumption -15% (kg vs litres)

ON BOARD EMISSION MEASUREMENTS (PEMS)

BIO CNG-LNG vs DIESEL Euro VI

NOx Emissions -54%

NO2 Emissions -96%

CO2 Emissions -80%

(120 tonnes/truck/yr)

External savings (2009/33 EU)

- €28,400 (-80%)

Fuel consumption -15% (kg vs litres)

ON BOARD EMISSION MEASUREMENTS (PEMS)

Natural Gas

1996 2008 2012 2014 2017

Refuse collection (18-26t CNG, 240hp, 120km)

Urban distribution (18-26t CNG, 270hp, 300km)

Regional distribution (44t CNG, 330hp, 400km)

National transport (44t L-CNG, 330hp, 700km)

Sustainability-driven market Sustainability + TCO-driven market Niche market Volume market

International transport (44t LNG, 400hp, 1500km)

Natural Gas

3 WAY CATALYST

Lambda Sensor T° sensor Lambda Sensor

L-CNG Euro VI

1 element 3 Sensors

45 kg

Engine Control Unit

AdBlue Pump

NOx Sensor NH3 Sensor T° Sensor

PARTULATE FILTER

SCR

ADBLUE MIXER

CU

C

OX

ICA

T

ADBLUE INJECTOR

NOx Sensor T° Sensor T° Sensor

Diesel Euro VI

1 additive + tank 1 Pump

1 injector 1 mixer

5 elements 7 Sensors ≈ 250 kg

∆P Sensor

High performance with simple, light, and maintenance-free after treatment

AdBlue

Environmental Benefits

No EGR

No SCR

No AdBlue

No Particulate Filter

No Fuel Post-Injection

No Petrol and Petrol-derived Products

43

3 WAY CATALYST

Lambda Sensor T° sensor Lambda Sensor

L-CNG Euro VI

1 element 3 Sensors

45 kg

L-CNG Euro VI

High performance with simple, light, and maintenance-free after treatment Environmental Benefits

3.5 to 7.2T

44

12 to 16T

18 to 40T

A Full Range From 3.5 to 40 TON

45

Daily NP

46

Eurocargo NP

47

LEADER IN ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Operating Factors - LoCITY · PDF fileOperating Factors © 2017 TRL Ltd ... Natural gas (fossil fuel) Shale gas (fracking) Town gas (coal) ... Gas Oil . 35 Replacement

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