OOAD unit2

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Unit-2

Rumbaugh Methodology Booch Methodology Jacobson Methodology Patterns Frameworks

Unified Approach Unified Modeling Language Use case class diagram Interactive Diagram

Collaboration Diagram State Diagram Activity Diagram.

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Chapter Objectives

You should be able to define and understand

Object Oriented methodologies.

- The Rumbaugh OMT- The Booch methodology

- Jacobson’s methodologies

Patterns

Frameworks

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Rumbaugh’s Object Modeling Technique (OMT)

-A method for analysis,design and implementation by

an object oriented technique.

-fast and intuitive approach for identifying and

modeling all objects making up a system.-Class attributes, methods, inheritance and association can

be expressed easily.

-Dynamic behavior of objects can be described using

the OMT dynamic model.-Detailed specification of state transitions and their -descriptions within a system

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Four phases of OMT

(can be performed iteratively) Analysis: objects,dynamic and

functional models

System Design: Basic architecture of the system.

Object Design: static, dynamic andfunctional models of objects.

Implementation: reusable, extendibleand robust code.

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Three different parts of OMT

modeling An object model - object model &

data dictionary

A dynamic model - state diagrams &event flow diagrams

A functional model - data flow &

constraints

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Object Model structure of objects in a system.

Identity, relationships to otherobjects, attributes and operations.

Object diagram

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Object Diagram Classes interconnected by

association lines

Classes- a set of individual objects

Association lines- relationshipamong classes (i.e., objects of one

class to objects of another class)

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OMT Dynamic Model States, transitions, events and

actions

OMT state transition diagram-network of states and events

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OMT Functional Model DFD- (Data Flow Diagram) Shows flow of data between different

processes in a business. Simple and intuitive method for

describing business processes without

focusing on the details of computersystems.

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Data Flow Diagram Four primary symbols

Process- any function being performed

Data Flow- Direction of data element movement

Data Store – Location where data is stored

External Entity-Source or Destinationof a data element

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The Booch Methodology Widely used OO method

Uses the object paradigm

Covers the design and analysisphase of an OO system

Criticized for his large set of symbols

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method Class diagrams-

describe roles and responsibilities of objects Object diagrams

describe the desired behavior of the system interms of scenarios

State transition diagrams

state of a class based on a stimulus

Module diagrams

to map out where each class & object should

be declared Process diagrams

to determine to which processor to allocate aprocess

Interaction diagramsdescribes behavior of the system in terms of

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Booch method prescribes: Macro Development Process

Micro Development Process

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Macro Development

Process Controlling framework for the

micro process.

Primary concern-technicalmanagement of the system.

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Steps for macro development

process1. Conceptualization

2. Analysis & Development of the model

3. Design or create the systemarchitecture

4. Evolution or implementation

5. Maintenance

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Micro Development ProcessEach macro process has its ownmicro development process

Steps:- Identify classes & objects

- Identify class & objects semantics

- Identify class & object relationship- Identify class & objects interface

and implementation

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JACOBSON METHODOLOGIES Use Cases.

Object Oriented SoftwareEngineering.

Object Oriented BusinessEngineering.

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Use Cases Understanding system requirements Interaction between Users and Systems The use case description must contain

How and when the use case begins and ends. The Interaction between the use case and its actors,

including when the interaction occurs and what isexchanged.

How and when the use case will need data stored inthe system.

Exception to the flow of events How and when concepts of the problem domain arehandled.

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OOSE Object Oriented Software

Engineering.

Objectory is built models Use case model

Domain object model

Analysis object model Implementation model

Test model

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OOBE Object Oriented Business

Engineering

OOBE is object modeling at theenterprise level. Analysis phase

Design and Implementation phase Testing phase

E.g. Unit testing, integration and system

testing.

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PATTERNS It is an instructive information that

captures the essential structure

and insight of a successful familyof proven solutions to a recurringproblem that arises within a

certain context and system of forces.

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Good Pattern will do the

following It solves a problem.

It is a proven concept.

The Solution is not obvious.

It describes a relationship.

The pattern has a significanthuman component.

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Patterns

Patterns

Generative Patterns(describe recurring phenomena

with saying how to

reproduce them)

Non Generative Patterns(describe recurring phenomena

without saying how to

reproduce them)

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Patterns Template Essential Components should be clearly

recognizable on reading a pattern: Name

Problem Context Forces Solution Examples Resulting context Rationale Related Patterns Known uses

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Frameworks Way of delivering application

development patterns to support

best practice sharing duringapplication development.

Can be viewed as theimplementation of a system of design patterns.

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Benefits of Frameworks Reusability

Modularity

Extensibility

Inversion of Control

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Difference between Patterns

and Frameworks Design patterns are more abstract

than frameworks.

Design patterns are smallerarchitectural elements thanframeworks.

Design patterns are lessspecialized than frameworks.

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Model An abstract representation of a

system.

Types of model1. Use case model

2. Domain model

3. Analysis object model4. Implementation model

5. Test model

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Model Types of model

• Use case model defines the outside(actors) & inside (use case) of the

system’s behavior.• Domain model maps real world object

into the domain object model.• Analysis object model how source code

should be carried out & written.• Implementation model represents the

implementation of the system.• Test model test plans, specifications &

reports.

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Model Model is an iterative process.

It can represent static or dynamic

situations. Model

Static Dynamic

Represents a system’s behaviors

that, taken together, reflect its

behavior over time.

(e.g.) interaction & activity diagrams

Provides a system’s

parameters at rest or at a

specific point in time.

(e.g.) class diagram

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Why modeling Blue print

Clarity

Familiarity

Maintenance

Simplification

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Advantages of modeling Easy to express complex ideas

Reduce complexity

Enhance & reinforce learning andtraining

Low cost

Easy to change the model

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What is Unified Modeling

Language (UML)? The UML is a graphical /

standard language for

visualizing, specifying,constructing & documentingthe artifacts of a software

system.

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History of UML 1980 – 1990 Many different

methodologies

•

Booch method by Grady Booch• Object Modeling Technique (OMT) by JimRumbaugh

• Object Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE) byIvar Jacobson

Each method had its strengths &weaknesses.• Booch was great in design• OMT & OOSE were great in analysis

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History of UMLUML 1.0 (January 1997)

UML 1.1 (November 1997)

UML 1.3 (Current Minor revision 1999)

UML 1.4 (Planned Minor revision 2000)

UML 2.0 (Planned Major revision 2004)

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UML Concepts

UML can be used to supportyour entire life cycle.

1. The interaction of your application with theoutside world (use case diagram)

2. Visualize object interaction (sequence &collaboration diagrams)

3. The structure of your system (class diagram)

4. View the system architecture by looking atthe defined package.

5. The components in your system (componentdiagram)

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What are Diagrams ? Graphical presentation of model

elements. A diagram is a graphical means to

view a system’s parts

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UML Diagrams

8 diagrams You will model the following 5 diagrams

only:1. Use case diagram

2. Activity diagram

3. Sequence diagram4. Collaboration diagram

5. Class diagram

The other UML diagrams that can be

modeled in Rose are:1. State chart diagram

2. Component diagram

3. Deployment diagram

Interaction

diagram

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Behavior Diagram Sequence diagram

Collaboration diagram

State chart diagram

Activity diagram

Interaction

diagram

behavior

diagram

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UML Diagrams

1. Class diagram

2. Use case diagram

3. Activity diagram4. Sequence diagram

5. Collaboration diagram

6. State chart diagram7. Component diagram

8. Deployment diagram

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1. Class diagram Class a set of objects that share the

same attributes, operations &

relationships. It represented by a compartmentalized

rectangle.

It shows the structure of your

software. 3 compartments

1. Top

2. Middle

3. Bottom

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1. Class diagram

1. Top shows class name2. Middle shows class attributes

3. Bottom shows class operation

LoginForm

UserName

PIN

Enter Login Details()

Submit()

LoginController

Validate()

CustomerInfo

User Name

PINAddress

getLoginDetails()

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1. Class diagram1. Attributes defines the characteristics or

structure of a class.

displayed in the middle of the

compartmentalizedrectangle.

LoginForm

UserName

PIN


Submit()

LoginController

Validate()

CustomerInfo

User Name

PINAddress

getLoginDetails()

Attributes

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1. Class diagram

2. Operation the service provided by theclass.

displayed in the bottom of the

compartmentalizedrectangle.

LoginForm

UserName

PIN


Submit()

LoginController

Validate()

CustomerInfo

User Name

PINAddress

getLoginDetails()

Operations

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2.Use case diagram It shows a set of use cases andactors and their relationships.

Address the static view of a system.

Actor user (or) someone /something outside the system thatinteracts with the system (it must be

a noun) & it is represented by astickman.

……contd

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2.Use case diagram Use case a sequences of actions (itmust be a verb) & it is represented by anoval.

Relationship illustrates a connectionamong model elements.

Unidirectional Bi-

directional

It is created to visualize the interaction of your system with the outside world.

(e.g.) ATM

……contd

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2. Use case diagram (ATM)

CASH

DISPENSER

PRINTER

CHANGE PIN

WITHDRAW

CHECK BALANCE

LOGIN

CUSTOMER

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2. Use case diagram (Pay

roll) Actors employee & account

Use case count leave, disbursesalary, check loans, calculate PF,prepare IT returns, calculate HRA &

check salary

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Customer

Calculate PF

Check loans

Disburse salary

Count leave

Prepare IT returns

Check salary

Calculate HRA

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3.Activity Diagram It shows the flow of events with

our system & what is going on

inside a use case. We draw the activity diagram for

each & every use case. Login (use case) – (e.g.) ATM It is showing flow of control from

activity to activity.

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3.Activity Diagram Activity it represents the

performance of a task within the

workflow. Activity is represented by a lozenge

(horizontal top and bottom with convexsides)

Start state shows the beginning of aworkflow on an activity diagram.

There is only one start state.

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3.Activity Diagram A start state is represented by a

solid circle.

An end state represents a final orterminal state on an activity

diagram. A end state is represented by a

bull’s eye.

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3.Activity Diagram A state transition shows what

activity follows after another.

It is represented by a solid linewith an arrow.

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3.Activity Diagram A decision is a point in an activity

diagram where guard conditions are

used to indicate different possibletransitions.

It is represented by a diamond.

Guard conditions control the transition

of a set of alternate transitions thatfollows after the activity has beencompleted.

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3.Activity Diagram AND

Joint

Synchronization bar

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3.Activity Diagram A synchronization bar allows you to

show concurrent threads in a work

flow of a use case. It represented by a thick horizontal

or vertical line.

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3.Activity Diagram A swimlane is used to partition an

activity diagram to help us better

understand who or what isinitiating an activity.

. v y –

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ycase

Customer Enters

the login details

System retrives

the details

System validates

the customer

System welcomes

the customer

System prompts to

reenter

[ True ]

[ False ]

i

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4.Sequence Diagram

It shows step by step what musthappen to accomplish a piece of functionality provided by thesystem.

It has 2Ds.• Vertical dimensions represents time

• Horizontal dimensions represents

different objects.

Vertical line is called the object’slife line.

S i

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4.Sequence Diagram

Life line the existence object ata particular time.

Objects are shown at the top.

The object role is shown as avertical dashed line, the life line.

4 S Di

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4.Sequence Diagram

A message is the communicationbetween 2 objects that triggers an

event.

It is represented by a labeled arrow.

Each message is represented by anarrow between the life lines of 2objects.

4 S Di

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4.Sequence Diagram

A focus of control shows theperiod of time during which an

object is performing an action,either directly or through asubordinate procedure.

It represented by a tall, thinrectangle.

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4.Sequence Diagram –login success

: Customer : Customer : LoginForm: LoginForm : LoginController : LoginControl ler : CustomerInfo: CustomerInfo

Enter Login Detail...

Submit( )

Validate( )

getLoginDetails( )

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5.Collaboration Diagram It displays objects and their links to

one other.

It is also known as an interactiondiagram.

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5.Collaboration Diagram It is made up of the following basic

elements :

1. Actors

2. Objects

3. Links

4. Messages

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5.Collaboration Diagram• Actors user

• Objects data + logic / the representationof some real world entity.

3. Links a pathway for communication

between objects.

represented by a solid linebetween 2 objects

4. Messages the communication between

objects that triggers an event.

represented by a labeled arrowabove

the link.

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5.Collaboration Diagram –Login use case

: Customer

: LoginForm

: LoginController

: CustomerInfo

1: Enter Login Details( )2: Submit( )

3: Validate( )

4: getLog inDetails ( )

6 State Chart Diagram

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6. State Chart Diagram

It shows the sequence of states. A state is represented as a rounded

box, which may contain one or morecompartments.

Name compartment holds thename of the state.

Internal transition compartment

list of actions / activities

Start & end states

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7.Component Diagram

It shows relationship between thecomponents in the system.

A component may be a softwarecomponent [for (e.g.) a.h file in

C++ (or) a .java file in Java], a runtime component [for (e.g.) a.DLLfile]

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8. Deployment Diagram

It shows the configuration of runtime processing elements & the

software components, processes &objects that live in them.

It shows the nodes in the system &

the connections between them.

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Review

Name the 2 benefits of visual modeling.

What is UML?

Name three UML diagrams. What are the elements of a use-case

diagram?

Define a use case. Define an actor.

What is meant by a relationship?

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Module Summary

Visual modeling1. The interaction of your application with the

outside world (use case diagram)

2. Visualize object interaction (sequence &collaboration diagrams)

3. The structure of your system (class diagram)

4. View the system architecture by looking atthe defined package.

5. The components in your system (componentdiagram)

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Module Summary

UML

The UML is a graphical / standard

language for visualizing,specifying, constructing &documenting the artifacts of asoftware system.

M d l S

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Module Summary

You can model the following 8 UMLdiagrams in Rational Rose.1. Use case diagram

2. Activity diagram

3. Sequence diagram4. Collaboration diagram

5. Class diagram

6. State chart diagram

7. Component diagram8. Deployment diagram

Views and Diagrams in Rational

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Rose

What is model?A model is a simplification of reality or the

blueprint of the system.

What is view?

A view is a perspective of the model (ie)meaningful to specific stakeholders.

Views

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Logical View Implementation View(Analyst / Designer) (Programmers)

Structure Software Management

Process View Deployment View

(System integrators) (System Engineering)

Performance, scalability System topology,

Delivery,& throughput installation &

Communication

Use case view (end

user functionality

Views

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Views

In Rose, you can create the followingviews

1. Use-case view

2. Logical view

3. Process view

4. Component view (Implementation view)

5. Deployment view

These views together create what we

call the 4+1 Architectural View

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Use Case View

It specifies WHAT the system should do?

Servers as a contract between customerand developer.

Essential to analysis, design and testactivities.

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Logical View

It supports the functionalrequirements of the system.

It includes use-case realizations,class and interaction diagrams.

It can also include state chart andactivity diagrams.

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Process View Addresses the performance,

scalability and throughput of the

system.

Is not necessary for a single

Processing environment.

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Deployment View

Addresses issues like deployment,installation and performance.

.Used for distributed system only.

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Rational Rose Interface

It includes the following : Browser Diagram window Diagram toolbar Documentation window Log window Options window

The options window is not technically part of the rose interface. However, it is importantin your initial setup.

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The Browser The browser allow you to

textually view and navigate theviews and diagrams in rationalrose.

Display the elements that youhave modeled. if an elementdoesn’t appear in the browser, itnot a part of your modeledsystem.

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Diagram window

The diagram window allows you tocreate and update graphical views

of the current model.

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Diagram Toolbar

The diagram toolbarincludes the elements to

build a diagram. Each diagrams toolbar

unique to that diagram.

It is active only when thediagram is displayed.

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Documentation window

Used to create, view or modify textthat explains a selected item

within a diagram.

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Log window

Reports progress, result and errors.

For (e.g.) code generation commands

post progress and error messages tothis window.

To display log window, go to Viewmenu, click LOG to show or hide the

window. To clear the contents of log window,

click CLEAR LOG.

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Options window

Used to set all of your default formodeling.

Note that if you change default,existing model elements are not

changed.

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Basic tool techniques

There are two basic tooltechniques we will discuss before

you begin the labs. They are1. Deleting diagram elements

2. Adding diagram elements

Deleting diagram

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Deleting diagramelements

What happens when you delete anelement from the browser? Rosedoes the following.

Removes the selected elements fromthe model

Removes all icons representing the

elements from all diagrams on whichthey appear.

Delete the specification for the

element .

Deleting Diagram Elements

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There are three ways to delete anelement.

• Click the element in the diagram andthen press ctrl-D

• Right click the element in browser,and then click delete

• Click the element in the browser ordiagram. From the edit menu, clickdelete from model.

Deleting Diagram Elements

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Adding diagram elements

How do you add diagramelements? You add elements to a diagram from

either the diagram tool bar orbrowser.

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Review

What are views?

Name a view in rose and discuss

its purpose. Name two feature of the rose

interface

Discuss deleting from the browserversus the diagram.

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Module Summary

Rational Rose uses views & diagramsto depict varying perspectives and asystem’s parts.

There are 5 views in Rational Rose :

1. Use case view

2. Logical view

3. Process view4. Component / implementation view

5. Deployment view

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Module Summary

Diagrams are a graphical means toview a system’s parts.

The browser shows all of your model

elements Diagram window is to create a view Diagram toolbar includes the elements

to build a diagram. Documentation window is used tocreate, view or modify text thatexplains a selected item within a

diagram.

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Log window reports progress, results &errors.

Option window allows you to set your

defaults. Deleting diagram elements ctrl D,

DEL key (or) go to edit menu, clickDELETE FROM MODEL.

Adding diagram elements click theelement & then click in the diagramwindow.

Module Summary

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Thank You!

OOAD unit2

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