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Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh
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Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

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Page 1: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Open defecation causes child stunting

(could cash incentives help?)Dean Spears

Princeton University

WSP Phnom Penh

Page 2: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

three parts1. “How much international variation in

child height can sanitation explain?”

2. Open defecation and child height in Cambodia

3. How could a sanitation incentive be useful in Cambodia?: Speculation inspired by India’s Nimal Gram Puraskar

Page 3: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Part 1:“How much international variation in child height can sanitation explain?”

Page 4: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Click icon to add picture

Height is an important marker of health, well-being, and human capital.

But differences in height across developing countries today are not well explained by differences in income.

Page 5: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.
Page 6: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

An Asian enigma?

What is an important input to health and human capital on which South Asia does particularly badly?

sanitation and open defecation

calorie loss due to diarrheachronic sub-clinical enteropathy

Page 7: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.
Page 8: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

There is already causal evidence for an effect of sanitation on child height.

Today we’re doing accounting, asking “How big is the effect?” “Big enough to be very important?”

Randomized, controlled experiments Indonesia (Gertler, et al 2012) Maharashtra, India (Hammer & Spears 2012)

Longitudinal (e.g. fixed effects over time) studies Cohorts of children in Andhra Pradesh (Skoufias, et al 2013) Infants visited every other day in Bangladesh India’s Total Sanitation Campaign

Discontinuity-based identification India’s Clean Village Prize

Page 9: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

140 collapsed DHS surveys, 1990-2010

Demographic and Health Surveys are the best data available about health in poor countries, and are internationally comparable

each observation is a whole DHS survey (country-year) mean height and open defecation

Page 10: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Country average open defeaction predicts child height: children under 3

India

Page 11: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

merely wealth? controlling for GDP changes little

Page 12: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

wealth within India

Page 13: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

children under 3: difference from country mean

Page 14: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Would this work for any indicator of well-being?

We’ve seen it does not for GDP

Page 15: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

sanitation interacts with population density

Page 16: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Click icon to add picture

An advertisement for reading the paper

Change over time in Indian districts

Association of sanitation and height by child age

The sanitation-height is steeper in urban than in rural places

Differences in open defecation can fully account for the India-Africa height gap

Page 17: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Part 2:Open defecation is associated with child stunting in Cambodia2010 Demographic and Health Survey

Page 18: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

height and sanitation in Cambodia

200020052010

-2-1

.5-1

-.5

0

ave

rag

e he

ight

-fo

r-ag

e z

-sco

re

0 .2 .4 .6 .8fraction of households in country practicing open defecation

other developing countries Cambodia

Page 19: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

by province: rural and urban-2

.5-2

-1.5

-1av

era

ge

heig

ht-f

or-

age

z-s

core

0 .2 .4 .6 .8open defecation in average child's locality

rural and urban

Page 20: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

by province: rural only-2

.2-2

-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

ave

rag

e he

ight

-fo

r-ag

e z

-sco

re

.5 .6 .7 .8 .9open defecation in average child's locality

Phnom Penh excluded

rural children only

Page 21: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

by province: urban only-2

-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

-1av

era

ge

heig

ht-f

or-

age

z-s

core

0 .2 .4 .6open defecation in average child's locality

urban children only

Page 22: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

by age in months-2

.5-2

-1.5

-1-.

5

heig

ht-f

or-

age

z-sc

ore

0 20 40 60age in months

local OD = 0% 0 < local OD < 100local OD == 100%

starting similarly tall

gap by age 2 years

Page 23: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

height and local open defecation:public and private costs of open defecation

-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

heig

ht-f

or-

age

z-sc

ore

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1local area open defecation

does not od household openly defecates

negative spillovers:

steep slope even for toilet users

Page 24: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

panel data: change from 2005 to 2010

20102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010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2005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005200520052005

-2-1

.8-1

.6-1

.4-1

.2-1

heig

ht-f

or-

age

z-sc

ore

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1open defecation in child's locality

2010 2005year averages

The decrease in open defecation can linearly

explain 90% of the 2005 to 2010 child height

increase.

Page 25: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) local open -0.777*** -0.585*** -0.496*** -0.428*** -0.456*** defecation (0.0760) (0.137) (0.127) (0.127) (0.118) year 2010 0.126** 0.0139 0.0241 0.0365 0.0518 0.0222

(0.0450) (0.0443) (0.0444) (0.0423) (0.0423) (0.0400) household open -0.139* -0.111+ 0.00424 0.0386 defecation (0.0631) (0.0589) (0.0587) (0.0572) local electrification 0.0328 0.0409 -0.0858 -0.0701

(0.0988) (0.0939) (0.137) (0.130) urban 0.0497 0.0344 -0.0326 -0.0386

(0.0728) (0.0692) (0.0671) (0.0644) momheight 0.0547*** 0.0538*** 0.0551***

(0.00354) (0.00358) (0.00342) mombmi 0.0253*** 0.0224** 0.0273***

(0.00688) (0.00694) (0.00686) household ü übirth demography üprovince FE ü ü ü ü ü ün (children under 50 7,286 7,286 7,184 7,184 7,184 7,184

local open defecation and child height

Page 26: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Click icon to add picture

A 20 percentage point reduction in open defecation is associated with a 0.1 standard deviation increase in child height, which is about about 0.4 of a centimeter for a healthy four-year-old.

Page 27: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Part 3:Could a cash incentive help? Speculations inspired by India’s Clean Village Prize

Page 28: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Incentives vs. Subsidies

A subsidy is a reduction in the price An incentive is an offer of something you want,

to get you to change your behavior Typically subsidies are a priori and incentives are

ex post, depending on what you do Typically subsidies are for latrine construction,

but incentives could be conditional on latrine useThis is important in India, where people often do not

use even free latrines

Page 29: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

India’s Clean Village Prize… in principle

Awarded to village overall, and to village leaders specifically

Recognition for being open defecation free

Monetarily large for rurual India, $1,000-$2,000 (worth more at purchasing power parity

Step function of village size

What I like: uses social forces, incentivizes what we care about, permits local solutions

Page 30: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

On average, the monetary award was noticed

Page 31: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

On average, the TSC did something(although this graph alone does not prove that!)

Page 32: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

In practice, serious implementation problems

Prizes given to villages that are not open defecation free Know when monitor is coming, for example

Very bad government monitoring data “Collected” by the people whose job it is to achieve latrine

construction

Villages randomly assigned to be required to elect a low caste leader are less likely to win the prize

Recently, the subsidy has been substantially increased, effectively eliminating the net incentive to win the prize

Page 33: Open defecation causes child stunting (could cash incentives help?) Dean Spears Princeton University WSP Phnom Penh.

Would such a prize be a good idea here?

Is the problem here latrine construction or latrine use?

Can the government implement the monitoring and conditionality?

Is the local state capacity sufficent for local leaders to succeed, if they attempt to win the prize?

Build monitoring capicity first: it is needed for a prize, and useful even without one.