Online Supplementary Information - Amazon S3 · 2015-12-04 · 12 Forewing mdc much less than half length of ldc, both veins strongly and almost evenly curved towards wing base (Eronia

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Online Supplementary Information Key to genera of Pieridae: Pierinae found in Tanzania For key to families of butterflies, see Liseki and Vane-Wright (2011: SI), and to subfamilies of Pieridae and genera of Coliadinae, Liseki and Vane-Wright (2013: SI).

The key to genera is based extensively on van Son (1949), and the fundamental work of Klots (1933). With respect to the recent separation of Eronia and Afrodryas (Nazari et al., 2011), based on molecular evidence, we have been unable to recognise any seemingly ‘fundamental’ morphological differences between them; and have not accepted Afrodryas as a separate genus (see Discussion in main text). For wing vein terminology, see Liseki & Vane-Wright (2011: fig. 3) and Fig. 1. The ‘artificial’ key to species (below) does not require initial separation of species to genera. 1 Hindwing humeral vein well-developed and curved distally (Fig. 1a–e;

Pierinae) 2 -- Humeral vein short, curved proximally, or absent (Coliadinae) see Liseki and Vane-Wright (2013) 2 Forewing M1 arises from radial vein, well beyond discal cell 3 Forewing M1 arises from the discal cell or very close to it (Fig. 1a,e) 10 3 Forewing M2 arises very close to anterior angle of discal cell; mdc thus

obsolete or very short 4 -- M2 arises posterior to anterior angle of discal cell; mdc thus well-developed

and inwardly oblique 5 4 Forewing with three radial veins (R3+4+5 fused), antennal club elongate, last

segment long and acute (Fig. 1c) Leptosia -- Forewing with four radial veins (R4+5 on long stalk with R3), antennal club

short and blunt [not yet recorded from Mt Kilimanjaro] Pinacopteryx 5 Forewing with three radial veins reaching wing margin (in Pieris and in

some Pontia a very short fourth, R4+5, divides from R3 close to margin) 6

-- Forewing with four radials (R4+5 always separates from R3 well before margin) 8

6 Hindwing with ldc not more than twice length of mdc, evenly but only

shallowly curved (Fig. 1b) Mylothris -- Hindwing ldc much more than twice mdc, more sharply curved and slightly

angled towards wing base 7

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7 Forewing with a very short fourth radial (R4+5) which divides from R3 close to wing margin; larger butterflies with hindwing underside white, patterned only with black scales along veins [not known from Mt Kilimanjaro, but well known from neighbouring Mt Meru] Pieris

-- Forewing often with only three radial veins reaching wing margin (R3 usually fused with R4+5 throughout its length—but not always); hindwing underside more extensively patterned with yellowish and black scales Pontia

8 Forewing mdc strongly curved towards wing base, with anterior origin

almost at right angles to stalk of M1; male with tuft of hairs (coremata) on ventral surface of abdomen close to tip [not yet recorded from Mt Kilimanjaro] Appias

-- Forewing mdc straight, with origin from stalk of M1 distinctly oblique 9 9 Forewing veins R3 and R4+5 very short, much shorter than R3+4+5 Dixeia -- Forewing veins R3 and R4+5 not much shorter than R3+4+5 (Fig. 1d)

Belenois 10 Forewing with only four radial veins running to wing margin 11 -- Forewing with all five radial veins running to margin 12 11 Forewing apex not acute, forewing M1 arises from discal cell or from

R3+4+5; hindwing cross-vein mdc shorter than udc (Fig. 1e) or even absent (M2 arises from M1); valve of male genitalia without a posterior process Colotis

-- Forewing apex acute, forewing M1 arises from discal cell, never from R3+4+5; hindwing cross-vein mdc never much shorter shorter than udc (M2 never arises from M1); valve of male genitalia produced posteriorly, to form a point Teracolus

12 Forewing mdc much less than half length of ldc, both veins strongly and

almost evenly curved towards wing base (Eronia sensu lato) 13 -- Forewing mdc half or more than half the length of ldc, with posterior

section of ldc almost straight (Fig. 1a) Nepheronia 13 Hindwing above with a striking, dark, marginal band Eronia s.s. -- Hindwing above without a dark marginal band Eronia [Afrodryas]

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Artificial key to species of Pieridae: Pierinae found or likely to be found on Kilimanjaro Without recourse to microscopic or molecular examination, identification of African Pierinae based on external phenotype alone can be difficult, and significant experience of working with these butterflies is necessary to achieve reliability with field identifications, or working from photographs of live, or even preserved specimens.

This ‘artificial’ key, with species keyed out without initial division according to genera, is based entirely on features of the butterfly visible to the naked eye. As a result, due to the extensive colour-pattern polymorphism and seasonal variation exhibited by this group, many species have to be keyed out twice, three or even more times. Moreover, the extent of polymorphism and variation in these butterflies is not fully documented for north-eastern Tanzania. A further complication, post-mortem, is that colours can change – notably the fugitive membrane bile pigments that make such butterflies as Nepheronia thalassina a beautiful pale sky-blue in life, but degrade after death, leaving most preserved specimens almost white. If preserved specimens are available, the ‘natural’ key to genera can be used as a partial cross-check.

Because of the various difficulties, this key cannot be relied upon 100% – but we hope that it will help to identify, used in conjunction with the colour figures and the works of Larsen (1996), d’Abrera (1997) and others, the great majority of Pierinae to be found on and within the vicinity of Kilimanjaro.

To simplify the main part of the key, two species are separated individually at the start: Belenois margaritacea, which is easy, and Teracolus eris – which is not quite so easy. Although formal separation of T. eris from other East African Pierinae based on easily visible external characters alone is clumsy to express, this species does nonetheless have a very characteristic overall appearance (Fig. 2) and in practice should not cause problems.

The term “(part)” following a taxon name indicates that the species (or particular sex of the species) keys out at one ore more other couplet(s). A size range (forewing length) is given for every species – the range given is not to be taken literally, but is there as a ‘reality check’ in the artificial key – if a specimen with a forewing length of 30 mm appears to key out to a taxon with a maximum forewing length of, say, 24 mm, this is a clear sign that something has gone wrong – either with running the specimens through, or the key itself is faulty in some way.

Figure 1 presents representative venation diagrams that can be referred to if in doubt concerning the nomenclature applied to wing regions, veins and cells. 1 Underside hindwing discal cell entirely black (forewing length 24–30 mm;

Fig. 29 a–d) Belenois margaritacea plutonica -- Underside hindwing discal cell not entirely black 2

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2 Forewing upperside apex brownish-black with pale spots within that are golden-bronze, white or yellow, never bright orange, red or purple; and posterior margin entirely blacks (males, Fig. 2a) or black other than at tornus (females: Fig. 2 c,g; in some females this black margin is only lightly marked: Fig. 2e); and hindwing upperside largely white or yellow other than black anterior margin (males) or only with marginal black spots and a few anterior submarginal spots; hindwing underside unmarked or only a few dark spots on margin and in discal area (forewing length 21–27 mm) Teracolus eris

-- Butterfly wing pattern not as above, lacking characteristic “jizz” of T. eris (as illustrated by Fig. 2 a–h) 3

3 Forewing apex marked with bright orange, red or purple 4 -- Forewing apex marked in white, yellow and/or black only 31 4 Forewing apex more or less extensively orange 5 -- Forewing apex marked with red or purple 20 5 Other than narrow dark apex, upperside forewing orange area entire,

without any black marks or spots within, and without a proximal black border 6

-- Other than dark apex, orange area of forewing upperside with at least one dark mark within, or having a black proximal border 10

6 Forewing upperside orange apex distinctly although only slightly

acuminate (in both sexes); forewing and hindwing upperside, other than orange forewing apex, entirely yellow (forewing length 25–32 mm; Fig. 23 e–h) Eronia leda

-- Forewing apex not hooked or acuminate, evenly rounded 7 7 Other than orange apical area of forewing, upperside forewing and

hindwing entirely bright yellow (forewing length 20–26 mm; Fig. 4 a,b) Colotis incretus male

-- Hindwing upperside white or very pale yellow 8 8 Upperside hindwing whitish contrasting with yellowish basal area of

forewing (forewing length 18–23 mm; Fig. 3 a,b) Colotis auxo dissociatus male

-- Upperside hindwing white, not contrasting with whitish basal area of forewing 9

9 Base of both fore and hindwings upperside extensively extensively

infuscated; underside of forewing apex with a proximal reddish bar contrasting with apical orange area (forewing length 18–25 mm; Fig. 10 a,b) Colotis evenina casta male

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-- Upperside of wings not infuscated except right at extreme base; underside forewing apex clear orange except for two or three small confluent dark spots in the radial cells, at the very wing margin (forewing length 18–23 mm; Fig. 5 a–d) Colotis evarne male

10 Upperside forewing orange apex with an entire proximal black border,

without any orange coloration on wing disc basal to this border 11 -- Upperside forewing orange apex without an entire basal black border; or, if

there is such a band, there is some orange scaling basad of this, on the wing disc 14

11 Hindwing underside with a straight, dark continuous band extending from

costa to vein M3 (forewing length 28–34 mm; Fig. 18 c–j) Colotis ione (part)

-- Hindwing underside without a continuous postdical band from costa to vein M3, but marked either with separate spots in this area, or a more obscure ‘marbled’ pattern 12

12 Hindwing underside with a curved row of postdiscal dark spots, often also

marked with orange-red, extending from costa to cell CuA1 (forewing length 21–27 mm; Figs 10 g–j, 11 a–h) Colotis danae eupompe (part)

-- Hindwing underside without any distinct postdiscal spots 13 13 Larger species (forewing length in range 17–25 mm); upperside hindwing

pale transverse band between infuscated base and posterior dark band parallel-sided, or slightly expanded towards outer wing margin (forewing length 17–25 mm; Figs 7 i,j, 8 a–j) Colotis euippe omphale (part)

-- Smaller species (forewing length in range 12–20 mm); upperside hindwing pale transverse band between infuscated base and posterior dark band narrowed towards outer wing margin (forewing length 12–20 mm; Fig. 7 a–h) Colotis daira jacksoni (part)

14 Hindwing underside with a straight, dark continuous band extending from

costa to vein M3 (forewing length 28–34 mm; Fig. 18 c–j) Colotis ione (part)

-- Hindwing underside without such a straight band 15 15 Other than at extreme margin, forewing upperside orange apex sullied by

only a single, or at most two small basal spots on M3 or on M2 and M3 (forewing length 15–20 mm; Fig. 9 a–f) Colotis evagore antigone (part)

-- Forewing upperside orange apex more extensively spotted, or with extensive black proximal margin 16

16 Postdiscal dark spots within forewing upperside orange apex very unequal in size, often separate, only sometimes forming a complete, irregular band 17

-- Forewing upperside orange apex crossed by a continuous postdiscal black or dark band made up of confluent subequal spots 19

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17 Underside of both fore- and hindwings normally bright yellow (forewing length 19–26 mm; Fig. 4) Colotis incretus

-- Underside of forewing extensively whitish in discal area and hindwing underside not bright yellow, either largely white or more or less infuscated 18

18 Forewing upperside outer margin and hindwing underside margin more heavily infuscated (forewing length 17–23 mm; Fig. 5) Colotis evarne female

-- Forewing upperside outer margin and hindwing underside margin less heavily infuscated (forewing length 16–23 mm; Fig. 3; note: reliable separation of the females of these two taxa based on external features only appears very difficult) Colotis auxo dissociatus female

19 Base of forewing discal cell upperside completely dark, with sharp distal

margin (forewing length 18–25 mm; Fig. 10 c,d) Colotis evenina casta female (part)

-- Base of forewing discal cell upperside pale or, if infuscated, the dark scales have an indistinct, dyslegnic antero-distal margin (forewing length 19–23 mm; Fig. 6 c–h) Colotis antevippe zera female (part)

20 Apex of forewing upperside marked with purple or violet 21 -- Apex of forewing upperside marked with red 24 21 Patterned area of forewing underside apex with yellow marginal spots and

marked with red scales on wing disc distad of apex of discal cell; underside richly patterned, with discal, irregular postdiscal and submarginal bands (forewing length 17–24 mm; Fig. 14 a–d) Colotis celimene celimene male

-- Underside of forewing postdsical area without red marks 22 22 Upperside forewing with purple/violet apical area that does not extend

posterior to vein M3 and hindwing upperside white with narrowly blackened veins that are black right to the wing margin; hindwing underside without dark markings other than blackened veins (forewing length 28–32 mm; Fig. 18 a,b) Colotis ione male

-- Upperside hindwing veins darkened but not right to wing margin; hindwing underside with at least some postdiscal spots or at least one postdiscal dark band 23

23 Upperside forewing apex with relatively small reddish-violet area; long

veins on both hindwing surfaces do not terminate in marginal black spots (forewing length 27–38 mm; Fig. 16 a,b) Colotis hetaera hetaera male (part)

-- Upperside forewing apex with relatively larger purplish-violet area; long veins on both hindwing surfaces terminate in marginal black spots (forewing length 29–35 mm; Fig. 19 a,b) Colotis regina male

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24 Male with red area of upperside forewing apex limited to two or three small, separate spots on the inner margin of the narrowly darkened apex, immediately adjacent to white postdiscal area of the wing; hindwing underside yellow, with a discal cell spot and curved postdiscal band running concentrically to the outer wing margin (unconfirmed for Kilimanjaro; forewing length ca 23–26 mm; Fig. 14 g,h) Colotis elgonensis

-- Upperside forewing apex with relatively large red or reddish-orange area; if reduced to a few discrete spots, then these spots are separated from the white postdsical area by a wide proximal black border 25

25 Red area of upperside forewing apex lacking a dark proximal border 26 -- Red area of upperside forewing apex with a dark proximal border 27 26 Underside of both wings only lightly marked, with long veins not or only

indistinctly darkened (forewing length 27–38 mm; Fig. 16 c,d) Colotis hetaera hetaera male (part)

-- Underside of both wings more heavily marked, with the long veins of the hindwing distinctly darkened (forewing length 28–34 mm; Fig. 18 g,h) Colotis ione female (part)

27 Basal area of forewing upperside white, narrowly infuscated at the base

only 28 -- Basal area of forewing upperside extensively darkened 29 28 Apical area of forewing underside orange/yellow but lacking distinct dark

marks (forewing length 19–25 mm; Fig. 6 a,b) Colotis antevippe zera male

-- Apical area of forewing underside orange/yellow, with a series of distinct dark postdicsal spots (forewing length 22–27 mm; Fig. 10 g,h) Colotis danae eupompe male (part)

29 Base of upperside forewing discal cell entirely darkened; hindwing

underside with a curved series of postdiscal spots, usually each dark spots with some red scaling (forewing length 21–26 mm; Fig. 11 a,b) Colotis danae eupompe female (part)

-- Base of upperside forewing discal cell pale, at least anteriorly; hindwing underside without discrete postdiscal spots 30

30 Larger species; upperside hindwing pale transverse band between

infuscated base and posterior dark band parallel-sided, or slightly expanded towards outer wing margin; or hindwing almost entirely white (forewing length 17–25 mm; Fig. 8 a–f) Colotis euippe omphale (part)

-- Smaller species; upperside hindwing pale transverse band between infuscated base and posterior dark band narrowed towards outer wing margin (forewing length 12–20 mm; Fig. 7 a,b,e,f) Colotis daira jacksoni (part)

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31 Forewing with bright orange area at base of forewing underside (may also have such an area on the upperside) 32

-- Forewing without a bright orange basal area on either surface 46 32 Forewing with orange or orange-yellow at base on both wing surfaces

33 -- Forewing with orange at base of underside only (although in some species

the underside orange coloration is faintly visible from above: e.g. Belenois thysa, Mylothris agathina) 37

33 Orange at base of forewing extensive or very restricted; white forewing

with an isolated black spot in cell M3 visible on both wing surfaces (forewing length 23–30 mm; Fig. 33 e–h) [note: some Dixeia orbona vidua females also have orange at the wing bases and may key out here, but these forms of orbona, considered to be mimics of Mylothris agathina, are not noted as yet from Kilimanjaro area; on average D. orbona is a smaller species than D. pigea, but individuals overlap in size] Dixeia pigea female (part)

-- Orange at base of forewing always extensive even if sometimes pale orange-yellow; never with isolated black spot in forewing cell M3 34

34 Orange at base of forewing paler, orange-yellow, and blending into white

ground colour of disc without a sharp division; forewing upperside otherwise only marked by a black apex and black marginal spots at tips of posterior veins, lacking dark scales running along forewing costa; hindwing with six black spots at tips of long veins (forewing length 21–29 mm; Fig. 36 a–d) Mylothris kilimensis kilimensis

-- Orange at base of forewing bright, contrasting strongly with pale ground colour; upperside forewing costa with dark scaling, at least at base 35

35 Very large species (forewing length 35–38 mm); dark scaling on forewing

costa upperside not dense, at base only, not extending as far as end of discal cell; orange area almost entirely restricted to basal half of discal cell on both wing surfaces; apex and outer margin of forewing marked with an irregular dark band that may have one or more pale spots within it (forewing length 34–39 mm; Fig. 20 c,d) Nepheronia argia mhondana female (part)

-- Smaller species (forewing length not exceeding 35 mm); costa on forewing upperside more densely marked with black scales that extend from base to wing tip, even if only narrowly 36

36 Dark apex of forewing upperside with a relatively smooth proximal border

that contrasts strongly with the white or yellowish postdiscal area; basal orange area on both surfaces of the forewing extends strongly posterior to discal cell (forewing length 24–30 mm; Fig. 36 e–j) Mylothris ruepellii tirikensis

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-- Dark apex of forewing upperside with a dentate proximal border that contrasts less strongly with the white postdiscal area; basal orange area on both surfaces of the forewing does not extend posterior to discal cell, or only very lightly so (forewing length 24–31 mm; Fig. 25 a–h) Appias sabina phoebe (part)

37 Wings without distinct discal or postdiscal dark markings, all dark marks

confined to forewing apex and wing margins 38 -- Wings with at least some distinct discal and/or postdiscal dark marks 42 38 Large species; costa of upperside forewing greyish basally, but this dark

scaling not extending as far as the end of the discal cell; dark marginal band of forewing very irregular (forewing length 35–38 mm; these forms not illustrated but compare with Fig. 20 c,d) Nepheronia argia mhondana female (part)

-- Smaller species (forewing length not more than 35 mm); forewing upperside costa distinctly dark, even if only narrowly so, at least as far as end of discal cell 39

39 Dark upperside forewing apex more extended basad along costa than

posteriorly along outer margin (forewing length 28–35 mm; Fig. 34 g–j) Mylothris agathina agathina

-- Dark upperside forewing apex more extended posteriorly along outer margin than basally along costa 40

40 Hindwing underside bright yellow; base of upperside forewing greyish,

dusted with black scales (forewing length 26–31 mm; Fig. 25 c,d) Appias sabina phoebe female (part)

-- Hindwing underside white or off-white; base of forewing not extensively greyish; forewing acuminate 41

41 Dark forewing apex usually slightly wider and better developed; marginal

spots on underside of wings small but usually distinct (forewing length 24–29 mm; Fig. 24 g,h) Appias sabina phoebe male

-- Dark forewing apex usually slightly less well developed; marginal spots on underside of wings vestigial or lacking (forewing length 24–30 mm; Fig. 24 a,b) [note: the males of these two species are very difficult to separate reliably on external characters alone] Appias epaphia contracta male

42 Forewing with isolated postdiscal dark spot in cell M3 (forewing length 23–30 mm; Fig. 33 e,f) Dixeia pigea female (part)

-- Forewing without an isolated postdiscal dark spot in cell M3 43 43 Orange-yellow area at base of forewing underside relatively restricted, not

conspicuous; hindwing underside discal cell with tracks of two median veins marked with black scales (forewing length 24–33 mm; Fig. 30 c–f) Belenois zochalia agrippinides female

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-- Hindwing underside discal cell entirely pale, without tracks of median veins marked in black 44

44 Hindwing upperside and underside with a more or less complete curved

row of submarginal black spots (forewing length 30–38 mm; Fig. 30 e–j) Belenois thysa thysa

-- Hindwing lacking submarginal black spots 45 45 Orange-yellow area at base of forewing underside relatively restricted, not

conspicuous; forewing discal cell underside orange basally, marked more or less extensively with black scales apically; hindwing whitish, upperside with a continuous black marginal band (forewing length 22–30 mm; Fig. 24 c–f) Appias epaphia contracta female (part)

-- Orange area at base of forewing underside more conspicuous; forewing discal cell underside orange basally, not marked with black scales apically; hindwing yellow, upperside with up to eight black dots or chevrons at tips of long veins, but these are never conjoined to form a continuous black marginal band (forewing length 26–31 mm; Fig. 25 c,d) Appias sabina phoebe female (part)

46 Basal area of forewing upperside and part of basal area of hindwing

upperside whitish (not grey), contrasting with largely postdiscal areas of yellowish or salmon-pink ground colour; underside hindwing with three fully continuous black bands running from costa to ven 1A: an irregular band that includes the discocellular veins, a less irregular postdical band, and a regular submarginal band (forewing length ca 21–25 mm; Fig. 14 e,f) Colotis vesta catachrysops

-- Upperside wing bases either not whitish (but grey in some species) or, if white, not contrasting with white or whitish discal areas of the wings 47

47 Upperside ground colour, at least towards the base, extensively pinkish-

orange (and lacking orange, red or purple coloration in apical area of the forewing upperside, and without reddish-orange or orange coloration at the base of the forewing underside) 48

-- Upperside ground colour white, off-white, pale blue (in life), yellow, chequered black and pale, or grey, not pinkish-orange (and lacking orange, red or purple coloration in apical area of the forewing upperside, and without reddish-orange or orange coloration at the base of the forewing underside) 52

48 Basal area of forewing greyish, contrasting with pinkish-orange coloration

of wing disc 49 -- Basal area of forewing not distinctly greyish 50 49 Hindwing with a strongly marked zig-zag, continuous, postdiscal dark line,

black above, brownish beneath, extending from costa to anal cells (forewing length 20–24 mm; Fig. 13 a,b) Colotis aurigineus male

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-- Hindwing with a weakly marked, less zig-zag series of spots, greyish above, orangey beneath, extending from costa to anal cells (forewing length 16–22 mm; Fig. 13 e,f) Colotis chrysonome male

50 Hindwing underside discal area marked only with an isolated discal cell

spot (forewing length 18–23 mm; Fig. 12 a–d) Colotis calais -- Hindwing underside discal area crossed by a series of brownish or orangey

spots from costa to cubital cells 51 51 Hindwing underside boldly marked with brownish pattern (forewing length

18–22 mm; Fig. 13 c,d) Colotis aurigineus female -- Hindwing underside with less boldly marked orangey pattern (forewing

length 16–22 mm; Fig. 13 g,h) Colotis chrysonome female 52 Ground colour of both wings black, with bold pattern of creamy-white

bands and spots (forewing length 22–33 mm; Fig. 22 e–h) Pinacopteryx eriphia melanarge

-- Forewing upperside ground colour white, pale blue, grey or yellow 53 53 Upperside almost entirely grey (forewing length 21–28 mm; Fig. 32 g,h)

Dixeia orbona vidua female (part) -- Upperside ground colour white, off-white, pale blue and/or yellow 54 54 Forewing upperside with yellow ground colour, at least in anterior cells

55 -- Forewing upperside with white, off-white or pale blue ground colour, at

least in anterior cells 65 55 Underside hindwing discal cell unmarked, lacking a terminal cell spot and

the veins not lined with black or brown scales, being concolorous with the yellow ground colour; females with more or less well-marked curved row of greyish postdiscal spots on hindwing underside (forewing length 19–25 mm; Fig. 34 a–f) Dixeia spilleri (part)

-- Underside hindwing with a discrete spot at end of discal cell, or veins bounding discal cell strongly delineated with black or brown scales 56

56 Underside hindwing with a dark or white spot (may be small) at end of the

discal cell; veins bounding discal cell not strongly marked by black or brown scales 57

-- Underside hindwing without a discrete spot at end of discal cell, but veins bounding discal cell strongly delineated with black or brown scales 63

57 Underside hindwing discal cell spot large, round and pure white; entire basal area of forewing boldly marked in silvery-grey, the area having a sharp distal margin (forewing length 23–27 mm; Fig. 15 g,h) Colotis halimede australis female (part)

-- Underside hindwing discal cell spot usually dark or reddish; if white, spot smaller, and base of forewing at most greyish, the darkened area without a sharp or distinct distal margin 58

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58 Forewing ground colour only yellowish, not bright yellow; forewing on both surfaces with a rounded or almost square isolated black spot entirely filling width of cell M3 (forewing length 21–26 mm; Fig. 31 g,h) Dixeia charina liliana ‘ochreata’ female

-- Forewing lacking isolated black spot entirely filling width of cell M3 59 59 Forewing upperside without a distinct spot or bar at the end of discal cell;

hindwing upperside with broad, sub-parallel basal and discal black bands (forewing length 14–19 mm; Fig. 7 g,h) Colotis daira jacksoni female (part)

-- Forewing upperside with a distinct spot or bar at the end of discal cell; hindwing upperside lacking broad, sub-parallel basal and discal black bands, the principal black pattern running along the wing margin 60

60 Forewing upperside discal cell ends with a broad bar confluent with wide

black band running along costa (forewing length 22–26 mm; Fig. 12 e–j) Colotis castalis (part)

-- Forewing upperside with a discrete, isolated black spot at end of the forewing discal cell 61

61 Other than some darkening of long veins, the small cell spot, and a sinuous

tan or greyish postdiscal line, underside hindwing without conspicuous pattern (forewing length 19–23 mm; Fig. 6 c,d,g,h) Colotis antevippe zera female (part)

-- Underside hindwing with a brownish postdsical fascia or row of spots running in almost a straight line from costa to cell M3 62

62 Hindwing upperside with marginal black chevrons usually extended along

veins almost to discal cell; underside fascia from costa to cell M3 continuous, forming a nearly straight line (forewing length 29–37 mm; Fig. 17 a,b) Colotis hetaera hetaera female (part)

-- Hindwing upperside with marginal black chevrons not usually strongly extended along veins towards discal cell; underside fascia from costa to cell M3 can be discontinuous, forming a nearly straight line of spots (forewing length 31–35 mm; Fig. 19 g,h) [note: the yellow females of these two species are difficult to separate on external characters alone] Colotis regina female (part)

63 Hindwing underside with a blackish or brownish postdsical fascia running

in almost a straight line from costa to cell M3; part of discocellular vein closing discal cell on hindwing underside not darkened, giving characteristic ‘gap’ in pattern (forewing length 28–34 mm; Fig. 18 e,f) Colotis ione female (part)

-- Hindwing underside without a straight blackish or brownish postdsical fascia from costa to cell M3 64

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64 Discal cell of hindwing underside clear yellow, only margined with black along the veins (forewing length 22–28 mm; Fig. 27 e–h) Belenois creona severina female (part)

-- Discal cell of hindwing underside not clear yellow, the posterior area of the cell being largely black or brown (forewing length 26–31 mm; Fig. 28 g,h) Belenois gidica female (part)

65 Outer sections of posterior cells of forewing upperside yellow, contrasting

with white anterior cells; entire basal area of forewing boldly marked in silvery-grey, this area with a sharp distal margin (forewing length 23–27 mm; Fig. 15 a–d) Colotis halimede australis (part)

-- Forewing ground colour uniform, white, pale blue or off-white 66 66 Ground colour of hindwing upperside yellow or orange-yellow, contrasting

with white or off-white ground colour of forewing 67 -- Hindwing upperside ground colour the same or very similar to that of

forewing, no marked contrast between the two 72 67 Base of forewing underside with some trace of an orange or yellow flush

extending through at least basal third of discal cell; forewing never with an isolated, rounded, black postdiscal spot centrally located in cell M3 68

-- Base of forewing underside with any orange or yellow flush usually very restricted, not extending far into base of discal cell; if an orange-red patch is present, then forewing has an isolated, rounded, black postdiscal spot located centrally in cell M3 70

68 Forewing upperside with a very conspicuous black bar at the end of the

discal cell; hindwing underside discal cell white with tracks of two median veins marked with black scales (forewing length 24–33 mm; Fig. 30 e,f) Belenois zochalia agrippinides female (part)

-- Forewing upperside without any trace of a black bar at end of discal cell; hindwing underside discal cell without any black pattern whatsoever 69

69 Smaller species; forewing upperside dark marks on outer margin sagittate,

extended along veins towards base of wing; base of forewing upperside partially infuscated with a hint of reddish or orange coloration; hindwing orange-yellow on both surfaces (forewing length 26–31 mm; Fig. 25 c,d) Appias sabina phoebe female (part)

-- Larger species; forewing upperside dark marks on outer margin not sagittate, forming an irregular band; base of forewing pale with a slight yellowish suffusion; hindwing clear yellow above, paler beneath, with a brilliant white or bluish-white silky sheen (forewing length 32–38 mm; Fig. 20 i,j) Nepheronia thalassina female (part)

70 Forewing with an isolated, rounded, black postdiscal spot in cell M3

(forewing length 23–30 mm; Fig. 33 i,j) Dixeia pigea female (part) -- Forewing without an isolated, rounded, black postdiscal spot in cell M3

71

14

71 Forewing upperside with black border running along virtually the whole of the posterior wing margin; underside hindwing with black mark at end of vein Rs the same size as the dot at the end of M1 (forewing length very similar to M. sagala; Fig. 35 a–d) [species not reliably recorded from Kilimanjaro] Mylothris jacksoni jacksoni

-- Forewing upperside with black border running along the posterior wing margin interrupted around midpoint; underside hindwing black mark at end of vein Rs at least four times gre ater in area than dot at the end of M1 (forewing length 23–31 mm; Fig. 35 e–j) Mylothris sagala sagala

72 Underside forewing with a distinct orange or red preapical band 73 -- Underside forewing without a distinct orange or red preapical band,

preapical pattern at most indistinctly orange in part 77 73 Underside forewing with a red preapical (postdiscal) band extending from

radial cells to cell M2 (forewing length 22–26 mm; Fig. 14 c,d) Colotis celimene celimene female

-- Underside forewing with an orange preapical (postdiscal) band that normally extends posterior to cell M2 74

74 Underside forewing orange preapical band crossed or edged by a series of

postdiscal black spots; hindwing underside discal cell spot with two black elements separated by red or orange (forewing length 21–26 mm; Fig. 11 c–f) Colotis danae eupompe female (part)

-- Underside forewing orange preapical band entire, not crossed or edged by black spots 75

75 Forewing upperside discal cell almost entirely infuscated, dark (forewing

length 18–25 mm; Fig. 10 e,f) Colotis evenina casta female (part) -- Forewing upperside discal cell largely white or off-white 76 76 Hindwing upperside posterior postdiscal dark transverse band weakly

marked (forewing length 15–19 mm; Fig. 9 g–j) Colotis evagore antigone female (part)

-- Hindwing upperside posterior postdiscal dark transverse band strongly marked (forewing length 14–19 mm; Fig. 7 g,h) [note: it is uncertain to us if females of this taxon without a forewing upperside preapical orange area and with white ground colour exist but, if they do, they should key out here] Colotis daira jacksoni female (part)

77 Delicate species, relatively small (forewing length 15–23 mm), all white except black forewing apex, a large, rounded black postdiscal spot in forewing cell M3 on both wing surfaces and, on the underside, a light scattering of dark scales, some forming vague bands, at the forewing base and over most of the hindwing (forewing length 15–23 mm; Fig. 22 a–d) Leptosia alcesta inalcesta

-- More robust species, with pattern not matching that of Leptosia 78

15

78 Underside of hindwing discal cell unmarked, without either a cell spot or darkened veins 79

-- Underside of hindwing discal cell marked, either by a cell spot or by dark scaling on veins 84

79 At least on underside of forewing, with an isolated black spot in cell M3

(Dixeia species) 80 -- Without an isolated black spot in forewing cell M3 81 80 Black postdsical spot in cell M3 large, filling entire width of cell (forewing

length 21–26 mm; Figs 30 g–j, 31a –f) Dixeia charina liliana (part) -- Black postdsical spot in cell M3 smaller, not filling entire width of cell

(forewing lengths 21–31 mm; Figs 32 a–f, 33 a–h) [according to Larsen, 1996, in general these two species may not be separable on external characters alone; both are very variable, and the characters given by Talbot, 1943, do not appear reliable] Dixeia pigea and D. orbona vidua

81 Hindwing with continuous dark border along outer margin; underside

forewing with at least some trace of orange-yellow at base of discal cell (forewing length 22–30 mm; Fig. 24 c–f) Appias epaphia contracta female (part)

-- Hindwing margin with at most a series of separate dark spots or chevrons at tips of long veins 82

82 Larger species (forewing length greater than 30 mm) 83 -- Smaller species (forewing length less than 27 mm), yellowish; on hindwing

underside usually with a curved series of up to six greyish postdiscal spots running from cell R5 to cell CuA2 (forewing length 19–24 mm; Fig. 34 e,f) Dixeia spilleri female (part)

83 Forewing tip acuminate; upperside with only a tinge of blue (in life);

underside forewing with a large subquadrate preapical brownish patch; hindwing underside without brilliant silky sheen (forewing length 36–41 mm; Fig. 20 a,b) Nepheronia argia mhondana male

-- Forewing tip more rounded; upperside pale blue (in life); underside forewing apex without a discrete preapical brownish patch but, in females, often with a black postdiscal spot in cell M1 and a submarginal spot in cell M3 that is connected or nearly so to the spot at end of vein CuA1; hindwing underside with a brilliant white or bluish-white silky sheen (forewing length 31–38 mm; Fig. 20 e–h) Nepheronia thalassina (part)

84 Underside hindwing discal cell without a cell spot, but veins bounding the

cell depicted by black or brown scales 85 -- Underside hindwing discal cell with a terminal cell spot, by veins bounding

the cell not infuscated, not contrasting with pale ground colour 90

16

85 Hindwing underside with a straight, dark continuous band extending from costa to vein M3 (forewing length 28–34 mm; Fig. 18 c,d) Colotis ione female (part)

-- Hindwing underside without such a straight band 86 86 Postdiscal sections of six hindwing underside veins M1 to 1A lined with

pale scales, either side of which are dark scales, giving appearance of being ‘doubled’; various cells on hindwing underside marked with orange, including both anal cells (forewing length 22–27 mm; Fig. 26 a–d) Pontia helice johnstonii

-- Hindwing underside long veins not appearing ‘doubled’, and anal cells white or yellow, not orange (Belenois species) 87

87 Hindwing underside discal cell, other than darkened veins, all plain yellow

or white 88 -- In addition to darkened veins, hindwing underside discal cell with

additional dark marks 89 88 Black bar at end of forewing underside discal cell does not form a straight

line on M3–CuA1 cross-vein; hindwing underside ground colour, including discal cell, uniformly yellow or pale yellow (forewing length 22–30 mm; Fig. 27 a–d, g,h) Belenois creona severina (part)

-- Black bar at end of forewing underside discal cell forms a short, straight line on M3–CuA1 cross-vein; hindwing underside ground colour, including discal cell, entirely white or mainly white with peripheral areas of the wings , notably the pale submarginal spots, yellowish (forewing length 23–29 mm; Fig. 26 e–j) Belenois aurota aurota

89 Hindwing underside discal cell with two fine black lines forming a narrow

‘V’-shape, but without additional darkening anterior to the base of the cubital vein (forewing length 24–33 mm; Fig. 30 a–d) Beleonis zochalia agrippinides (part)

-- Hindwing underside discal cell without central black lines forming a narrow ‘V’-shape, but with a broad dark anterior streak running along the basal section of the cubital vein and extends to meet lower discocellular vein; in many individuals, bounded posteriorly by this dark streak, there is a conspicuous whitish fascia through the discal cell and almost to the wing margin (forewing length 28–35 mm; Fig. 30 a–f, i,j) Belenois gidica (part)

90 Forewing discal cell upperside ending in black bar conjoined to broad black

margin on costa (forewing length 22–26 mm; Fig. 12 a–h) Colotis castalis (part)

-- Forewing discal cell upperside either with a completely discrete, isolated cell spot, or no cell spot at all 91

91 Forewing discal cell upperside without a cell spot 92 -- Forewing discal cell with a distinct, isolated terminal spot 94

17

92 Forewing underside with a separate postdiscal black spot in cell M3 that

fills the width of the cell (forewing length 21–26 mm; Figs 30 g–j, e,f) Dixeia charina liliana (part)

-- Forewing without any separate postdiscal black spot in cell M3; hindwing underside yellow 93

93 Hindwing with broad black marginal border; hindwing underside with two

small, brownish cells spots, one terminal the other basal (forewing length 32–40 mm; Fig. 23 a–d) Eronia dilatata

-- Hindwing margin immaculate above, white, without a dark border; hindwing underside with a single, terminal, very conspicuous dark-edged cell, ocellus-like spot; upperside forewing varies in both sexes in extent of costal, apical and outer marginal dark band, from strongly marked to almost obsolete (forewing length 29–36 mm; Fig. 21 a–f) Nepheronia buquetii buquetii

94 Underside hindwing discal cell spot large, round and pure white; entire

basal area of forewing boldly marked in silvery-grey, the area having a sharp distal margin (forewing length 23–27 mm; Fig. 15 e,f) Colotis halimede australis female (part)

-- Underside hindwing discal cell spot usually dark or reddish; if white, spot smaller, and base of forewing at most greyish, the darkened area without a sharp or distinct distal margin 95

95 Forewing on both surfaces with a rounded or almost square isolated black

spot entirely filling width of cell M3; hindwing underside terminal cell spot black, very small (forewing length 21–26 mm; Figs 30 i,j, 31 a–f) Dixeia charina liliana (part)

-- Forewing lacking isolated black spot entirely filling width of cell M3 (species of Colotis) 96

96 Forewing upperside with cells adjacent to the posterior margin heavily

infuscated; other than some darkening of long veins, the small cell spot, and a sinuous tan or greyish postdiscal line, underside hindwing without conspicuous pattern (forewing length 19–23 mm; Fig. 6 c,d) Colotis antevippe zera female (part)

-- Forewing upperside cells adjacent to posterior margin not heavily infuscated, dark marking restricted to one isolated postdiscal spot in cell CuA2 97

97 Smaller species (forewing length less than 25 mm); underside hindwing with a very restricted pattern of brownish black spots and some scattered blacks scales; no suggestion of a postdsical fascia or row of spots running in an almost straight line from costa to cell M3 (forewing length 16–22 mm; Fig. 3 e,f) Colotis auxo dissociatus female (part)

-- Larger species (forewing length more than 25 mm); hindwing underside with a conspicuous postdsical fascia or row of spots running in an almost straight line from costa to cell M3 98

18

98 Forewing dark patterning slightly less extensive (forewing length 29–37 mm; Fig. 17 g,h) Colotis hetaera hetaera female (part)

-- Forewing dark patterning slightly more extensive (forewing length 31–35 mm; Fig. 19 c,d) [note: both the white and yellow females of these two species are difficult to separate on external characters alone, if they run to this part of the key due to variations in or loss of the forewing red or purple spots] Colotis regina female (part)

References (cited in SI) d’Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2nd edn). Part I.

Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae & Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.

Klots AB. 1933. A generic revison of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana 12(3/4): 139–242, 9 pls.

Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history (2nd edn). Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.

Liseki SD and Vane-Wright RI. 2011. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: introduction and family Papilionidae. Journal of Natural History 45(37/38): 2375–2396. doi: 10.1080/00222933.2011.596635 [including TNAH 596635 Supplementary material.pdf].

Liseki SD, Vane-Wright RI. 2013. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: family Pieridae, subfamily Coliadinae. Journal of Natural History 47(19-20): 1309–1323. doi:10.1080/00222933.2012.752542 [including TNAH 752542 Supplementary material.pdf].

Nazari V, Larsen TB, Lees DC, Brattström O, Bouyer T, Van de Poel G, Hebert PDN. 2011. Phylogenetic systematics of Colotis and associated genera (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): evolutionary and taxonomic implications. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 49: 204–215. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2011.00620.x

van Son G. 1949. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part 1. Papilionidae and Pieridae. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.

R5

R4R2R1

Sc

M3

M2

M1

CuA1

CuA21A

ldcmdc

h Sc + R1

RS

M1

M2

M3

CuA1CuA21A

2A

udcmdc

ldc

cell R5

fwdiscal cell

hw discal cell

a

R3+4+5M1

cb

R3+4+5M1 M2

R3

mdcM2

ldc

mdc

d

R4+5

R3

mdc

M1M1

R3R4+5

mdcudc

e

Figure 1. Wing venation of: a Nepheronia; b Mylothris; c Leptosia; d Belenois; e Colotis. All images based on van Son (1949). Abbreviations: h = humeral vein; udc = upper discocellular vein; mdc = middle discocellular vein; ldc = lower discocellular vein.

19

Figure 2. Species of Teracolus known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). T. eris (Klug): a,b male (Kilimanjaro); c,d male-like female (Kenya, Taveta); e,f male-like f. ‘fatma’ female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams); g,h yellow f. ‘abyssinicus’ female (Tanzania, Usagara District, Ruaha River to Kilossa, 1500–2500 ft, 22.xii.1910, S.A. Neave).

a b

c d

e f

g h

20

a b

c d

e f

Figure 3. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). C. auxo dissociatus (Butler). a,bmale (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, v.1937, B. Cooper); c,d female (W. Kilimanjaro, 4500–5000 ft, v–vii. 1938, B. Cooper); e,f female (Tanzania, Engaruka, foot of Rift Wall, 40 miles N. of L. Manyara, vi–vii. 1938, B. Cooper); g,h C. auxo dissociatus? [placed in BMNH collection as C. incretus (Butler)] female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, vi.1937, B. Cooper).

g h

21

a b

c d

e f

g hFigure 4. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). C. incretus (Butler). a,b male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, ii–iii.1937, B. Cooper); c,d female (E. Kilimanjaro, Mt Meru, 4500–5000 ft, iv.1937, B. Cooper); e,f female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); g,h female (W. Kilimanjaro, 4500–5000 ft, v–vii.1938, B. Cooper).

22

Figure 5. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). C. evarne (Klug): a,b male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, v.1937, B. Cooper); c,d male (Kilimanjaro); e,f female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Joicey Bequest); g,h female (Kilimanjaro); i,j female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür Coll.).

a b

c d

e f

g h

ji

23

Figure 6. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). C. antevippe zera (Lucas): a,bmale (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, ii–iii.1937, B. Cooper); c,d pale female (same data as a,b except i–ii. 1937); e,f orange female (same data as a,b); g,h pale wet season female (W. Kilimanjaro, 4500–5000 ft, v–vii. 1938, B. Cooper).

a b

c d

e f

g h

24

a b

c d

e f

g h

Figure 7. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b C. daira jacksoni (Sharpe)male (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest); c,d C. d. jacksoni female f. ‘jacksoni’ (Kilimanjaro, 27.v–2.vi.1905, F.J. Jackson); e,f C. d. jacksoni female f. ‘arusa’ (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür Coll.); g,h C. d. jacksoni female f. ‘flavidus’ (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest). Figs i,j, C. euippe omphale (Godart), yellow form female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest).

i j

25

a b

c d

e f

g h

i jFigure 8. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). Colotis euippe omphale(Godart): a,b male (lower slopes Kilimanjaro, ex Joicey Bequest); c,d male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4500 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); e,f male (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest); g,h female (Kilimanjaro); i,j female (lower northern slopes of Kilimanjaro, 14–20.vi., ex Joicey Bequest).

26

Figure 9. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). C. evagore antigone(Boisduval): a,b male (Kilimanjaro); c,d male (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest); e,ffemale (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest.); g,h female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest); i,j female (Kenya, Taveta Forest, 2500 ft, viii.1930, E. Barns).

a

c d

e f

b

g

i

h

j

27

Figure 10. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b C. evenina casta(Gerstaecker) male (E. Kilimanjaro, ex Joicey Bequest); c,d C. e. casta female (Kilimanjaro, 15.vii, F.J. Jackson); e,f C. e. casta female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest); g,h C. danae eupompe (Klug) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); i,j C. d. eupompe male (Kenya, Taveta, ex Adams Bequest).

a b

c d

e f

g

i

h

j

28

a b

c d

e f

g hFigure 11. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). Colotis danae eupompe (Klug) females: a,b (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, ii–iii.1937, B. Cooper); c,d f. ‘depurpurata’ (Kilimanjaro); e,f (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür Coll.); g,h (Tanzania, District of the Great Craters, ii–iii.1921, T.A. Barns).

29

a b

c d

e f

g h

i jFigure 12. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b C. calais (Cramer) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, v.1937, B. Cooper); c,d C. calais female (same data as a,b). e,f C. castalis (Staudinger) male (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür Coll.); g,h C. castalis white female (same data as e,f); i,j C. castalis yellow female (Kenya, Loitokitok, ex JoiceyBequest).

30

a b

c d

e f

g hFigure 13. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b C. aurigineus(Butler) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, ii–iii.1937, B. Cooper); c,d C. aurigineus female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, i–ii.1937, B. Cooper); e,fC. chrysonome (Klug) male (Kilimanjaro, West, 4500–5000 ft. v–vii.1938, B. Cooper); g,h C. chrysonome female (Tanzania, Great Craters district, ii–iii.1921, T.A. Barns).

31

Figure 14. Species of Colotis known to or that might occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b C. celimene celimene (Lucas) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, v.1937, B. Cooper); c,d C. c. celimene female (Tanzania, Arusha District, Ngorongoro Crater, 5800 ft, short grass, iii.1921, T.A. Barns). e,f C. vesta catachrysops (Butler) male (Tanzania, Great Craters district, ii–iii.1921, T.A. Barns); g,h C. elgonensis (Sharpe) male (Kenya, Kibwezi, vi.1927, W. Feather, ex Rothschild Coll.).

a b

c d

e f

g h

32

a b

c d

e f

g hFigure 15. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b C. halimede australis Talbot, male (Kenya, Loitokitok, v.1905, F.J. Jackson); c,d C. h. australis female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür Coll.); e,f C. h. australis female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Levick Coll.); g,h C. h. australis female (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür Coll.).

33

a b

c d

e f

g hFigure 16. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). Colotis hetaera hetaera(Gerstaeker): a,b male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4500 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); c,d male (Kenya?, lower slopes Kilimanjaro, ex Joicey Bequest); e,f female f. ‘puniceus’ (Kenya?, lower northern slopes Kilimanjaro, 28.vi–3.vii, ex Joicey Bequest); g,h female f. ‘puniceus’ (Kenya?, Kilimanjaro, 20.viii, F.J. Jackson).

34

Figure 17. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). Colotis hetaera hetaera(Gerstaeker) females: a,b f. ‘sulfureus’ lacking red (Tanzania, New Moshi, iii.1916, F.C. Selous); c,d f. ‘sulfureus’ with red (same data as a,b); e,f f. ‘flavescens’ (Tanzania, Manyara, vi–vii.1938, B. Cooper); g,h f. ‘albomaculatus’ (same data as e,f).

g h

e f

a b

c d

35

Figure 18. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). Colotis ione (Godart): a,b male (W. Kilimanjaro, 4500–5000 ft, v–vii.1938, B. Cooper); c,d female f. ‘anomalus’ (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, v.1937, B. Cooper); e,f female f. ‘obsolescens’ (same data as a,b); g,h female f. ‘primularis’ (Tanzania, Manyara, vi–vii.1938, B. Cooper); i,j female f. ‘leucozona’ (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür Coll.).

a b

c d

e f

g

i

h

j

36

Figure 19. Species of Colotis known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). Colotis regina(Trimen): a,b male (Kilimanjaro, New Moshi, iii.1916, F.C. Selous); c,d female (same data as a,b); e,f female (same data as a,b); g,h female f. ‘louisa’ (Tanzania, Kondoa, 7.vii.1930, B.B. Burtt).

a b

c d

e f

g h

37

a b

c d

e f

g h

i jFigure 20. Species of Nepheronia known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b N. argia mhondana(Suffert) male (W. Kilimanjaro, 4500–5000 ft, v–vii.1938, B. Cooper); c,d N. a. mhondana ‘aurosa’ female (Kilimanjaro); e,f N. thalassina (Boisduval) male (W. Kilimanjaro, 4500–5000 ft, v–vii.1938, B. Cooper); g,h N. thalassina male-like female (Tanzania, Hill near Maungu, i.1916, F.C. Selous); i,j N. thalassina ‘piebald’ or ‘sinalata’ form female (Tanzania, Zanzibar, vii.1885, R.P. Machon).

38

Figure 21. Species of Nepheronia known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). N. buquetii buquetii(Boisduval): a,b male, f. ‘buquetii’ (slopes of Kilimanjaro, 3000–8000 ft, iii.1885); c,dmale, f. ‘arabica’ (Kilimanjaro, 1890, R.P. LeRoy); e,f male, f. ‘capensis’ (lower slopes of Kilimanjaro, ex Joicey Bequest).

a b

c d

e f

39

a b

c d

Figure 22. Species of Leptosia and Pinacopteryx known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b L. alcesta inalcesta Bernardi male (Tanzania, Rufiji River, Mpangas, vi.1917, A.W.J. Pomeroy); c,d L. a. inalcesta female (Kenya, Forests of Taveta, Kilimanjaro, Hannington); e,f P. eriphia melanarge (Butler) male (Tanzania, Usambara, Fruhstorfer); g,h E. e. melanarge female (Kilimanjaro, northern slopes, ex Joicey Bequest).

e f

g h

40

a b

c d

Figure 23. Species of Eronia known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b E. dilatata Butler male (Kenya, Taveta); c,d E. dilatata female (Kenya, Taveta Forest, 2500 ft, viii.1930, E. Barns); e,f E. leda (Boisduval) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); g,h E. leda female (Tanzania, Old Moshi, 24.iv.1916, F.C. Selous).

e f

g h

41

a b

c d

e f

g hFigure 24. Species of Appias known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b A. epaphia contracta (Butler) male (Kilimanjaro, 22.vii., F.J. Jackson); c,d A. e. contracta female (Kenya, Taveta, Adams Bequest); e,f A. e. contracta pale female (Kenya, Meru District, Mt Kenya, ix.1930, Mrs H. Young). g,h A. sabina phoebe (Butler) typical male (Tanzania, Kilimanjaro, 5.vii., F.J. Jackson).

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Figure 25. Species of Appias known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). A. sabina phoebe (Butler): a,borange male (Kenya, Aberdare Mts, 7000–8500 ft, 24–27.ii.1911, S.A. Neave); c,d f.‘phoebe’ female (Tanzania, New Moshi, iii.1916, F.C. Selous); e,f yellow female (Kenya, Taveta, Adams Bequest); g,h white female (Kenya, Mumias, 4200 ft, 15.vi.1911, S.A. Neave).

a b

c d

e f

g h

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c d

e f

g

i

h

jFigure 26. Species of Pontia and Belenois known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b Pontiahelice johnstonii (Crowley) male (Kilimanjaro, 5,500 ft, wooded country, viii [Johnston]); c,d P. h. johnstonii female (Kilimanjaro, 5,000 ft, grassy downs, vii [Johnston]); e,fBelenois aurota aurota (Fabricius) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, v.1937, B. Cooper); g,h B. a. aurota female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4500 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); i,j B. a. aurota female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngaserai, 3000 ft, v.1937, B. Cooper).

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Figure 27. Species of Belenois known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). B. creona severina(Stoll): a,b male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, i–ii.1937, B. Cooper); c,dmale (Tanzania, Morogoro, iv–viii.1922, G.G. Kirkham); e,f female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); g,h female (Kenya, Taveta Forest, 2500 ft, viii.1930, E. Barns).

a b

c d

e f

g h

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Figure 28. Species of Belenois known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). B. gidica (Godart): a,bmale (Kilimanjaro, 1890, R.P. Le Roy); c,d male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, i–ii.1937, B. Cooper); e,f female (Kilimanjaro, 1890, R.P. Le Roy); g,h female (Kenya, Loitokitok, v.1905, F.J. Jackson); i,j female (Kilimanjaro, 1890, R.P. Le Roy).

a b

c d

e f

g

i

h

j

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a b

c d

Figure 29. Species of Belenois known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b B. magaritaceaplutonica (Joicey & Talbot) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); c,d B. m. plutonica female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, i–ii.1937, B. Cooper); e,f B. thysa thysa (Hopffer) male (Kilimanjaro); g,h B. t. thysa female (Tanzania, New Moshi, iii.1916, F.C. Selous); i,j B. t. thysa female (Kenya, Taveta, F.J. Jackson).

e f

g h

ji

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a b

c d

e f

Figure 30. Species of Belenois and Dixeia known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,bBelenois zochalia agrippinides (Holland) male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, ii–iii.1937, B. Cooper); c,d B. z. agrippinides female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, i–ii.1937, B. Cooper); e,f B. z. agrippinides female (Tanzania, Moshi, 2500 ft, i–ii.1938, B. Cooper); g,h Dixeia charina liliana (Grose-Smith) dsf male (Kenya, Taveta, 2500 ft, viii.1930, E. Barns); i,j D. c. liliana male (Kenya, Taveta, vi.1891, ex Oberthür).

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ji

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Figure 31. Species of Dixeia known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). D. charina liliana (Grose-Smith) females, all from Kenya, Taveta: a,b (ex Stichel); c–h (ex Oberthür). The yellowish specimen (g,h: f. ‘ochreata’ Talbot) was illustrated by d’Abrera (1997), with uncertainty, as D. doxo costata – to which it is very similar in appearance. See main text concerning this and other issues affecting positive identification of D. charina and D. doxo.

g h

e f

c d

a b

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Figure 32. Species of Dixeia known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). D. orbona vidua (Butler): a,bmale (Kilimanjaro, 14–20.vi.1905, F.J. Jackson); c,d female (W. Kilimanjaro, 4500–5000ft, xii.1937–ii.1938, B. Cooper); e,f female (Tanzania, Meru, 5000 ft, xii.1937–ii.1938, B. Cooper); g,h female (Tanzania, Lake Manyara, 3000ft, vi–viii.1937, B. Cooper).

a b

c d

e f

g h

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Figure 33. Species of Dixeia known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). D. pigea (Boisduval): a,b male (S.E. Kilimanjaro, Marangu, 4–5000ft, i.1937, B. Cooper); c,d female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000ft, ii–iii.1937, B. Cooper); e,f female (Tanzania, Meru, 5000ft, xii.1937–ii.1938, B. Cooper); g,h female (Tanzania, Great Craters district, ii–iii.1921, T.A. Barns); i,j female (Tanzania, Amani, v–vi.1950, T.H.E. Jackson).

a b

c d

e f

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i j

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Figure 34. Species of Dixeia and Mylothris known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b D. spilleri (Spiller) male (Kenya, Taveta, ex Oberthür); c,d D. spilleri female (Kenya, Maranga, Tana River, 3800ft, 16.i.1899, R. Crawshay); e,f D. spilleri female (Kenya, Voi, 8–10.ii.1912, S.A. Neave); g,h M. agathina agathina (Cramer) male (Tanzania, New Moshi, iii.1916, F.C. Selous); i,j M. a. agathina female (Tanzania, Engaruka, 2800 ft, vi–viii.1937, B. Cooper).

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c d

e f

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a b

c d

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i jFigure 35. Species of Mylothris (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale): a,b M. jacksoni jacksoni Sharpe male (Kenya, Mt Kenya, Manyuki-Meru, 5–8000 ft, vi–vii.1930, E. Barns); c,d M. j. jacksoni female (Kenya, Mt Kenya, Manyuki-Meru, 5–8000 ft, vi–vii.1930, E. Barns); e,f M. sagala sagala Grose-Smith male (Mt Kilimanjaro, 2000 m, 11.ix.2001, S.D. Liseki); g,h M. s. sagala male (Kilimanjaro, 7300 ft, 18.viii.1930, B.D. Burtt); i,j M. s. sagala female (Mt Kilimanjaro, 2000 m, 11.ix.2001, S.D. Liseki & Amiri).

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a b

c d

Figure 36. Species of Mylothris known to occur on Mt Kilimanjaro (all specimens in BMNH; all on left upperside; all on right underside; not to scale). a,b M. kilimensiskilimensis Kielland, male (Kilimanjaro, ex Adams Bequest); c,d M. k. kilimensis female (Kilimanjaro, ex Adams Bequest); e,f M. ruepellii tirikensis Neave, male (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, ii–iii.1937, B. Cooper); g,h M. r. tirikensis female (W. Kilimanjaro, Ngare-Nairobi, 4–5000 ft, iv–v.1937, B. Cooper); i,j M. r. tirikensis yellowfemale (Tanzania, Kondoa, 29.vi.1930, B.D. Burtt).

e f

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i j

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