Open Strategy-making Between Crowd and Community Lessons from Wikimedia and Creative Commons Conference “Organizing Crowds & Innovation“ Saïd Business School & Nuffield College, University of Oxford October 30-31, 2015 Leonhard Dobusch Freie Universität Berlin Jakob Kapeller Johannes Kepler University Linz
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Open Strategy-making Between Crowd and Community
Lessons from Wikimedia and Creative Commons
Conference “Organizing Crowds & Innovation“ Saïd Business School & Nuffield College, University of Oxford
October 30-31, 2015
Leonhard Dobusch Freie Universität Berlin
Jakob Kapeller Johannes Kepler University Linz
From Open Innovation…
§ Organizations increasingly rely on contributions by external actors in innovation and beyond (e.g. Baldwin & von Hippel, 2011; Dell’Era & Verganti, 2010; O’Mahony & Ferraro, 2007)
§ Open innovation is an ‘open strategy’ but
not open strategy-making (Chesbrough & Appleyard, 2007; Whittington et al. 2011)
>> strategically relevant ideas from external actors in open innovation processes (e.g. Bayus 2013; Yoo et al. 2012)
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
…to Open Strategy-making
§ Organizations invite external actors to participate in strategy-making processes (Doz & Kosonen, 2008; Matzler et al. 2014)
§ Particularly important for organizations that already
rely on external crowds and communities
>> open strategy-making with different types of external actors
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
Crowd! Community!
Public tasks of surveying and classify craters on Mars. Kanefsky et al., 2001"
Community structure of modules in the apache project González-Barahona et al., 2004"
Examples from: Müller-Birn, C.: How applicable are conditions for success in online peer-production communities for scientific communities? Invited Talk. Institute for Research Information and Quality Assurance, 11/2012
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
Members interact and self-identify as members (Jarvenpaa & Lang, 2011; O’Mahony, 2007; O’Mahony & Lakhani, 2012)
Members share a common practice in isolation (Bonabeau, 2009; Jeppesen & Lakhani, 2010; Surowiecki, 2004)
Research Question
How do organizations that rely on contributions by crowds and communities perform open strategy-making?
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
§ U.S. Non-Profit with network of 100+ affiliate organizations
§ Provides set of alternative copyright licenses
§ Community of copyright lawyers
§ Crowd of Creative Commons license users
§ U.S. charitable organization with network of 40+ chapter associations
§ Provides infrastructure for Wikipedia, Wiktionary, etc.
§ Community of volunteer contributors („Wikipedians“)
§ Crowd of Wikipedia readers
Case Comparison
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
Data: ~100 semi-structured interviews, mailing-lists, wikis and websites
Open Strategy-making Practices Emerging open strategy-making practices
Practice category Description Degree of
Openness -- Condensing suggestions and communicating decisions
Exclusive practices
Centralized strategizing very low
-- Collecting opinions from external actors -- Collecting suggestions
Reporting practices
unidirectional provision of inputs
-- Reporting of and exchange on different interpretations and applications -- Negotiating interpretations and objectives -- Discussing suggestions -- Petitioning
Reviewing practices
interactive discourse on strategy-making
-- Registering voters -- Voting
Democratic practices
transfer of decision power to external actors
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
very high
Example WM#3: SOPA/PIPA Protests
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
§ Reporting: proposals for protest activities § Reviewing: discussions on Wikipedia § Democratic: publicly support or oppose § Exclusive: definite decision made by HQ
Leonhard Dobusch & Jakob Kapeller
Crowds and Communities in a Continuum of Openness in Strategy-making
Discussion & Conclusion
Greater variety of strategy-making practices: § Intensified interaction but also loss of control § Different practices with crowds and communities
Variants of closure in open strategy-making: § Mostly: exclusive practices for decision-making… § …but also: democratic practices as alternatives Communities actively seek participation: § Interlinking actors to transform crowds in