Only the Strong Survive: Only the Strong Survive: Realpolitik & the Age of Unification Realpolitik & the Age of Unification The Great Decision of the time will not The Great Decision of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority be resolved by speeches and majority decisions…but by blood and iron. decisions…but by blood and iron. - - Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck 1815- 1815- 1898 1898
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Only the Strong Survive: Realpolitik & the Age of Unification The Great Decision of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions…but.
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Only the Strong Survive:Only the Strong Survive:Realpolitik & the Age of UnificationRealpolitik & the Age of Unification
The Great Decision of the time will notThe Great Decision of the time will notbe resolved by speeches and majoritybe resolved by speeches and majoritydecisions…but by blood and iron.decisions…but by blood and iron.
- - Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck 1815-18981815-1898
The Vacation that The Vacation that Changed HistoryChanged History
Bad Ems, 1870 Bad Ems, 1870
Wilhelm IWilhelm I
BenedettiBenedetti
Ems DispatchEms Dispatch
Too many HohenzollernsToo many Hohenzollerns
The eve of the Franco-Prussian War, 1870The eve of the Franco-Prussian War, 1870
The Chancellor and the The Chancellor and the EmperorEmperor
4. The Second Empire4. The Second Empire 1852-18701852-1870
- urban renewal- urban renewal
- Imperial expansion- Imperial expansion
““mass” politicsmass” politics
B. Crisis in AmericaB. Crisis in America
1. Manifest Destiny1. Manifest Destiny- Romanticism v. Conspiracy- Romanticism v. Conspiracy
2. Mexican-American War2. Mexican-American War 1846-481846-48
- Wilmot Proviso 1846- Wilmot Proviso 1846
James K. PolkJames K. Polk
C. What did they want?C. What did they want?
1. Liberal 1. Liberal - states are a projection of individual rights- states are a projection of individual rights
2. Romantic2. Romantic - states are the projection of a “nation”- states are the projection of a “nation”
3. Conservative3. Conservative - new states should reflect established social order- new states should reflect established social order
4. 4. RealpolitikRealpolitik
Power, not ideology, should govern Power, not ideology, should govern states, diplomacystates, diplomacy-Protect geopolitical interestsProtect geopolitical interests- Protect domestic power- Protect domestic power
“ “political power flows from the barrel of a gun” political power flows from the barrel of a gun” - Mao Zedong- Mao Zedong
II. The Crimean War II. The Crimean War Limits of the “Concert of Europe”Limits of the “Concert of Europe”
A. The Great GameA. The Great Game
1. Russian expansion1. Russian expansion- Suez Canal (1857)- Suez Canal (1857)- Nicholas & Napoleon- Nicholas & Napoleon
III. The (re)Unification of the III. The (re)Unification of the United StatesUnited States
Civil War and Reconstruction, Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-18771861-1877
A. Liberal NationalismA. Liberal Nationalism
1. Election (Revolution) of 18601. Election (Revolution) of 1860- coalition of bourgeoisie, entrepreneurial class, social - coalition of bourgeoisie, entrepreneurial class, social progressivesprogressives- vs. Southern “aristocracy”- vs. Southern “aristocracy”
3.3. The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address Nov. 1863Nov. 1863- “nation” mentioned 5 times- “nation” mentioned 5 times- “all men are created equal”- “all men are created equal”- refers to - refers to DeclarationDeclaration, not to , not to ArticlesArticles
4.4. ““Union” as a shield for Union” as a shield for liberty liberty
B. ReconstructionB. ReconstructionAmerica’s 2America’s 2ndnd Revolution? Revolution?
2. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction2. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction- Civil Rights Act of 1866- Civil Rights Act of 1866- Freedmen’s bureau- Freedmen’s bureau
3. 143. 14thth / 15 / 15thth Amendment Amendment- dual citizenship- dual citizenship- male suffrage- male suffrage
4. Needs of nationalism limit reform4. Needs of nationalism limit reform- Redemption [- Redemption [KulturkampfKulturkampf]]
- Racial Radicalism- Racial Radicalism
““Iron and blood”Iron and blood”
““All power flows from the barrel of a gun”All power flows from the barrel of a gun”
IV. Rome Reborn?IV. Rome Reborn?
Italian UnificationItalian Unification
A. The two GiuseppesA. The two Giuseppes1.1. 1830/48 – 1830/48 – RisorgimentoRisorgimento
Mazzini – republic Garibaldi – the Red ShirtsMazzini – republic Garibaldi – the Red Shirts
2. Organized grassroots resistance to 2. Organized grassroots resistance to interventionintervention
B. Kingdom of SardiniaB. Kingdom of Sardinia
1.1. Count CavourCount Cavour- strengthened monarchy- strengthened monarchy- initiated liberal reforms- initiated liberal reforms- role in Crimean War- role in Crimean War
2. Feared influence of “Young Italy”, Red 2. Feared influence of “Young Italy”, Red ShirtsShirts- Garibaldi overruns central, southern Italy- Garibaldi overruns central, southern Italy
- radicals agree to Italian monarchy- radicals agree to Italian monarchy
2. Character of unification2. Character of unification- greater local autonomy- greater local autonomy- Italy far less industrialized- Italy far less industrialized- weak bourgeoisie- weak bourgeoisie- weak liberal tradition – Church, aristocrats- weak liberal tradition – Church, aristocrats
3. Weakness leaves door open for 3. Weakness leaves door open for extremismextremismfascism, bolshevism, anarchismfascism, bolshevism, anarchism