OOPS Finale Assignment 1 Pre

7/31/2019 OOPS Finale Assignment 1 Pre

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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY

AHMEDABAD

&

C-DAC, PUNE

M.E

inIT Systems and Network Security

Semester-I, Year 2012-14

Module Name

Pre Assignment of OOPS

Date : 06 Aug 2012

Dipak Zala (ITSNS) 1 | P a g e



Lab Faculty Faculty

Course Coordinator

Index

S.No Name of The Program Page

No.

Date Signat

ure

1 Compiled & Interpreted languages. 3 4 06/08/201

2

2 Study of Object - Oriented features. 4 6 06/08/201

2

3 Challenges in memory management. 6 8 06/08/201

2

4 Different types of inheritance. 8 10 06/08/201

2

5 Study about UML diagrams. 10 14 06/08/201

2

6 List out Data types and Operators. 14 17 06/08/201

2

7 Java programs 17 19 06/08/201

2A) Prime Number

B) Fibonacci Series.

C) Power of a number.

8 Write some java programs 19 25 06/08/201

2A) Linear Search

B) Binary Search




C) Bubble Sort

D) Matrix Addition &

Multiplication

9 Explore String, Math classes. 26 31 06/08/201

2

10 Create some web pages using simple

HTML32 34 06/08/201

2

1. Study the differences between compiled & interpreted languages, cons &

pros of each. How languages like java balance these factors.

Ans.

Programming languages generally fall into one of two categories: Compiled or Interpreted. With a

compiled language, code you enter is reduced to a set of machine-specific instructions before being saved

as an executable file. With interpreted languages, the code is saved in the same format that you entered.

Interpreted computing languages are languages whose source code is processed by a software

program called an interpreter that reads in the text and immediately acts upon the instructions defined by

the text. Compiled computing languages are languages whose source code is processed by a software

program called a compiler that converts the source code into a file which can then be run directly or indirectly by a computer operating system.

A compiled language is one where the program, once compiled, is expressed in the instructions of

the target machine. For example, an addition "+" operation in your source code could be translated directly

to the "ADD" instruction in machine code.

An interpreted language is one where the instructions are not directly executed by the target

machine, but instead read and executed by some other program (which normally is written in the language

of the native machine). For example, the same "+" operation would be recognized by the interpreter at run

time, which would then call its own "add(a,b)" function with the appropriate arguments, which would then

execute the machine code "ADD" instruction.

Compiled programs generally run faster than interpreted ones because interpreted programs must

be reduced to machine instructions at runtime. However, with an interpreted language you can do things

that cannot be done in a compiled language. For example, interpreted programs can modify themselves by

adding or changing functions at runtime. It is also usually easier to develop applications in an interpreted

environment because you don't have to recompile your application each time you want to test a small

section.




A compiled language is written and then run through a compiler which checks its syntax and

compresses it into a binary executable. Since an interpreted language is not compiled, it must be checked

for errors at run-time, which makes it quite a bit slower than a compiled language (like C or Java).

There also exist hybrid languages, such as Java and Python, which have qualities of both compiledand interpreted languages. Java, for example, can be compiled into byte code which must then itself be run

by an interpreter referred to as a virtual machine. Since Java source code itself does not have an

interpreter, it's reasonable to consider Java to be a compiled language.

• Pros:

• No problem with cycles.

• Memory writes have no cost.

• Only touches live data.

• No fragmentation; automatically compacts

• Cons:

• Fragmentation

• Cost proportional to heap size

• Sweep phase needs to traverse whole heap

• Will probably increase locality

• Requires twice the memory space

• Like mark and sweep, need to stop the world

2. Study of object - oriented features and support from known languages (C++,

Java etc)

Ans.

Features of OOP

OOP stands for Object Oriented Programming and the language that support this Object Oriented

programming features is called Object oriented Programming Language. An example of a language thatsupport this Object oriented features are C++ and JAVA.

The Objects Oriented programming language supports all the features of normal programming

languages. In addition it supports some important concepts and terminology which has made it popular

among programming methodology.

The important features of Object Oriented programming are:




Inheritance

Polymorphism

Data Hiding

Encapsulation

Overloading

Reusability

Let us see a brief overview of these important features of Object Oriented programming.

Inheritance:

Inheritance as the name suggests is the concept of inheriting or deriving properties of an existing class to

get new class or classes. In other words we may have common features or characteristics that may be

needed by number of classes. So those features can be placed in a common tree class called base class

and the other classes which have these characteristics can take the tree class and define only the new

things that they have on their own in their classes. These classes are called derived class. The main

advantage of using this concept of inheritance in Object oriented programming is it helps in reducing the

code size since the common characteristic is placed separately called as base class and it is just referred in

the derived class. This provide the users the important usage of terminology called as reusability

Polymorphism and Overloading:

Poly refers many. So Polymorphism as the name suggests is a certain item appearing in different forms or

ways. That is making a function or operator to act in different forms depending on the place they are

present is called Polymorphism. Overloading is a kind of polymorphism. In other words say for instance we

know that +, - operate on integer data type and is used to perform arithmetic additions and subtractions. But

operator overloading is one in which we define new operations to these operators and make them operate

on different data types in other words overloading the existing functionality with new one. This is a very

important feature of object oriented programming methodology which extended the handling of data type

and operations.

Data Hiding:

This concept is the main heart of an Object oriented programming. The data is hidden inside the class by

declaring it as private inside the class. When data or functions are defined as private it can be accessed

only by the class in which it is defined. When data or functions are defined as public then it can be

accessed anywhere outside the class. Object Oriented programming gives importance to protecting data

which in any system. This is done by declaring data as private and making it accessible only to the class in

which it is defined. This concept is called data hiding. But one can keep member functions as public.

Encapsulation




Data encapsulation, sometimes referred to as data hiding, is the mechanism whereby the implementation

details of a class are kept hidden from the user. The user can only perform a restricted set of operations on

the hidden members of the class by executing special functions commonly called methods. The actions

performed by the methods are determined by the designer of the class, who must be careful not to make

the methods either overly flexible or too restrictive

The concept of data encapsulation is supported in C++ through the use of

the public, protected and private keywords which are placed in the declaration of the class. Anything in the

class placed after thepublic keyword is accessible to all the users of the class; elements placed after

the protected keyword are accessible only to the methods of the class or classes derived from that class;

elements placed after the private keyword are accessible only to the methods of the class.

Reusability

This usage is achieved by the above explained terminology called as inheritance. Reusability is nothing but

re- usage of structure without changing the existing one but adding new features or characteristics to it. It is

very much needed for any programmers in different situations. Reusability gives the following advantages tousers

It helps in reducing the code size since classes can be just derived from existing one and one need to add

only the new features and it helps users to save their time.

For instance if there is a class defined to draw different graphical figures say there is a user who want to

draw graphical figure and also add the features of adding color to the graphical figure. In this scenario

instead of defining a class to draw a graphical figure and coloring it what the user can do is make use of the

existing class for drawing graphical figure by deriving the class and add new feature to the derived class

namely add the feature of adding colors to the graphical figure.

Java is a object oriented programming and to understand the functionality of OOP in Java, we first

need to understand several fundamentals related to objects. These include class, method, inheritance,

encapsulation, abstraction, polymorphism etc.

Class - It is the central point of OOP and that contains data and codes with behavior. In Java everything

happens within class and it describes a set of objects with common behavior. The class definition describes

all the properties, behavior, and identity of objects present within that class. As far as types of classes are

concerned, there are predefined classes in languages like C++ and Pascal. But in Java one can define

his/her own types with data and code.

Object - Objects are the basic unit of object orientation with behavior, identity. As we mentioned above,

these are part of a class but are not the same. An object is expressed by the variable and methods within

the objects. Again these variables and methods are distinguished from each other as instant variables,

instant methods and class variable and class methods.




Methods - We know that a class can define both attributes and behaviors. Again attributes are defined by

variables and behaviors are represented by methods. In other words, methods define the abilities of an

object.

3. What are the challenges in memory management - How garbage collection

features of java overcome these.

Ans.

In Object Oriented Programming, Objects typically reside on the Heap. In languages like C# and

Java you cannot create objects that reside on stack, so in these languages all objects reside on the heap

resulting in a distinction between Value and Reference Types. Languages like C++, Objective C, and Object

Pascal all provide a means of allocating objects either on the stack or on the heap. When your objects are

allocated on the heap you need a means of freeing the memory allocated to them when they are no longer

needed. There are a number of different approaches that object oriented programming languages take to

this problem.

Memory management is a simple concept, but is complicated by the interconnected nature of

object oriented programs. It may be difficult to determine when an object is safe to delete.

Freeing and Allocating Memory Manually

Languages like C++ and Object Pascal require that you manage memory yourself. These languages two

functions for memory management. One to allocate space on the heap, and another to free the space used.

Advantages: You are in complete control in this environment, and can provide fine control over when

objects are created and freed. This level of control is particularly helpful when working with devices that

have relatively small amount of RAM available for applications (for instance, a mobile phone or an

embedded engine controller within a car)

Disadvantages: Freeing objects adds complexity that programmers have to carefully manage. Failing to

free an object will result in a memory leak, while prematurely freeing an object has the potential to cause

significant runtime problems that may be hard to debug. When working in teams these problems become

even more of an issue as the memory management of your objects needs to be clearly understood by alldevelopers working on the program. The composite aggregation relationship in a UML class diagram can

be used to indicate that when thewhole is freed it frees its parts.

C++ uses obj = new class_name(params) to create an object, and delete obj to free the space

allocated to these objects. new (C++) on wikipedia

Object Pascal uses obj := class_name.Create(params) to create an object, and obj.Free() to free

the space allocated to the object.


http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Heap

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Value_and_Reference_Types

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Object_Oriented_Programming_-_Collaborations_and_Relationships


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/new_(C%2B%2B)

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Heap

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Value_and_Reference_Types



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/new_(C%2B%2B)



Reference Counting

Reference counting is one approach to overcoming the issues of manual memory management. With

reference counting each object maintains a count of the number of references that refer to it. When new

things refer to the object its reference count is increased, when a reference is removed the count isreduced. The object is then responsible for releasing itself when its reference count reaches 0.

Advantages: Objects are freed when their reference count reaches 0, meaning they are freed as soon as

they are no longer needed.

Disadvantages: Circular references mean that objects are never released. For example if A -> B -> C -> A

then the reference count of each is 1, and yet no other objects have references to any in this loop. This

issue can be avoided through specific loop detection code or by appropriate diligence from developers.

Garbage Collection

The latest evolution of memory management looks to address the issues of circular reference counts by

delegating memory management to the program runtime. With this kind of memory management there is

a Garbage Collector that is responsible for freeing objects when they are no longer accessed. This is done

by identifying those objects that cannot be reached from root links such as stack and global variables. Once

these objects are identified the garbage collector frees the memory they are using. This typically involves

calling a destructor or finaliser method to indicate that the object is about to be freed [3].

Advantages: The developers are released from having to deal with memory issues. This significantly

simplifies the process of developing software, regardless of the number of developers working in the team.

Disadvantages: Requires overhead in the runtime to check object links and objects are not freed until the

garbage collector runs, resulting in a larger memory footprint than is actually required.

Java, C#, and Visual Basic use garbage collectors.

Version 2 of Objective C has the option to use a garbage collector.

4. What is inheritance, different types of inheritance, support from known

languages (C++, Java etc)

Ans.

In object-oriented programming (OOP), inheritance is a way to reuse code of existing objects, or to

establish a subtype from an existing object, or both, depending upon programming language support.

In classical inheritance where objects are defined by classes, classes can inherit attributes and behavior

from pre-existing classes called base classes, superclasses, parent classes or ancestor classes. The

resulting classes are known as derived classes, subclasses or child classes. The relationships of classes

through inheritance gives rise to a hierarchy. In prototype-based programming, objects can be defined

directly from other objects without the need to define any classes, in which case this feature is

called differential inheritance.


http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Object_Oriented_Programming_-_Memory_Management#cite_note-2

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Java

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/C

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/w/?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&redlink=1

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Objective_C

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtype_polymorphism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_class

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype-based_programming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_inheritance

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Object_Oriented_Programming_-_Memory_Management#cite_note-2

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Java

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/C

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/w/?title=Visual_Basic&action=edit&redlink=1

http://swinbrain.ict.swin.edu.au/wiki/Objective_C


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtype_polymorphism


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_class

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype-based_programming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_inheritance



There are five types of inheritance namely:

1) Single Inheritance

2) Multi Level Inheritance

3) Multiple Inheritance

4) Hierarchical Inheritance

5) Hybrid Inheritance

1) Single Inheritance

Single inheritance enables a derived class to inherit properties and behavior from a single parent class. Itallows a derived class to inherit the properties and behavior of a base class, thus enabling code reusabilityas well as adding new features to the existing code. This makes the code much more elegant and less

repetitive. Inheritance is one of the key features of object-oriented programming (OOP).

2) Multi Level Inheritance

It is the enhancement of the concept of inheritance. When a subclass is derived from a derived class thenthis mechanism is known as the multilevel inheritance. The derived class is called the subclass or childclass for it's parent class and this parent class works as the child class for it's just above ( parent ) class.Multilevel inheritance can go up to any number of level.

3) Multiple Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in whicha class can inherit behaviors and features from more than one super class. You can derive a class from anynumber of base classes. Deriving a class from more than one direct base class is called multipleinheritance.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)



4) Hierarchical Inheritance

It is the process of deriving two or more classes from single base class. And in turn each of the derived

classes can further be inherited in the same way. Thus it forms hierarchy of classes or a tree of classeswhich is rooted at single class.

5) Hybrid Inheritance

In this type of inheritance, we can have combination of number of inheritances but this can produce an error of using same name function from no of classes, which will bother the compiler to how to use the functions.Therefore, it will generate errors in the program. This has known as ambiguity or duplicity.




5. Study about UML diagrams, try to generate few (class diagrams, sequence

diagrams etc) using umbrello software.

Ans.

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the

field of object-oriented software engineering. UML includes a set of graphic notation techniques to

create visual models of object-oriented software-intensive systems.

The UML is a tool for specifying software systems. Standardized diagram types to help you

describe and visually map a software system's design and structure. Using UML it is possible to model just

about any kind of application, both specifically and independently of a target platform. While UML is

naturally oriented towards Object-Oriented programming, but it is just as easy to model procedural

languages such as C, Visual Basic, Fortran etc.The use of UML as a tool for defining the structure of a system is avery useful way to manage

large, complex systems. Having a clearly visible structure makes it easy to introduce new people to an

existing project.

Class Diagram

The class diagram shows how the different entities (people, things, and data) relate to each other; in

other words, it shows the static structures of the system. Class diagrams can also be used to show

implementation classes, which are the things that programmers typically deal with. An implementation class

diagram will probably show some of the same classes as the logical classes diagram. The implementation

class diagram won't be drawn with the same attributes, however, because it will most likely have references

to things like Vectors and Hash Maps.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_modeling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_modeling



A class is depicted on the class diagram as a rectangle with three horizontal sections, as shown in

Figure 2. The upper section shows the class's name; the middle section contains the class's attributes; and

the lower section contains the class's operations (or "methods").

Use-case diagram

A use case illustrates a unit of functionality provided by the system. The main purpose of the use-

case diagram is to help development teams visualize the functional requirements of a system, including the

relationship of "actors" (human beings who will interact with the system) to essential processes, as well as

the relationships among different use cases.

Use-case diagrams generally show groups of use cases — either all use cases for the complete

system, or a breakout of a particular group of use cases with related functionality (e.g., all security

administration-related use cases).




Sequence Diagram

Sequence diagrams describe interactions among classes in terms of an exchange of messagesover time. Sequence diagrams show a detailed flow for a specific use case or even just part of a specific

use case. They are almost self explanatory; they show the calls between the different objects in their

sequence and can show, at a detailed level, different calls to different objects.

A sequence diagram has two dimensions: The vertical dimension shows the sequence of

messages/calls in the time order that they occur; the horizontal dimension shows the object instances to

which the messages are sent.




Activity diagram

In UML, an activity diagram is used to display the sequence of activities. Activity diagrams show theworkflow from a start point to the finish point detailing the many decision paths that exist in the progression

of events contained in the activity. They may be used to detail situations where parallel processing may

occur in the execution of some activities. Activity diagrams are useful for business modeling where they are

used for detailing the processes involved in business activities.

An activity is the specification of a parameterized sequence of behavior. An activity is shown as a

round-cornered rectangle enclosing all the actions, control flows and other elements that make up the

activity. An activity diagram illustrates the dynamic nature of a system by modeling the flow of control from

activity to activity. An activity represents an operation on some class in the system that results in a change

in the state of the system.




6. List out data types, operators available in java, try some simple programs to

make use of them.

Primitive Data Types

The primitive data types are predefined data types, which always hold the value of the same data type,




and the values of a primitive data type don't share the state with other primitive values. These data types

are named by a reserved keyword in Java programming language.

There are eight primitive data types supported by Java programming language :

byte

The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It ranges from -128 to127 (inclusive). This

type of data type is useful to save memory in large arrays.. We can also use byte instead of int to

increase the limit of the code. The syntax of declaring a byte type variable is shown as:

byte b = 5;

short

The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It ranges from -32,768 to 32,767.short is

used to save memory in large arrays. The syntax of declaring a short type variable is shown as:

short s = 2;

int

The int data type is used to store the integer values not the fraction values. It is a 32-bit signed two's

complement integer data type. It ranges from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 that is more enough to store

large number in your program. However for wider range of values use long. The syntax of declaring a int

type variable is shown as:

int num = 50;

long

The long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer. It ranges from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808

to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807. Use this data type with larger range of values. The syntax of declaring a

long type variable is shown as:

long ln = 746;

float

The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point. It ranges from

1.40129846432481707e-45 to 3.40282346638528860e+38 (positive or negative). Use a float (instead of




double) to save memory in large arrays. We do not use this data type for the exact values such as currency.

For that we have to use java.math.BigDecimal class. The syntax of declaring a float type variable is:

float f = 105.65;

float f = -5000.12;

double

This data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point. It ranges from 4.94065645841246544e-

324d to 1.79769313486231570e+308d (positive or negative). This data type is generally the default choice

for decimal values. The syntax of declaring a double type variable is shown as:

double d = 6677.60;

char

The char data type is a single 16-bit, unsigned Unicode character. It ranges from 0 to 65,535. They are not

integral data type like int, short etc. i.e. the char data type can't hold the numeric values. The syntax of

declaring a char type variable is shown as:

char caps = 'c';

boolean

The boolean data type represents only two values: true and false and occupy is 1-bit in the

memory. These values are keywords in Java and represents the two boolean

states: on or off , yes or no. We use boolean data type for specifying conditional statements as if, while,

do, for . In Java, trueand false are not the same as True and False. They are defined constants of the

language. The syntax of declaring a boolean type variable is shown as:

boolean result = true;

Operators:

1. Simple Assignment Operator

Assignment operator is the most common operator almost used with all programming languages.

2. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform some mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,




multiplication, division, and modulo (or remainder).

3. Unary Operators

The unary operators requires only one operand to perform different kind of operations

such as increasing/decreasing a value, negating an expression, or inverting a boolean

value.

4. Equality and Relational Operators

Whenever we need to compare the results of two expressions or operands in a program then

theequality and relational operators are used to know whether an operand is equal, not equal,

greater than, less than to another operand.

5. Conditional (Logical) Operators

Conditional operators return a true or a false value based on the state of the variables i.e. the

operations using conditional operators are performed between the two boolean expressions.

6. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

In Java the bitwise and bit shift operators are used to manipulate the contents of variables at a bit

level according to binary format.

7. Type Operators

Java provides a run-time operator instanceof to compare a class and an instance of that class.

This operator " instanceof " compares an object to a specified class type

8. Operator Precedence

In Java, Operator Precedence is an evaluation order in which the operators within an expression

are evaluated on the priority bases

7. Write some java programs to be comfortable with control structures.

Ans.

A) JAVA code for Prime Number.

class Prime

{




public static void main(String s[])

{

int n=30;

int i,j,x=0;

for(i=1;x<=n-1;i++){

for(j=2;j<i-1;j++)

{

if(i%j==0)

break;

}

if(i%j!=0)

{

System.out.println(" "+i+" ");

x++;

}

}

}

}

B) JAVA code for Fibonacci Series.

class fibonacci

{

public static void main(String d[])

{

int i,a=0,b=1,c;

System.out.println("fibonacci series");

for(i=0;i<15;i++)

{

c=a+b;

System.out.print(" "+c);

b=a;

a=c;

}

}

}

C) JAVA code for Power of a number.




class Power1

{

int ans;

public static void main(String s[])

{

Power1 p1 =new Power1();

int answer=p1.pow();

System.out.println("2 raised to 12="+answer);

}

Power1()

{

ans=1;

}

int pow()

{

int i;

for(i=0;i<12;i++)

{

ans=ans*2;

}

return(ans);

}

}

8. Write some java programs which can handle arrays.

a. Linear search

public class LinearSearch {

public int find(final int[] data, final int key) {

for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) {

if (data[i] > key)

return -1;

else if (data[i] == key)




return i;

}

return -1;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

final int arr[] = new int[10];

System.out.println("Enter 10 numbers");

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

arr[i] = input.nextInt();

}

LinearSearch search = new LinearSearch();

System.out.print("Enter the element to search: ");

int num=input.nextInt();

int n = search.find(arr, num);

if ((n >= 0) && (n < arr.length)) {

System.out.println("Found at index: " + n);

} else {

System.out.println("Not Found");

}

}

}

Output:

Enter 10 numbers:1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Enter the element to search:5

Found at index: 4

b. Binary search

public class BinarySearch {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] intArray = new int[10];

int searchValue = 0, index;




System.out.println("Enter 10 numbers");

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

for (int i = 0; i < intArray.length; i++) {

intArray[i] = input.nextInt();}

System.out.print("Enter a number to search for: ");

searchValue = input.nextInt();

index = binarySearch(intArray, searchValue);

if (index != -1) {

System.out.println("Found at index: " + index);

} else {

System.out.println("Not Found");

}

}

static int binarySearch(int[] search, int find) {

int start, end, midPt;

start = 0;

end = search.length - 1;

while (start <= end) {

midPt = (start + end) / 2;

if (search[midPt] == find) {

return midPt;

} else if (search[midPt] < find) {

start = midPt + 1;

} else {

end = midPt - 1;

}

}

return -1;

}

}

Output:

Enter 10 numbers:

1

2

3




4

5

6

78

9

10

Enter a number to search for:5

Found at index: 4

c. Bubble sort

public class bubbleSort

{

public static void main(String a[])

{

int i;

int array[] = {12,9,4,99,120,1,3,10};

System.out.println("Values Before the sort:\n");

for(i = 0; i < array.length; i++)

System.out.print( array[i]+" ");

System.out.println();

bubble_srt(array, array.length);

System.out.print("Values after the sort:\n");

for(i = 0; i <array.length; i++)

{

System.out.print(array[i]+" ");

}


}

public static void bubble_srt( int a[], int n )

{

int i, j,t=0;

for(i = 0; i < n; i++)

{

for(j = 1; j < (n-i); j++)

{




if(a[j-1] > a[j]){

t = a[j-1];

a[j-1]=a[j];

a[j]=t;}

}

}

}

}

Output:

Values Before the sort:

12 9 4 99 120 1 3 10

Values after the sort:

1 3 4 9 10 12 99 120

d. Matrix addition

class MatrixSum

{

public static void main(String[] args){

int array[][]= {{4,5,6},{6,8,9}};

int array1[][]= {{5,4,6},{5,6,7};

System.out.println("Matrix 1 : ");

for(int i = 0; i < l; i++)

{

for(int j = 0; j <= l; j++)

{

System.out.print(" "+ array[i][j]);

}


}

int m= array1.length;


for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)




{

for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++)

{

System.out.print(" "+array1[i][j]);}


}

System.out.println("Addition of both matrix : ");

for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)

{

for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++)

{

System.out.print(" "+(array[i][j]+array1[i][j]));

}


}

}

}

Output:

Matrix 1 :

4 5 6

6 8 9

Matrix 2 :

5 4 6

5 6 7

Addition of both matrix :

9 9 12

11 14 16

e. Matrix addition

class MatrixMultiply

{

public static void main(String[] args)




{

int array[][] = {{5,6,7},{4,8,9}};

int array1[][] = {{6,4},{5,7},{1,1}};

int array2[][] = new int[3][3];int x= array.length;


for(int i = 0; i < x; i++)

{

for(int j = 0; j <= x; j++)

{

System.out.print(" "+ array[i][j]);

}


}

int y= array1.length;


for(int i = 0; i < y; i++)

{

for(int j = 0; j < y-1; j++)

{

System.out.print(" "+array1[i][j]);

}


}

for(int i = 0; i < x; i++)

{

for(int j = 0; j < y-1; j++)

{

for(int k = 0; k < y; k++)

{

array2[i][j] += array[i][k]*array1[k][j];

}

}

}

System.out.println("Multiply of both matrix : ");




for(int i = 0; i < x; i++)

{

for(int j = 0; j < y-1; j++)

{System.out.print(" "+array2[i][j]);

}


}

}

}

9. Explore String, Math classes available in java.lang package

Ans.

Strings in java

Java String Class is immutable, i.e. Strings in java, once created and initialized, cannot be changed on

the same reference. A java.lang.String class is final which implies no class and extend it. The

java.lang.Stringclass differs from other classes, one difference being that the String objects can be used

with the += and + operators for concatenation.

Two useful methods for String objects are equals( ) and substring( ). The equals( ) method is used for

testing whether two Strings contain the same value. The substring( ) method is used to obtain a selected

portion of a String.

Creating Strings:

The most direct way to create a string is to write:

String greeting = "Hello world!";

Whenever it encounters a string literal in your code, the compiler creates a String object with its valuing thiscase, "Hello world!'.

String Length:




Methods used to obtain information about an object are known as accessor methods. One accessor method

that you can use with strings is the length() method, which returns the number of characters contained in

the string object.

public class StringDemo{

public static void main(String args[]){

String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";

int len = palindrome.length();

System.out.println( "String Length is : " + len );

}

}

This would produce following result:

String Length is : 17

Other Useful String Methods:

1 char charAt(int index)

Returns the character at the specified index.

2 int compareTo(Object o)

Compares this String to another Object.

3 int compareTo(String anotherString)

Compares two strings lexicographically.

4 int compareToIgnoreCase(String str)

Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences.

5 String concat(String str)

Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.

6 boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb)

Returns true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of characters as the specified

StringBuffer.

7 static String copyValueOf(char[] data)

Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.

8 static String copyValueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count)

Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.

9 boolean endsWith(String suffix)

Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.


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10 boolean equals(Object anObject)

Compares this string to the specified object.

11 boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)

Compares this String to another String, ignoring case considerations.

12 byte getBytes()

Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the platform's default charset, storing the result into

a new byte array.

13 byte[] getBytes(String charsetName

Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the named charset, storing the result into a new byte

array.

14 void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)

Copies characters from this string into the destination character array.

15 int hashCode()

Returns a hash code for this string.

16 int indexOf(int ch)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character.

17 int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character, starting the search

at the specified index.

18 int indexOf(String str)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.

19 int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the

specified index.

20 String intern()

Returns a canonical representation for the string object.

21 int lastIndexOf(int ch)

Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character.

22 int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)

Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character, searching backward

starting at the specified index.

23 int lastIndexOf(String str)

Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence of the specified substring.


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24 int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex)

Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring, searching backward

starting at the specified index.

25 int length()

Returns the length of this string.

26 boolean matches(String regex)

Tells whether or not this string matches the given regular expression.

27 boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset, String other, int ooffset, int len)

Tests if two string regions are equal.

28 boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset, int len)

Tests if two string regions are equal.

29 String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)

Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of oldChar in this string with newChar.

30 String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement

Replaces each substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the given

replacement.

31 String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement)

Replaces the first substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the given

replacement.

32 String[] split(String regex)

Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.

33 String[] split(String regex, int limit)

Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.

34 boolean startsWith(String prefix)

Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.

35 boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset)

Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix beginning a specified index.

36 CharSequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex)

Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.

37 String substring(int beginIndex)

Returns a new string that is a substring of this string.

38 String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)



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Returns a new string that is a substring of this string.

39 char[] toCharArray()

Converts this string to a new character array.

40 String toLowerCase()

Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the default locale.

41 String toLowerCase(Locale locale)

Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the given Locale.

42 String toString()

This object (which is already a string!) is itself returned.

43 String toUpperCase()

Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the default locale.

44 String toUpperCase(Locale locale)

Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the given Locale.

45 String trim()

Returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted.

46 static String valueOf(primitive data type x)

Returns the string representation of the passed

Math Class:

Some basic math functions can be found in the Math class. The Math class is a wrapper

class for a set of useful mathematical functions and constants. All of the methods and fields

are static, and there is no public constructor.

Math ConstantsTwo common constants are defined in the Math class.doubleMath.E() : Value of e, 2.71828, base of the natural logarithms.doubleMath.PI() : Value of pi, 3.14159265

Math Methods

Trigonometric Methods All trigonometric method parameters are measured in radians, the normal mathematical system of angles,

and not in degrees, the normal human angular measurement system. Use the toRadians or toDegrees

methods to convert between these systems, or use the fact that there are 2*PI radians in 360 degrees. In


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addition to the methods below, the arc methods are also available.

double Math.sin(ar) Returns the sine of ar.double Math.cos(ar) Returns the cosine of ar.

double Math.tan(ar) Returns the tangent of ar.double Math.toRadians(d) Returns d (angle in degrees) converted to radians.double Math.toDegrees(ar) Returns ar (angle in radians) converted to degrees.

Exponential MethodsThe two basic functions for logarithms and power are available. These both use the base e (Math.E) as is

the usual case in mathematics.

double Math.exp(d) Returns e (2.71...) to the power d.double Math.pow(d1, d2) Returns d1d2.double Math.log(d) Returns the logarithm of d to base e.double Math.log10(d) Returns the logarithm of d to base 10.

Misc Methods

double Math.sqrt(d) Returns the square root of d.Math.abs(x) Returns absolute value of x with same type as the parameter: int,

long, float, or double.Math.max(x, y) Returns maximum of x and y with same type as the parameter: int,

long, float, or double.Math.min(x, y) Returns minimum of x and y with same type as the parameter: int,

long, float, or double.

Integer Related MethodsThe following methods translate floating point values to integer values, altho these values may still be stored

in a double.double Math.floor (d) Returns the closest integer-valued double which is equal to or less

than d.double Math.ceil(d) Returns the closest integer-valued double which is equal to or

greater than d.double Math.rint(d) Returns the closest integer-valued double to d.long Math.round(d) Returns the long which is closest in value to the double d.int Math.round(f) Returns the int which is closest in value to the float f.

Random Numbersdouble Math.random() Returns a number x in the range, 0.0 <= x < 1.0.




10. Create some web pages using simple HTML by incorporating following

features

General Tags,Formatting ,Hyperlinking & Image handling, Tables, Forms.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Google</TITLE><META http-equiv=content-type content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><STYLE>BODY {

FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif }TD {

FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif } A {

FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif }P {

FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif }.h {

FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif }.h {

FONT-SIZE: 20px}

.q {COLOR: #0000cc

}</STYLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY text=#000000 vLink=#551a8b aLink=#ff0000 link=#0000cc bgColor=#ffffff

onload=sf()>

<CENTER>

<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0>

<TBODY>

<TR>

<TD><IMG height=110 alt=Google src="http://www.itsagadget.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Google-Logo.jpg"




width=276></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR>

<FORM name=f action=/search>

<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=4 border=0>

<TBODY>

<TR>

<TD class=q noWrap><FONT size=-1><B><FONT

color=#000000>Web</FONT></B>    <A class=q id=1a

onclick="return c('www.google.com/imghp','wi',event);"

href="http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-

8">Images</A>    <A

class=q id=2a onclick="return c('www.google.com/grphp','wg',event);"

href="http://www.google.com/grphp?hl=en&tab=wg&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8">Groups</A>    <A

class=q id=4a onclick="return c('www.google.com/nwshp','wn',event);"

href="http://www.google.com/nwshp?hl=en&tab=wn&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8">News</A>    <B><A

class=q

href="http://www.google.com/options/index.html">more »</A></B></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>

<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0>

<TBODY>

<TR>

<TD width=75> </TD>

<TD align=middle><INPUT type=hidden value=en name=hl><SPAN

id=hf></SPAN><INPUT type=hidden value=UTF-8 name=ie><INPUT type=hidden

value=UTF-8 name=oe><INPUT maxLength=256 size=55 name=q><BR><INPUT type=submitvalue="Google Search" name=btnG><INPUT type=submit value="I'm Feeling Lucky"name=btnI></TD>

<TD vAlign=top noWrap><FONT size=-2>  <A




href="http://www.google.com/advanced_search?hl=en">Advanced Search</A><BR>  <A

href="http://www.google.com/preferences?hl=en">Preferences</A><BR>  <A

href="http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=en">Language

Tools</A></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></FORM><BR><BR><FONT size=-1><SPAN id=hp

style="BEHAVIOR: url(#default#homepage)"></SPAN>

</FONT>

<P><FONT size=-2>©2012 Dipak Zala - Searching 4,285,199,774 web

pages</FONT></P></CENTER></BODY></HTML>

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