Open source

Open Source

Table of Contents1. What is Open Source ?

2. The History of Open Source

3. Open Source Vs. Closed Source

4. How open source work

5. Open Source Application S/W

6. Open Source Programming Languages

7. Open Source Operating System

8. Open source Initiative

9. Open Source Licensing

10. open source companies

11. Open Source Tools

12. Some successful open source projects

13. Advantages and disadvantages

14. Myths about open source

15. Conclusion

16. References

WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE ?

Open Source as the name implies is visible set of instructions which is open to public or users to change and customize as per their needs. It can be either be free one or paid one where the users can change the code as per their needs.

Open source refers to a program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design free of charge

Open source code is typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve upon the code and share the changes within the community.

The source code and certain other rights usually restricted to copyright holders are offered within a software license that enables users to analyze, change, and improve possibly at times and to distribute the software.

What is Open Source? Really?• Free to use•Free to change•Free Redistribution •An alternative to commercial software •Distribution of License•License Must Not Be Specific to a Product• License Must Not Restrict Other Software• License Must Be Technology-Neutral

History of Open Source 1970s: UNIX operating system developed at Bell Labs and by a diverse group of contributors outside of Bell Labs; later AT&T enforces intellectual property rights and “closes” the code1983: Richard Stallman founds the Free Software Foundation1993: Linus Torvalds releases first version of Linux built1997: Debian Free Software Guidelines released1998: Netscape releases Navigator in source

Eric S. RaymondOne of Open SourceCreators

open vs. closed source s/w

Open-source software is based on the idea that the user cannot only view but also can change the source code of the existing application.

Closed-source software is hidden to prevent the user either viewing or changing the code.

HOW OPEN SOURCE WORKS ?

Examples of Open source APPLICATION S/W

1. Mozilla Firefox 2. Open Office

3. 7-ZIP 4. VLC Media Player

5.Joomla 6. WAMPServer

7. Blender 8. MySQL

Examples of Open source PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Examples of Open source O.S.

1. Linux 2. Google Chrome 3. Android

ANDROID Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.

Android is open source and Google releases the code under the Apache License after acquiring it from Android Incorporation.

Most widely used mobile platform with over 7,00,000 apps in Google play store, over 25 billion app downloads with 750 million devices running on Android.

Android Source Code Available at : http://source.android.com/

LINUX A very popular open source operating system that runs on a variety of hardware platforms . Linux is widely deployed as a server OS . Linux is a multi-tasking, multiuser operating system. Although modified by numerous people.

Linux Variants Ubuntu LinuxFedora LinuxOpenSUSE LinuxMandriva LinuxLinux MintDebian LinuxSlackWare Linux

Linux vs. Windows

Linux Windows

Free of Cost Purchase License

Fast Upgrading Slower Upgrading

Backward Compatibility

Forward Compatibility

Multiuser Support Multiuser Support

Difficult for Programmer

Easy for Programmer

Linux Utilities

GCC – GNU C Compiler.G++ - GNU C/C++ Compiler.Eclipse – IDE for C/C++/Java programs.GDB – GNU Debugger.

Open Source InitiativeThe Open Source Initiative (OSI) is a non-profit corporation formed to educate about the benefits of open source

Open Source is a certification standard issued by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) that indicates that the source code of a computer program is made available free of charge to the general public.

To summarize, the Definition model of distribution terms require that:

The software being distributed must be redistributed to anyone else without any restriction. The source code must be made available (so that the receiving party will be able to improve or modify it). The license can require improved versions of the software to carry a different name or version from the original software.

Open Source Licenses

Open source license doesn't just mean access to the source code – it has to meet other criteria as well.

The important issue is that the source code should available; there should be permission to modify the source code and further distribute it.

Open-source software licenses are approved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) based on their Open Source Definition (OSD).

Free Software Licenses GNU GPLLesser GPLBSD LicenseMozilla Public LicenseIBM Public LicenseSun Community Source License

GNU

•GNU acronym for Gnu’s Not UNIX was developed by free software foundation(FSF) to provide royalty-free software to programmers and developers.•GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!", chosen because GNU's design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code•Development of GNU was initiated by Richard Stallman in 1983.

The GNU General Public License (GPL)

•The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL) is the most widely used free software license, which guarantees end users (individuals, organizations, companies) the freedoms to use, study, share (copy), and modify the software. •This license means that the source code isfreely distributed and available to the general public, usually via the Internet.•Software that ensures that these rights are retained is called free software.

open source companiesIBM

uses and develops Apache and Linux; created Secure Mailer and created other software on Alpha Works

Applereleased core layers of Mac OS X Server as an open source BSD operating system called Darwin; open sourcing the QuickTime Streaming Server and the Open Play network gaming toolkit

HPuses and releases products running Linux

Sunuses Linux; supports some open source development efforts(Forte IDE for Java and the Mozilla web browser)

Red Hat SoftwareLinux vendor

Active Statedevelops and sells professional tools for Perl, Python, and Tcl/tk developers.

10 Reasons Open Source is Good for Business

Security

Quality

Customizability

Freedom

Flexibility Interoperability

Audit ability

Support Options

Cost

Try Before You Buy

Open Source ToolsOpen source tools is a program -- or tool -- that performs a very specific task, in which the source code is  openly published for use and/or modification from its original design, free of charge.

Open source tools are typically created as a collaborative effort in which programmers improve upon the code and share the changes within the community, and is usually available at no charge under a license defined by the Open Source Initiative.

Many types of Open Source Tools available which has seen a considerable rise with the advent of internet.

Some of the Open Source Tools for Web Designers

KompoZer : KompoZer is a complete web authoring system that combines web file management and easy-to-use WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get) web page editing.

Notepad++ : Notepad++ is a source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. It runs on Windows and is governed by a GPL License.

Firebug : Firebug is a plugin for Firefox that allows you to edit, debug, and monitor CSS, HTML, and JavaScript live in any web page.

Quanta Plus : Quanta Plus is a highly stable and feature rich web development environment.

Some Successful Open Source Projects

Sendmail:-

Sendmail is an open source mail transfer agent (MTA) used for routing and delivery e-mail. The original version of Sendmail was written by Eric Allman in the early 1980s. It is estimated that Sendmail is installed on 60 to 80 percent of the Internet's mail-server computers.Apache Web server:-

Often referred to as simply Apache, a public-domain open source Web server developed by a loosely knit group of programmers. The first version of Apache, based on the NCSA httpd Web server, was developed in 1995. Core development of the Apache Web server is performed by a group of about 20 volunteer programmers, called the Apache Group. However, because the source code is freely available, anyone can adapt the server for specific needs, and there is a large public library of Apache add-ons.

Linux:-

A freely distributable open source operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds. Because it's free, and because it runs on many platforms, including PCs and Macintoshes, Linux has become an extremely popular alternative to proprietary operating systems.

GNOME

Acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment.  GNOME is part of the GNU project and part of the free software, or open source, movement. GNOME is a Windows-like desktop system that works on UNIX and UNIX-like systems and is not dependent on any one window manager. The current version runs on Linux, FreeBSD, IRIX and Solaris. The main objective of GNOME is to provide a user-friendly suite of applications and an easy-to-use desktop.

ADVANTAGES OF OPEN SOURCE

1. Lower total cost of ownership.

2. Reduced dependence on software vendors.

3. Open source software gives you the power to control your software's code. You have the right to modify the code to suit your requirements.

4. Reduced development effort / time by re-using existing code

DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN SOURCE

1. Most open source software applications are not reliable.

2. No guarantee of updates since you are not paying for the open source software nobody is bound to give you regular updates. You can get stuck with the same old version for years without ever getting an update.

3. No one is bound with you for maintenance and support like as legal software vendors, if any error in working of software occurs.

4. No warranties regarding to viruses and performance.

MYTHS ABOUT OPEN SOURCE1. It's all about Linux versus Windows, with

Red Hat as yet another challenger to Microsoft.

2. Open-source Software Isn't Reliable or Supported.

3. Big companies don't use open source software.

4. There's no money to be made on free software.

5. Open Source is playing catch up to Microsoft and the commercial world.

Conclusion•Open source is a wonderful alternative to Proprietary/Closed-Source•Free•Malleable•Shareable•Ever changing!!

References1. http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/17500000/cool-ba

ckground-random-17506456-1869-1168.jpg2. http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/17500000/cool-ba

ckgrounds-random-17514354-1024-640.jpg3. http://th00.deviantart.net/fs19/PRE/f/2007/288/2/0/cool_bac

kground_15_by_BLOO1995.jpg4. http://garcya.us/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/cool-backgrou

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ComputerMouseVectorIllustrations.jpg6. http://www.multiwp.com/wp-content/uploads/lpt.jpg7. http://www.forbes.com/sites/wenjiazhao/2012/07/06/beliefs-

and-misbeliefs-on-open-source-software/ (BELIEFS AND MISBELIEFS ABOUT OPEN SOURCE)

8. http://www.oss-institute.org/9. Payne, Christian (February 2002). "On the Security of Open

Source Software". Info Systems Journal 12 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00118.x.

10. http://sourceforge.net/11. http://www.scilab.org/ (SCILAB)12. http://news.cnet.com/Homeland-Security-helps-secure-open

-source-code/2100-1002_3-6025579.html (HOMELAND SECURITY HELPS SECURE OPEN SOURCE CODE)

Submitted byNidhi SharmaMsc-It(3rd sem)8503