Predictable Quake Damage
.................................................. 65
BOOK REVIEWS Non-Proliferation and Safeguarding the Atom,
reviewed by W. H. Donnelly; TheIntellectual and Social Organization
of the Sciences, R. L. Simpson; TheBiology of Terrestrial Isopods,
R. C. Brusca; Solar Maximum Analysis andSolar-Space Observations
and Stellar Prospects, J. B. Zirker; BooksReceived
.............................................................
65
REPORTS The Structure of the Core of the Spiral Wave in the
Belousov-ZhabotinskiiReaction: S. C. Maller, T. Plesser, B. Hess
............................... 66
Intracellular Free Calcium Localization in Neutrophils During
Phagocytosis:D. W. Sawyer, J. A. Sullivan, G. L. Mandell .......
...................... 66
High-Frequency Switching of Colony Morphology in Candida
aibicans: B. Slutsky,J. Buffo, D. R. Soil ...................
................................. 66
Psoriatic Fibroblasts Induce Hyperproliferation of Normal
Keratinocytes in aSkin Equivalent Model in Vitro: P. Saiag, B.
Coulomb, C. Lebreton, E. Bell,L. Dubertret
........................................................... C6
Chromosomal Locations of Human Tissue Plasminogen Activator and
UrokinaseGenes: B. Rajput et al
.................................................. 67
Phytochelatins: The Principal Heavy-Metal Complexing Peptides of
Higher Plants:E. Grill, E.-L. Winnacker, M. H. Zenk ........
........................... 67
Wounding and Its Role in RSV-Mediated Tumor Formation: D. S.
Dolberg,R. Hollingsworth, M. Hertle, M. J. Bissel .67
Iron(II) EDTA Used to Measure the Helical Twist Along Any DNA
Molecule:T. D. Tullius and B. A. Dombroski .67
Hypoglycemia-Induced Neuronal Damage Prevented by an
N-Methyl-D-AspartateAntagonist: T. Wieloch. 68
PRODUCTS AND Cell Culture Labware; Immunoassay; Syringe Filters;
Data Recorder; ResearchMATERIALS Immunoassays; Spectrometer;
Literature .6
COVER
Section (4.5 by 4.5 millimeters) of aspiral wave of chemical
activity traveling through a 1-millimeter layer of -quiescent,
excitable Belousov-Zhabotinskii reagent catalyzed by ferroinThe
concentration distribution of ferroin was measured by means of a
twodimensional spectrophotometer base(on a video camera, a video
frame buffer, and a computer. The core of thtspiral-a singular site
at which the ferroin concentration remains almost constant-is
contained within the greeicircle. The colored curves are
Archimedian spirals fitted to isointensity levels that correspond
to the lowest (blueand the highest (red) measured intensities and
to the intensity at the cop(yellow). See page 661. [S. C.
MullerMax-Planck-Institut fir Ernmhrungsphysiologie, D-4600
Dortmund, Federal ReDublic of Germanvl
8 November 1985, Volume 230, Number 4726
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SCIENCE:
ollution and Acid Rainrch being conducted on air pollution and
acid rain is leading to apicture of the relative importance of SO2
and NOR. Political and
ry efforts have been focused on sulfur oxides because they
pro-)out twice as much acid as NO,. However, that emphasis
disregardsof NO. in the formation of toxic photochemical oxidants.
Con-tudies at experimental facilities and observations in the field
haveI effects of ozone and NO. as more damaging to vegetation
thanle.ilight a complex series of reactions occurs in the
troposphere,g photolysis of NO2 to produce excited atomic oxygen
and thenceAdditional reactive species formed include hydrogen
peroxide,iydroperoxide, peroxyacetic acid, and reactive free
radicals, includ-NO3, and HO2. Maxima in the amounts of these
species usually:tween 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. in midsummer.
Monitoring hasconsiderable variability in concentrations of the
oxidizing pollut-ited to abundance of the input substances. Some
ozone may bethat originates in the stratosphere.been known that
SO2, NO5, and 03 can have toxic effects on plants.Lrly days,
experiments tended to be performed "scientifically"; thats were
exposed in chambers in which the chemicals were tested oneUnder
those circumstances, it was noted that concentrations of
I NO2 greater than ambient were required to produce notablery.
Indeed, low concentrations of NO2 were sometimes beneficiala
fertilizer effect). However, in the real world, pollutants are
together. When experiments were conducted with ambient middayr
ozone present (for example, 50 to 100 parts per billion),
toxicity:d. When the ozone was supplemented with NO2, there was
usuallyLntial additional toxicity attributable to NO2. Similar
results werehen ozone was supplemented with SO2.eleterious effects
of ozone on agricultural crops have been docu-and analyzed in a
report* issued by the Environmental ProtectionIt is estimated that
a reduction in ambient ozone levels of 25would produce nearly $2
billion in benefits, while a 25 percentin ozone would lead to an
additional $2.3 billion in crop losses.hotochemical oxidants,
particularly OH, have an important role ination of SO2 leading to
H2SO4. In the summer, with abundant OHthe oxidation proceeds much
more rapidly than in winter. Sulfuremissions in winter and summer
are about the same, but the totalDn of sulfate in January and
February at stations in northeasternras found to be a third or less
than what it was in midsummer.ion of nitrate showed little seasonal
effect. Thus, at the crucial time?ring runoff, the contribution of
nitric acid was about equivalent to;ulfuric acid.ives to reduce
acid rain tend to be centered on the electrical utilitiestheir
emissions of SO2. When new coal-fired plants are built, theyiired
to include facilities for flue gas desulfurization. This addstially
to the cost of the plant, decreases the efficiency of energyion to
electricity, and diminishes overall reliability. While theis
effective in capturing SO2, it is ineffective in removing NO.
Anyaimed at reducing acid rain should take into consideration the
totalation problem, including NO,. Efforts to reduce SO2
emissionsbe accompanied by a corresponding emphasis on reducing
NO5,-r the source. For the electrical utilities, this would mean
providing:xibility to use technologies that reduce both SO2 and
NO,. But in1, the other large contributors to NO5, such as motor
vehicles,-ome under scrutiny.-PHILIP H. ABELSON
Jams, S. A. Hamilton, B. A. McCarl, The Economic Effects of
Ozone on Agricultureental Research Laboratory, Environmental
Protection Agency, Corvallis, Ore. 1984).