Open Source Innovation The « big bang » of Open X Jean-François OMHOVER Assistant Professor Arts et Métiers ParisTech Nov. 2015, v1.7.2-EN, available at http://bit.ly/osinnovation These slides are protected under the license Attribution- NonCommercial -NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). contact : http://twitter.com/jfomhover [email protected]
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Open Source Innovation
The « big bang » of Open X
Jean-François OMHOVERAssistant ProfessorArts et Métiers ParisTechNov. 2015, v1.7.2-EN,available at http://bit.ly/osinnovation
These slides are protected under the license Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
• Belonging to a community, altruism, political and social motives, hedonic motivation, playing, fun, pleasure to create
• Rises many research questions[Hertel 2003] [Li 2006] [Oreg 2008] [Bitzer 2007] [Baytiyeh 2010]
– Toward economic, social, individual and collective models
– Difficulty for the analysis : the diversity of community, of organisations
Individual Motivations
18J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011
[Baytiyeh 2010]
[Pink 2010]
How can it work socially ?
"Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer’s personal itch. [...] too often software
developers spend their days grinding away for pay at programs they neither need nor love.“ [Raymond 2001]
DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITIESPRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION,AND PARTICIPATION AROUND CONTENT
Chapter III
19J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
III/a
Dynamics of communities
• A dynamic similar to F/OSS• Strong intrinsic motivations
• Highly distributed functioning (and free)
• A similar technical infrastructure (« web 2.0 »)
• Legal protection of content
• « Versioning » ? (does a city have versions ?)
• For profit / Non profit ? [Kazman 2009]• Youtube, Facebook, MySpace, Blogger…
• Mechanical turk,
• “CrowdFunding” (ex : KickStarter)
With the standardisation of the publication technologies, it’s now possible to producecontent in the crowd, like we did with code
« Crowdsourcing »
20J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011
III/b
III/c
Dynamics of communities
« Crowdsourcing »
21J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
III/b – Help for Haiti, a tool for building a collective cartographyof emergencies by collecting information in real time
III/b
III/c
Dynamics of communities
« Crowdsourcing »
22J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
III/c – Fold-It, a serious game for protein folding, cf [Khatib 2011]
III/b
III/c
Production in Community
“Crowdsourcing is the act of sourcing tasks traditionally performed by specific individuals to an undefined large group of people or community (crowd) through an open call." [Wikipedia EN, Jan. 2011]
“Crowdsourcing is a process that involves outsourcing tasks to a distributed group of people. This process can occur both online and offline. Crowdsourcing is different from an ordinary outsourcing since it is a task or problem that is outsourced to an undefined public rather than a specific body.” [Wikipedia EN, Fev. 2013]
“Crowdsourcing is the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from an online community, rather than from traditional employees or suppliers.“ [Wikipedia EN, Jan. 2015]
“Channeling the experts’ desire to solve a problem then freely share the answer with everyone” [Van Ess, 2010]
commons-based peer production [Kazman 2009]
« Crowdsourcing »
23J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011
An appearing (and real) dynamic, difficult to encapsulate within a definition
19/a
19/b
19/c :o)
J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech 24
Dynamics of communities
Modelization in layers
The Metropolis Model, taken from [Kazman, 2009]
COLLECTIVE PROPERTYCAN WE PROTECT COLLECTIVE INNOVATION ?CAN WE MAKE SOME PROFIT FROM IT ?
Chapter IV
25J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
IV/a
Collective Property
• The GNU manifesto• “GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further redistribution.” [GNU Manifesto, 1985]
• “Free” is ambiguous• “free beer” or “free speech” ?
• Divergences in approaches• Open source = development methodology
• Free software = an ethical point of view, the respect of the freedom of users [Stallman 2007]
Copyleft : the only limit is freedom !
« Free » Software ?
26J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
Richard Stallman
Collective Property
• New models of intellectual property• Paternity
• Commercial use (or not)
• Modification (or not)
• Share-Alike (transitivity)
• « Creative Commons »
• Aligned with the « dynamic » of innovation• An innovation is based on others
• Interdependant building / design
• Sharing richness
How to understand « intellectual property » in different communities ?
Protection / Commons
27J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
22/a
EXPANSION OF THE OPEN GALAXYPRODUCTION, DESIGN, EDUCATION,SCIENCE, GOVERNMENT
• Open Course Ware• Freely available contents [Unesco, 2011]
• Ex : MIT OCW
• Open modules, contributive classes (MOOC)• First MOOCs : Stanford, AI-class / ML-class.org
• How to retain subscribers along the process
• Collecting data on students
Opening the schools, the means, supports for education
Open Education
40J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
V/g
V/h
V/i
Education & Development
• Open access to publications• Free distribution circuits
• Platforms for publishing and reviewing
• Collaboration• Research social media (ex: ResearchGate)
• Bibliography (ex: Mendeley, Zotero)
• Reviewing (ex: Hypothes.is, science.I/O)
• Distributed teams
• Crowdfunding research
Open Science
41J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
(back to) an open research, open laboratories and open collaboration betweeninternational research units [Nielsen, 2011]
Open Data
Thanks to the detailed topographic data released by the city of Rennes (France), Handimap can propose an application that computes the best path if you are in a wheelchair - www.handimap.org
Watch parts 1950, made with embedded radium, used by a swedish (theysay so) to experiment nuclear reaction in his kitchen [link], cf "Atomsplitting in my kitchen was a hobby, man tells Swedish police", The Guardian, Aug. 3rd 2011
J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech 45
Open technology über cool
The « Liberator » is the first gun entirely printed with 3D printers, it canbe downloader online (Credit: Screenshot by Dara Kerr/CNET) [link]
J.F. Omhover, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Sept. 2011 46
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Engage, 2009, Engage: Getting on with Government 2.0, a publication of the government 2.0 taskforce, Dec 2009, http://bit.ly/bU8CrD
Bitzer, J., Schrettl, W. & Schroder, P.J.H., 2007. Intrinsic motivation in open source software development. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(1), p.160–169 [lien]
Bowyer A., Cuartilles D., 2011. Mechatronics: Arduino & RepRap - Creating Wealth by Giving it Away (Keynote). International Conference on Engineering Design - ICED'11. [lien]
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Kazman, R. & Chen, H., 2009. The metropolis model a new logic for development of crowdsourced systems. Communications of the ACM, 52(7), p.76-75. [lien]
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