Oooh! Ahhh!. ParticleChargeSymbo l MassLocation ProtonPositiveP+1.67262158 × 10 - 27 kilograms In the Nucleus NeutronNeutralN1.674927351(74)×10 −27 In.

Oooh! Ahhh!

Particle Charge Symbol

Mass Location

Proton Positive P+ 1.67262158 × 10-

27 kilogramsIn the Nucleus

Neutron Neutral N 1.674927351(74)×10−

27

In the Nucleus

Electron Negative e- 9.10938188 × 10-

31 kilogramsIn orbits around the nucleus

Lewis diagrams show the symbol of the element and the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Atoms have up to two electrons in the first orbit (shell), 8 in the second, 18 in the third.

Ionic Bonds Ionic bonds form

between metal and non-metal atoms, where one atom gives electron(s) and the other takes one/them, respectively.

Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds

form between two non-metal atoms, where electrons are shared and travel between the two nuclei.

Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds

bond can form unequally, where electrons spend more time with one atom than the other, forming a polar bond

Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonding

occurs between polar molecules containing hydrogen. The slightly negative atom in one molecule (usually O or N) exerts a pull on a hydrogen atom in an adjacent molecule, creating a hydrogen bond.

Hydrogen Bonds The hydrogen bond is

easily broken but acts to hold molecules together.

A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of chemical bonds with the release or absorption of energy

The process of Respiration uses the oxygen we breathe and glucose (a carbohydrate in our diet), to produce energy plus waste products of carbon dioxide and water. The chemical reaction is as follows:

Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules

size

structure

examples

organic inorganic

large small

simple – groups of 2 – 10 atoms only

complex – often involves rings or long chains

C6H12O6; C16H33COOH

NaCl; H2SO4; NaOH

hydroxyl

carboxyl

amino

structural formula example

What are functional groups?

groups of atoms that work as a unit and are often involved in bonding between molecules

– 0H

– COOH

– NH2

– O – H

– C – O – H \\O

– N – H \H

alcohols & sugars

fatty acids & amino acids

amino acids

Sources in your diet:

• Functions:

• Monomer of all carbohydrates

1) Energy source (e.g. glucose)2) Structure (e.g. cellulose)3) Cell to cell identification and communication

bread, pasta, fruit

monosaccharide

Take the following spheres from the box

6 black spheres 6 red spheres 12 yellow spheres

Make a stable structure with 5 black and one red sphere using only 6 springs

Now join the remaining 5 red spheres to 1 yellow sphere each & attach these hydroxyl groups, 1 per black sphere

Now fill in the remaining holes on the black spheres with the remaining yellow spheres

Now attach the 6th black sphere to a black sphere in the ring, beside the red sphere

C

CC

C

C

O

C

H

OH

H

OH

OH

H

HO

H H

HH

OH

Building a glucose structural formula

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

CH2OH

Simplified structural formula

Rules: do not draw the ring carbons, or any single hydrogens

Now get together with another group and place your glucoses side-by-side

Remove the –OH from one glucose and -H from the other glucose

Be sure to do this in such a way that you can repeat this process if a third glucose is added

You have made a disaccharide

Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

glucose + glucose --> maltose + water

An ether bond formed (water removed from 2 hydroxyl groups)

Examples of disaccharides

glucose + fructose --> sucrose + water

glucose + galactose --> lactose + water

H HO

H2O +

Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

Reactions:

• Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

Starch:

Long chains of glucose

Found in potatoes

& grains

Glycogen:

Branched chains of glucose

Glucose stored in liver as glycogen

cellulose

Parallel chains of glucose with every second glucose inverted

Found in plant cell walls

Functions:

• Sources: meat, dairy, oils

long-term energy storage (triglycerides),

make cell membranes (phospholipids)

make hormones (steroids)

make waterproof coatings on plants and animals (waxes)

cushioning, protection, vitamin absorption

Take 3 black spheres,

3 red spheres

8 white spheres

Bond the three carbons together

Bond an oxygen to each carbon

Complete the bonding with hydrogens

You have built a Glycerol

Take 5 black spheres; 2 red spheres; 10 yellow spheres

build a chain of carbons

To the end carbon, double bond one oxygen and single bond one oxygen

Complete the remaining bonds with hydrogens

You have made a fatty acid

GlycerolH2COH

HCOH

H2COHFatty acid

Drawings of glycerol and fatty acid

Place the glycerol molecule beside the fatty acid

Remove the –OH from the fatty acid and the –H from one end hydroxyl group on the glycerol

Form a bond and assemble the other product

You have made a monoglyceride

glycerol fatty acid

monoglyceride

+H2O

What functional groups joins glycerol and fatty acid together?

What bond is formed between the glycerol and the fatty acid?

hydroxyl & carboxyl groups

An ester bond

How many water molecules are removed when making a monoglyceride?

-C-OH HOOC -

One water

Saturated fatty acids vs. Unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acid [Saturated with hydrogen]

Unsaturated fatty acid

Unsaturated cis-fatty acid

Unsaturated trans-fatty acid

Triglycerides:

monomers = glycerol and 3 fatty acids

3 water molecules are removed to make a triglyceride

Phospholipids: contain hydrophilic head (phosphate) and hydrophobic tails

(fatty acids)

Steroids: include the sex hormones and cholesterol; different structure than other fats

From a health point of view saturated fatty acids are associated with heart and health problems.

Also, trans- unsaturated fatty acids are also a problem for the heart.

What are essential fatty acids?

Why are they important in human diets?

Any fatty acids that humans can not make from other fatty acids are called essential fatty acids.

Without these fatty acids, people may have learning problems

and in extreme cases, get sick and die

Sources:

Functions:

1) Structural components of cells

2) Enzymes

3) Other (e.g. hemoglobin, keratin)

Meat, Dairy, Eggs, Tofu, Nuts

Monomer [building block] = amino acid

Take 2 black spheres; 2 red spheres

4 yellow spheres; 1 blue sphere

1 yellow or green sphere

Place the two carbons in a chain with the nitrogen [blue]

Place an oxygen and a hydroxyl group on the end carbon

Place two hydrogens on the nitrogen

Place a hydrogen and the yellow or green sphere on the central carbon

You have made an amino acid

There are 20 different amino acids.

They differ by their R-group

An R-group is the side chain and it affects bonding

Get together with another group and place the two amino acids beside each other

Remove an –OH from one amino acid and an –H from the other amino acid

Remember, you must be able to repeat this to add a third amino acid, so choose your removals carefully

You have made a dipeptide

H H O

N—C—C

H R OH

H H O

N—C—C

H R OH

+ H2O

amino acid + amino acid

peptide bond

H H O

N—C—C

H R

H O

N—C—C

H R OH

dipeptide molecule

Dipeptide: 2 amino acids joined together

peptide bond formed (water removed from amino and carboxyl groups)

Polypeptide: 3 or more amino acids joined together

Levels of protein structure:

Primary structure the order of amino acids

Keratin (in hair) is an alpha-helix

Fibroin (in spider web silk) is a beta-pleated sheet

Secondary structure:The two dimensional folding into alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet

Tertiary structure: Three-dimensional bends and kinks in secondary structure due to the interactions between R-groups

Quaternary structure:2 or more polypeptide chains join together to make a “globular” structure

Denaturation of Proteins

• a change in temperature, pH, or ionic concentration can change the 3-D shape of a protein and render it useless

• denaturation occurs by breaking the bonds (H, ionic, disulphide bridges) that give the polypeptide its tertiary structure

There are 20 amino acids, 8 of these can not be made from the remaining 12.

These 8 must be part of our diet and so they are called essential amino acids.

A complete protein is one that contains all 8 of the essential amino acids.

An incomplete protein is one that contains only some of the essential amino acids.

eg. of complete proteins -

meat

egg

milk

eg. of incomplete proteins -

Grains such as wheat & rice are deficient in lysine

Legumes such as beans, peas, soybeans and peanuts are deficient in methionine

Functions:

Sources:

Monomer:

DNA = genetic material (instructions to make proteins);

RNA = involved in making proteins;

ATP = energy for the cell

nucleotide (composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base)

there are no direct dietary sources

DNA

shape double-stranded

bases A, C, G, T

sugar deoxyribose

RNA

single-stranded

A, C, G, U

ribose

ATP-consists of a base (adenine); a sugar (ribose) and three phosphates

The function of ATP is to provide short term energy storage for the body to be used at any location.

The process of making ATP involves the equation:

ADP + Pi ATP + H2O

Since we are removing water, this is a dehydration synthesis

What type of reaction is this?

The process of releasing energy from ATP involves the

equation: ATP + H2O Pi + ADP

What type of reaction is this?

As we are breaking bonds with water this is a

hydrolysis reaction