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Online Supplement: Study Details, Including Authors, Participants, and Neuropsychological Tests for Articles included in the Meta-

Analysis

Authors and Year

Country Where Study

Conducted

First Episode Group Control GroupMatching

of FE and

Control Samples

Neurocognitive Tests Included in

Meta-Analysis

N Age %

Male

Diagnosis

% Treated

with

antipsychotic

medication

N Age %

Male

Addington,

Saeedi, &

Addington,

2005

Canada 213 24.3 68.1 1,2 98.0 66 22.7 57.6 1, 2, 3 COWAT – (L,C); LM (Im, Del), LNS subtests from WMS-R; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR); ROCFT (C, Im); WCST (C, PE); TMT - A, B; CPT- DS

Addington

&

Canada 50 25.1 60 1,2 82.0 55 21.7 60 1, 2, 3 AIPPS

Addington,

2008

Albus et al.,

1996

Germany 40 30.9 60 1 100 40 30.7 60 1, 2, 3, 7 CPT (Rosvold) (FA, DP)

Albus et al.,

2006

Germany 71 29.7 50.7 1 100 71 29.9 50.7 1, 2, 3, 7 COWAT – (L, C); I, S, BD, DS, DSym, PC subtests from WAIS-R; LM (Im, Del), VPA, VR (Im, Del) subtests from WMS-R/CMS; WCST (C, PE); Stroop (CW); TMT - B

Ayres et al.,

2007

Brazil 98 30.6 57.1 1,2 N/A 383 32.1 47.3 N/A COWAT – (L); DS subtest (forward & backward) from WMS-III

Bertrand et

al., 2007

Canada 36 22.8 64.0 1, 2, 3 89.0 25 24.2 52.0 1, 2, 7 FSIQ & DS subtest from WAIS-III; Stroop (C, W, CW); HVLT-R (SUM); TMT – A, B; Four Factor Test of Social Intelligence; Hinting Task

Bilder et al.,

2000

U.S. 94 25.7 58.5 1, 3 90.0 36 25.3 66.7 1, 2, 5 WAIS-R; COWAT – (L, C); BNT; WRAT-R; LM (Im, Del), VR (Im, Del) from WMS-R; CVLT (SUM, LDF); ROCFT (Del); FT; GP; WCST (PR); TMT – A, B

Boksman et

al., 2005

Canada 10 22.0 90.0 1 0 10 23.0 90.0 1, 2, 5, 8 Letter Fluency (experimental modification for fMRI)

Brickman et

al., 2004

U.S. 18 15.6 50.0 1 0 17 16.9 52.9 1, 2 NAART; COWAT – (L); BNT; FT; BD, DS subtests from WISC-III; ROCFT (C); Stroop (CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PR)

Caspi et al.,

2003

Israel 44 22.5 75.0 1 100 44 23.2 75.0 1, 2, 9 A, S (Israeli-adapted translations)

Chan et al.,

2006

China 78 28.5 62.8 1 0 60 27.9 31.7 2, 3, 4 WAIS-III short form; LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-III/CMS; WCST (C, PE); TMT – A, B; HSCT

Cosway et

al., 2002

Scotland 15 N/A 66.7 1 100 30 N/A 50.0 1, 2 CPT-IP; NART

Eastvold,

Heaton, &

Cadenhead,

2007

U.S. 14 21.5 53.0 1 73.0 35 21.8 53.0 1, 2, 5, 8, 10

Stroop (C, CW); HVLT-R (SUM); WCST (PR); BD, V subtests from WAIS-III

Edwards,

Pattison,

Jackson, &

Wales, 2001

Australia 29 22.3 75.9 1 86.2 24 21.5 62.5 2, 3 WAIS-R; Facial Affect Recognition Task; Prosody Task

Fitzgerald et

al., 2004

Australia 53 19.2 69.8 1, 2 89.0 31 17.1 51.6 3, 4 WRAT-3 (WR); Conners’ CPT; TMT – A, B; FSIQ & DS (forward), BD subtests from WAIS-III/ WISC-III; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR); LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-III; WCST, ROCFT (C, Del);

COWAT – (L, C)Galinska et

al., 2007

Poland 30 22.5 66.7 1 96.7 19 22.5 68.4 1, 2, 3 WCST (C, PE, TE)

Goldberg et

al., 2007

U.S. 104 23.9 72.0 1, 2, 3 23.0 84 27.9 41.0 N/A WRAT-3 (WR); CVLT (SUM); LM (Im), VR (Im), DS subtests from WMS-R; DSym subtest from WAIS-R; JOLO; COWAT – (C); WCST (PE); CPT-IP

Gonzalez-

Blanch et

al., 2007

Spain 77 26.3 61.0 1 100 28 25.9 46.4 1, 2 V, S, I, C, DSym, DS (forward & backward) subtests from WAIS-III; RAVLT (SUM, LDFR, H/D); ROCFT (C, Im, Del); GP; FT; CPT-DS; TMT – A, B; COWAT – (C)

Herbener,

Hill,

Marvin, &

U.S. 13 N/A N/A 1 0 13 N/A N/A 1, 2, 8 WASI; Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery

Sweeney,

2005

Hill, Beers,

Kmiec,

Keshavan,

& Sweeney,

2004

U.S. 62 26.3 58.1 1, 3 0 67 28.0 55.2 1, 2, 4, 7 CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); Ammons’ Quick Test

Hoff et al.,

1998

U.S. 58 28.1 70.7 1 N/A 74 28.2 75.7 1 WRAT-R (WR); VIQ & I, S, V subtests from WAIS-R; COWAT – (L); BNT; LM (Im, Del), VR (Im, Del) subtests from WMS-R; CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); Stroop (W, C, CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PE); FT; BVRT

Holthausen

et al., 2003

Netherlands 118 23.3 73.7 1, 2, 3 85.0 45 24.0 84.4 1, 2 Stroop (C, W, CW); TMT – A, B; ROCFT (Im, Del);

CVLT (SUM, SC, LDF); Double stimulus CPT; Category Fluency

Hong et al.,

2002

South Korea 17 29.9 52.9 1 0 24 27.6 45.8 1, 2, 3, 4 V subtest from KWAIS-R; Continuous Attention Test; Vigilance Test; Reaction Unit Test

Hutton et

al., 2004

U.K. 109 25.3 78.9 2 87.0 59 26.1 71.2 1, 2, 4 NART; FSIQ from WAIS-R (4 subtest short form)

Ilonen et al.,

2000

Finland 27 33.0 37.0 1 78.0 27 33.0 63.0 2, 3 FSIQ from WAIS-R (Finnish translation); WCST (C, PE)

Joyce et al.,

2002

U.K. 136 25.7 78.7 2 90.0 81 26.1 60.5 2 CANTAB – Spatial Span; NART

Krieger, Lis,

Cetin,

Gallhofer,

& Meyer-

Germany 12 24.6 50.0 1, 2 0 12 25.8 50.0 1, 2, 3, 5 N-Back Choice Reaction, Continuous Delayed Reaction and Continuous Matching tasks

Lindenberg,

2005

MacDonald

et al., 2005

U.S. 18 27.5 72.2 1, 3 0 28 25.4 64.3 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10

Modified version of AX-CPT

Mathes et

al., 2005

Australia 55 22.0 72.7 2 87.3 56 25.0 71.4 1, 5 NART

Mendrek et

al., 2004

Canada 8 30.0 75.0 1 100 8 28.0 75.0 1, 2, 4, 7 Ammons’ Quick Test; Experimental N-Back Working Memory task

Mohamed,

Paulsen,

O'Leary,

Arndt, &

Andreasen,

1999

U.S. 94 26.1 56.4 1 22.0 305 25.5 53.1 2, 8 Stroop – (CW, CWI); WAIS-R; TMT -A; WCST (C, PE); Experimental auditory CPT; ROCFT (C, Im, Del); FT; BVRT; RAVLT (T5, LDFR, H/D); COWAT – (L); LM (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R

Moritz et Germany 30 28.6 70.0 1, 2 100 30 32.3 66.7 1, 2, 3 COWAT – (L); MWT-B; Stroop

al., 2002 (CWI); WCST (C, PE); RAVLT (T1, T5, LDFR); DSym, DS (forward & backward) subtests from WAIS-R; TMT – A, B; Creative Verbal Fluency

Nuyen,

Sitskoorn,

Cahn, &

Kahn, 2005

Netherlands 43 25.4 81.4 1, 2 81.0 43 25.0 76.7 1, 2, 4, 5, 8

FSIQ estimate from V & BD subtests from WAIS-R; NART; CVLT (SUM, SC, LDF)

Ohrmann et

al., 2007

Germany 15 27.0 66.7 1 0 20 28.1 65.0 2 V subtest from WAIS-R

Pedersen et

al., 2008

Germany 37 28.3 78.0 1 95.0 37 30.0 76.0 1, 2, 3, 4 RAVLT (SUM, LDFR, H/D); MWT-B

Pinkham et

al., 2005

U.S. 23 22.7 56.5 1, 2 N/A 21 24.6 52.4 1, 2, 5, 10 Face Emotion Discrimination Task

Pukrop et Germany 86 29.8 60.5 1 35.0 179 29.2 44.7 2 WCST (TE); RAVLT (T1);

al., 2006 Spatial Working Memory Delayed Response task; CPT-IP; Pattern Recognition (visual backward masking); MWT-B

Riley et al.,

2000

U.K. 40 24.6 N/A 1, 2, 3 62.5 22 26.7 N/A 1, 2, 5, 7, 10

DSym subtest from WAIS-R; CPT-IP; Stroop (W, CW); COWAT – (L, C); TMT – A, B; WCST (C, PE); JOLO; FT; VR (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R; RAVLT (T1, SUM, LDFR, H/D)

Rodriguez-

Sanchez et

al., 2005

Spain 80 25.7 68.8 1, 2, 3 100 22 26.1 54.6 1, 2, 3, 4 VIQ & DS (backward) subtest from WAIS-III; COWAT – (L)

Rybakowski

&

Borkowska,

Poland 21 22.0 57.1 1 0 20 49.0 50.0 1 Stroop (W, CW); TMT – A, B; WCST (PE)

2002

Salgado-

Pineda et

al., 2003

Spain 13 23.8 100 1 0 13 23.4 100 1, 2, 8 CPT-IP (Salgado-Pineda modification)

Saykin et

al., 1994

U.S. 37 28.6 62.2 1 0 131 27.1 58.1 2 COWAT – (L, C); WRAT-R (WR); BNT; WAIS-R; CPT (Gordon Systems); Sentence Repetition; LM (Im, Del), VPA (Im), VR (Im, Del) subtests from the WMS-R; CVLT (SUM); FT; CPT; WCST (C, PE); TMT – A, B; Stroop (C, W, CW)

Schuepbach,

Keshavan,

Kmiec, &

Sweeney,

2002

U.S. 21 27.7 N/A 1, 3 0 24 24.5 62.5 1, 2, 7, 8, 10

WRAT-R (WR); DS, DSym subtests from WAIS-R; TMT – A, B; JOLO; GP; FT; VR (Im, Del) subtest from WMS-R; CVLT (SUM, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC,

H/D); COWAT – (L)

Tan, Choo,

Fones, &

Chee, 2005

China 11 25.0 45.5 1 100 11 25.9 45.5 1, 2, 3 Working Memory Maintenance of Letters Task

Wang et al.,

2007

China 112 22.5 53.6 1 0 452 34.0 48.9 5 CPT-37

Wood et al.,

2002

Australia 37 21.3 73 2 100 41 28.7 63.4 1 CANTAB Spatial Span; NART; FSIQ from WAIS-R

Wood et al.,

2007

Australia 33 21.4 85.0 2 100 47 22.7 66.0 1 NART; LM (Im) subtest from the WMS-R; FSIQ (4 subtest short form) & DS (backward) subtest from WAIS-R

Note:

N/A = Data was not available in the study article.

For Diagnoses, coding is as follows: 1 = Schizophrenia, 2 = Schizophreniform Disorder, 3 = Schizoaffective Disorder

For Matching of FE and Control Samples, coding is as follows: 1 = Gender, 2 = Age, 3 = Education, 4 = IQ or estimates, 5 = Handedness, 6 = Family History, 7 = Parental SES, 8

= Parental Education, 9 = Country of Birth, 10 = Race

Test Names : A = Arithmetic; AIPPS = Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving; BD = Block Design; BNT = Boston Naming Test; BVRT = Benton Visual Retention Test;

CANTAB = Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery; CCIM = Comprehension of Complex Ideational Material; CMS = Children’s Memory Scale; COWAT (L,

C) = Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Letter and Category Fluency); CPT = Continuous Performance Test; CPT-DS = Continuous Performance Test - Degraded Stimulus;

CPT-IP = Continuous Performance Test – Identical Pairs (Cornblatt); CVLT (T1, T5, SUM, SC, SDF, SDC, LDF, LDC, H/D); = California Verbal Learning Test (Trial 1, Trial 5,

Sum of Trials 1-5, Semantic Clustering, Short Delay Free Recall, Short Delay Cued Recall, Long Delay Free Recall, Long Delay Cued Recall, Hits/Discriminability Index); DMS

= Delayed Match to Sample; Dot Test = Dot Test of Visual-Spatial Working Memory; DS = Digit Span; DSym = Digit Symbol; FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; FT =

Finger Tapping; GP = Grooved Pegboard; HAWIE-R = German version of the WAIS; HSCT = Hayling Sentence Completion Test; HVLT-R(SUM) = Hopkins Verbal Learning

Test – Revised (Sum of Trials 1-3); I = Information; JOLO = Benton Judgement of Line Orientation; KWAIS-R = Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised; LM (Im,

Del) = Logical Memory, Immediate and Delayed Recall; LNS = Letter Number Sequencing; MR = Matrix Reasoning; MWC – Mesulam-Weintraub Cancellation; MWT-B =

Multiple Choice Vocabulary Intelligence Test; MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam; NAART = North American Adult Reading Test; NART = National Adult Reading Test; NAT

= Numerical Attention Test; OA = Object Assembly; PC = Picture Completion; QLS = Quality of Life Scale; RAVLT (T1, T5, SUM, LDFR, H/D) = Rey Auditory Learning Test

(Trial #1, Trial #5, Sum of Trials 1-5, Long Delay Free Recall, Hits/Discriminability); ROCFT (C, Im, Del)= Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test, Copy, Immediate and Delayed

Recall; RPM = Raven’s Progressive Matrices; S = Similarities; SB-WF = Stanford Binet Word Fluency; SFS = Social Functioning Scale; SPAN = Span of Apprehension; SS =

Spatial Span; Stroop (C, W, CW, CWI) = Stroop (Color, Word, Color/Word, Color/Word Interference); TFST = Thumb Finger Sequential Touch; TMT – A, B = Trail Making

Test, forms A and B; TT = Token Test; V = Vocabulary; VIQ = Verbal Intelligence Quotient; VPA = Verbal Paired Associates; VR (Im, Del) = Visual Reproduction, Immediate

and Delayed Recall; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WAIS – R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised; WAIS – III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale –

Third Edition; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WCST (C, PE, TE, PR) = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Categories Achieved, Perseverative Errors, Total

Errors, Perseverative Responses); WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WMS = Wechsler Memory Scale; WMS-R = Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised; WMS – III

= Wechsler Memory Scale – Third Edition; WRAT-R (WR) = Wide Range Achievement Test – Revised (Word Reading subtest); WRAT-3 (WR) = Wide Range Achievement

Test – Third Edition (Word Reading subtest).

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