PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER TRAINING UNDERTAKEN AT ELECTRICAL SECTION, SERVICE BLOCK KESHAV DEV MALVIYA INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION ONGC LTD., DEHRADUN ON STUDY AND PREPARATION OF APFC SYSTEM IN 33kV SUB STATION SUBMITTED BY SAMARTH MEHROTRA III YEAR B.TECH (ELECTRICAL) COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, G.B.P.U.A.T., PANTNAGAR
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PROJECT REPORT
ON
SUMMER TRAINING
UNDERTAKEN AT
ELECTRICAL SECTION, SERVICE BLOCK
KESHAV DEV MALVIYA INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
ONGC LTD., DEHRADUN
ON
STUDY AND PREPARATION OF APFC SYSTEM IN 33kV SUB STATION
SUBMITTED BY
SAMARTH MEHROTRA
III YEAR B.TECH (ELECTRICAL)
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, G.B.P.U.A.T., PANTNAGAR
Index
S.No. Details
1 CERTIFICATE
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3 OFFICE ORDER
4 OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION (ONGC)
ONGC ACADEMY
KDIMPE
5 STUDY AND MAPPING OF 33KV SUBSTATION
LAYOUT
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS
6 STUDY AND PREPARATION OF APFC SYSTEM
POWER FACTOR
POWER FACTOR CONTROL
POWER FACTOR CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
APFC GENERAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
CASE STUDY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Samarth Mehrotra, student of III year, B.Tech (Electrical) from
College of Technology, G.B.P.U.A.T., has undergone summer training at Electrical
Geophysics Group is active in acquisition, processing and interpretation of Gravity and
Magnetic data.
It acquires on land GM data with state of the art gravity meter, proton precision
magnetometer, DGPS and other survey equipments. The Division has high level of
expertise in processing of GM data for both marine and land customized for a typical
data set. Division provides integrated Interpretation of Seismic, Gravity, Magnetic and
other geo-scientific data.
CAPABILITIES
* API of onland Gravity & Magnetic (GM) and Magneto-Telluric (MT) data
* Processing and Interpretation of marine GM data.
* Integrated interpretation and Modeling of GM, MT, Seismic and other Geo-scientific
data.
* Development of application software for GM data. and Pre-stack elastic wave
equation Modeling in heterogeneous earth.
Technology Available
* Micro Gravity Meter (CG-5), Proton Precession, Magnetometers, Susceptibility meter.
* MT API system, first of its kind in ONGC along with modeling software.
* DGPS and Total station.
* 2D/3D GM Modeling Software.
* Software for processing Marine GM data.
* Seismic and GM IIWS.
* MT API system, first of its kind in ONGC
LOGGING GROUP
Logging Group carries out field studies based upon well log data processing /
interpretation and its integration with core and production data including evaluation of
low resistivity, complex lithology and unconventional reservoirs. Petrophysical and
Natural Gamma Ray Spectroscopic (NGS) studies on core samples provide necessary
parameters (a, m, n, K, Vp, Vs clay type etc.) for data processing and validation of
results. Analysis of Dipmeter / Image log data and core derived K, Th., U concentrations
help in geological modeling. The group contains three divisions namely Formation
Evaluation, NGS Lab and Petrophysics Lab.
Capabilities
I. Comprehensive well Log data processing & Interpretation and its integration with core
studies and production data.
II. Evaluation of Low Resistivity, complex lithology and unconventional Reservoirs.
III. Estimation, contouring and mapping of Average Reservoir Parameters such as
porosity, water saturation, pay thickness.
IV. Dipmeter /Image Log Data Processing and Interpretation for depositional
environment and subsurface structural / stratigraphic features, sand geometry etc.
V. Generation of Electro-facies for stratigraphic correlation. Processing and
Interpretation of Well Log data of Foreign Basins.
VI. Technical support to Deep Water, Gas Hydrate, Shale Gas and CBM projects
GEOCHEMISTRY GROUP
Capabilities of Geochemistry Group-I
A. Surface Geochemical Exploration
* Evaluation of prospectivity area
* Prospect identification
* Ranking of drilling prospects
B. Microbial prospecting
* Ranking and comparison of wild cat prospects
* Hydrocarbon micro seepage
* Measurement of new and offset prospects
* Reservoir delineation
* Bypassed pockets of oil reserves
C. High Resolution Geochemical Techniques
¢ Isotope Geochemistry
* Genetic characterization of natural gas
* Maturity of the source and gas
* Type of organic matter
* Gas-gas and gas-source correlation
* Oil-oil and oil-source correlation
* Delineation of geological boundaries (especially KT Boundary)
¢ Biomarker Geochemistry
* Source input
* Environment of deposition
* Maturity
* Oil-oil and oil-source correlation
* Migration pathways
* Age of oil/ source rock
Capabilities of Geochemistry Group-II
Source Rock Geochemistry
* Source rock identification and characterization
* Depositional environment
* Kerogen kinetics
* Thermal maturation modeling
* Mapping of spatial and temporal distribution of source rocks
* Petroleum system basin modeling
* Charge estimation
* Prioritization of prospects
* Identification of organic matter type by maceral composition analysis.
* Determination of thermal maturity of organic matter in coals/ shales.
* Detection of intrusive effect in the study area
* Characterization of CBM potential in coals.
Oil Geochemistry
* Oil characterization
* Oil-oil correlation
* Oil-source correlation
* Biodegradation of oil including evaluation of tar deposit
* Characterization of wax and* asphaltene deposits to solve downhole problems.
* Compartmentalisation of reservoir
* Identification of pay zones (SWC)
Hydrogeochemistry
* Formation water characterisation
* Hydrogeochemical mapping
* Chemostratigraphic study of
* biostratigraphically barren sequences
* Trace element fingerprinting of crude oil
Study of the Electrical Sub-Station
Substation Layout:
A 33kV sub station is located in the KDIMPE campus that receives 33kV line
via underground cable from Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited. This
is first routed through Main Oil Circuit Breakers and then channelled
through transformers to receive 415V (3 Phase)supply that is then supplied
to the campus via a Circuit Breaker Installation and an Automatic Power
Factor Controller Unit. There is also a Diesel Generator station as backup
for use in power outages.
A single line diagram of the complete circuit is shown below.
Fig: Single line diagram of the Substation
Generator House:
The Generator House consists of 4 diesel generator units. It also houses the
necessary synchronisation panel for proper functioning of the 4 units
simultaneously.
Fig: Layout of the Generator House
Specification of KTA-3067G Diesel Generator Set Unit:
Make of engine: Cummins
Model of engine: KTA3067G
Sr. no. of engine: 25142302
Capacity: 880KW at 1500RPM
Power Factor
Introduction The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. Therefore, the question of power factor immediately comes into picture. Most of the loads (e.g. induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and hence have low lagging power factor. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current, resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power system from power station generator down to the utilisation devices. In order to ensure most favourable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economic standpoint, it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible.
Power Factor
The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as power factor. In an a.c. circuit, there is generally a phase difference φ between voltage and current. The term cosφ is called the power factor of the circuit. If the circuit is inductive, the current lags behind the voltage and the power factor is referred to as lagging. However, in a capacitive circuit, current leads the voltage and power factor is said
to be leading. Consider an inductive circuit taking a lagging current I from supply voltage V; the angle of lag being φ. The phasor diagram of the circuit is shown in Fig. The circuit current I can be resolved into two perpendicular components, namely;
(a) I cos φ in phase with V (b) I sin φ, 90o out of phase with V
The component I cos φ is known as active or wattful component, whereas component I sin φ is called the reactive or wattless component. The reactive component is a measure of the power factor. If the reactive component is small, the phase angle φ is small and hence power factor cos φ will be high. Therefore, a circuit having small reactive current (i.e., I sin φ will have high power factor and vice-versa. It may be noted that value of power factor can never be more than unity.
(i) It is a usual practice to attach the word ‘lagging’ or ‘leading’ with the numerical value of power factor to signify whether the current lags or leads the voltage. Thus if the circuit has a p.f. of 0·5 and the current lags the voltage, we generally write p.f. as 0·5 lagging.
(ii) Sometimes power factor is expressed as a percentage. Thus 0·8 lagging power factor may be expressed as 80% lagging.
Power Triangle
The analysis of power factor can also be made in terms of power drawn by the a.c. circuit. If each side of the current triangle oab of Fig. 6.1 is multiplied by voltage V, then we get the power triangle OAB shown in Fig. where OA = VI cos φ and represents the active power in watts or kW AB = VI sin φ and represents the reactive power in VAR or kVAR OB = VI and represents the apparent power in VA or kVA The following points may be noted form the power triangle:
The following points may be noted form the power triangle: (i) The apparent power in an a.c. circuit has two components viz., active and
reactive power at right angles to each other.
OB2=OA
2 + AB
2 or (apparent power)
2= (active power)
2 + (reactive power)
2
or
(kVA)2= (kW)
2 + (kVAR)
2
(ii) Power factor, cos φ Thus the power factor of a circuit may also be defined as the ratio of active power to the apparent power. This is a perfectly general definition and can be applied to all cases, whatever be the waveform. (iii) The lagging* reactive power is responsible for the low power factor. It is clear from the power triangle that smaller the reactive power component, the higher is the power factor of the circuit.
kVAR = kVA sin φ =kW sin φ/cos φ kVAR = kW tan φ (iv) For leading currents, the power triangle becomes reversed. This fact provides a key to the power factor improvement. If a device taking leading reactive power (e.g. capacitor) is connected in parallel with the load, then the lagging reactive power of the load will be partly neutralised, thus improving the power factor of the load. (v) The power factor of a circuit can be defined in one of the following three ways:
(a) Power factor = cos φ = cosine of angle between V and I
(b) Power factor =R/Z = Resistance/Impedance
(c) Power factor =
=Real Power/Apparent Power (vi) The lagging* reactive power is responsible for the low power factor. It is clear from the power triangle that smaller the reactive power component, the higher is the power factor of the circuit. (vii) For leading currents, the power triangle becomes reversed. This fact provides a key to the power factor improvement. If a device taking leading reactive power (e.g. capacitor) is connected in parallel with the load, then the lagging reactive power of the load will be partly neutralised, thus improving the power factor of the load. (viii) The reactive power is neither consumed in the circuit nor it does any useful work. It merely flows back and forth in both directions in the circuit. A wattmeter does not measure reactive power.
Illustration. Let us illustrate the power relations in an a.c. circuit with an example. Suppose a circuit draws a current of 10 A at a voltage of 200 V and its p.f. is 0·8 lagging. Then,
Apparent power = VI = 200 × 10 = 2000 VA Active power = VI cos φ = 200 × 10 × 0·8 = 1600 W Reactive power = VI sin φ = 200 × 10 × 0·6 = 1200 VAR The circuit receives an apparent power of 2000 VA and is able to convert only 1600 watts into active power. The reactive power is 1200 VAR and does no useful work. It merely flows into and out of the circuit periodically. In fact, reactive power is a liability on the source because the source has to supply the additional current (i.e., I sin φ).
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
The power factor plays an importance role in a.c. circuits since power consumed
depends upon this factor. It is clear from above that for fixed power and voltage, the
load current is inversely proportional to the power factor. Lower the power factor,
higher is the load current and vice-versa. A power factor less than unity results in the
following disadvantages: (i) Large kVA rating of equipment.
The electrical machinery (e.g., alternators, transformers, switchgear) is always rated in *kVA. Now, kVA =kWcos φ . It is clear that kVA rating of the equipment is inversely proportional to power factor. The smaller the power factor, the larger is the kVA rating. Therefore, at low power factor, the kVA rating of the equipment has to be made more, making the equipment larger and expensive.
(ii) Greater conductor size. To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at constant voltage, the conductor will have to carry more current at low power factor. This necessitates large conductor size. For example, take the case of a single phase a.c. motor having an input of 10 kW on full load, the terminal voltage being 250 V. At unity p.f., the input full load current would be 10,000/250 = 40 A. At 0·8 p.f; the kVA input would be 10/0·8 = 12·5 and the current input
12,500/250 = 50 A. If the motor is worked at a low power factor of 0·8, the cross-sectional area of the supply cables and motor conductors would have to be based upon a current of 50 A instead of 40 A which would be required at unity power factor.
(iii) Large copper losses. The large current at low power factor causes more I
2R losses in all the
elements of the supply system. This results in poor efficiency. (iv) Poor voltage regulation.
The large current at low lagging power factor causes greater voltage drops in alternators, transformers, transmission lines and distributors. This results in the decreased voltage available at the supply end, thus impairing the performance of utilisation devices. In order to keep the receiving end voltage within permissible limits, extra equipment (i.e., voltage regulators) is required.
(v) Reduced handling capacity of system. The lagging power factor reduces the handling capacity of all the elements of the system. It is because the reactive component of current prevents the full utilisation of installed capacity.
The above discussion leads to the conclusion that low power factor is an objectionable feature in the supply system.
Causes of Low Power Factor
Low power factor is undesirable from economic point of view. Normally, the power
factor of the whole load on the supply system is lower than 0·8. The following are the
causes of low power factor: (i) Most of the a.c. motors are of induction type (1 φ and 3 φ induction motors)
which have low lagging power factor. These motors work at a power factor which is extremely small on light load (0·2 to 0·3) and rises to 0·8 or 0·9 at full load.
(ii) Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps and industrial heating furnaces operate at low lagging power factor.
(iii) The load on the power system is varying; being high during morning and evening and low at other times. During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increases the magnetisation current. This results in the decreased power factor.
Power Factor Improvement
The low power factor is mainly due to the fact that most of the power loads are
inductive and, therefore, take lagging currents. In order to improve the power factor,
some device taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of
such devices can be a capacitor. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or
completely neutralises the lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the
power factor of the load.
Power Factor Improvement Equipment
Normally, the power factor of the whole load on a large generating station is in the
region of 0·8 to 0·9. However, sometimes it is lower and in such cases it is generally
desirable to take special steps to improve the power factor. This can be achieved by the
1. Static capacitors: The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the equipment operating at lagging power factor. The capacitor (generally known as static capacitor) draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralises the lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the power factor of the load. For three-phase loads, the capacitors can be connected in delta or star as shown in Fig. 6.4. Static capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories.
Advantages: (i) They have low losses. (ii) They require little maintenance as there are no rotating parts. (iii) They can be easily installed as they are light and require no foundation. (iv) They can work under ordinary atmospheric conditions.
Disadvantages
(i) They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years. (ii) They are easily damaged if the voltage exceeds the rated value. (iii) Once the capacitors are damaged, their repair is uneconomical.
2. Synchronous condenser:
A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited and, therefore, behaves as a capacitor. An over-excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as synchronous condenser. When such a machine is connected in parallel with the supply, it takes a leading current which partly neutralises the lagging reactive component of the load. Thus the power factor is improved.
Fig 6.5 shows the power factor improvement by synchronous condenser method. The 3 φ load takes current IL at low lagging power factor cos φ L. The synchronous condenser takes a current Im which leads the voltage by an angle φ m*. The resultant current I is the phasor sum of Im and IL and lags behind the voltage by an angle φ. It is clear that φ is less than φ L so that cos φ is greater than cos φ L.Thus the power factor is increased from cos φ L to cos φ. Synchronous condensers are generally used at major bulk supply substations for power factor improvement. Advantages
(i) By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the motor can be changed by any amount. This helps in achieving stepless † control of power factor.
(ii) The motor windings have high thermal stability to short circuit currents. (iii) The faults can be removed easily.
Disadvantages
(i) There are considerable losses in the motor. (ii) The maintenance cost is high. (iii) It produces noise. (iv) Except in sizes above 500 kVA, the cost is greater than that of static capacitors
of the same rating. (v) As a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque, therefore, auxiliary
equipment has to be provided for this purpose. The reactive power taken by a synchronous motor depends upon two factors, the
d.c. field excitation and the mechanical load delivered by the motor. Maximum leading power is taken by a synchronous motor with maximum excitation and zero load.
3. Phase advancers: Phase advancers are used to improve the power factor of induction motors. The low power factor of an induction motor is due to the fact that its stator winding
draws exciting current which lags behind the supply voltage by 90o. If the
exciting ampere turns can be provided from some other a.c. source, then the stator winding will be relieved of exciting current and the power factor of the motor can be improved. This job is accomplished by the phase advancer which is simply an a.c. exciter. The phase advancer is mounted on the same shaft as the main motor and is connected in the rotor circuit of the motor. It provides exciting ampere turns to the rotor circuit at slip frequency. By providing more ampere turns than required, the induction motor can be made to operate on leading power factor like an over-excited synchronous motor.
Phase advancers have two principal advantages. Firstly, as the exciting ampere turns are supplied at slip frequency, therefore, lagging kVAR drawn by the motor are considerably reduced. Secondly, phase advancer can be conveniently used where the use of synchronous motors is inadmissible. However, the major disadvantage of phase advancers is that they are not economical for motors below 200 H.P.
APFC
APFC stands for Automatic Power Factor Controller. It is basically a capacitor bank that is
monitored by a microcontroller, programmed to deliver a power factor to a set value. It
eliminates the need of manual intervention in power factor control and manages varying
delivery power factor efficiently.
A typical APFC has the following specifications:
Rating
The kVAr rating are based on the following -
Volts-415 Volts (+10%)
Phase-3 Phase plus Earth + Neutral
Frequency-50 Hz
Temperature-45ºC Continuous Maximum Ambient
Capacitors - (Supplies reactive current)
Standard - IEC 831-1/2
*As capacitors are the major component of a Power Factor Correction System, many
hours of testing and evaluation have been invested in their selection and physical
mounting within the cubicle
* Capacitors are highest quality German Manufacture with mineral oil, Dry or Gel
impregnated types available, all in cylindrical Aluminum cans complete with
overpressure disconnection device and discharge resistors (to meet AS3000). Capacitors
are self-healing polypropylene film with maximum 65 Deg C case temperature rating.
Rated current is 1.5 times maximum in the presence of 10% Overvoltage and
Harmonics. Power Loss is <0.25 Watts per kVAr
Standards-IEC 831 1+2/88, VDE 560-46+47 3/95
Overvoltages
-+10% (8 hours daily)
-+15% (30mins daily)
-+20% (up to 5 mins)
-+30% (up to 1 min)
Overcurrent
-1.3In
-1.5 In with 10% Over voltage, 15% over capacitance and harmonics included,
continuous operation.
Test Voltages
- Terminal/ Terminal - 2.15 Ucn AC 2 Seconds
- Terminal/ Casing - 4800 VAC, 2 Seconds
Temperature
- Category - -25/D ( max. 55 Deg C) To IEC 831
- Max Case Temp. 65 Deg C
Inrush Current
- Maximum 200 Times Rated Current
Rated Capacitor Voltage - Ucn -
Detuned
- 525 Volts
Capacitors are mounted in a separately ventilated cubicle, away from reactors,
contactors and any heat generating equipment.
Contactors - (Switches individual capacitor steps via Reactive control Relay) Standards - IEC 947-4-1 - AS3947-3 Contactors designed especially for switching low inductive capacitive loads are used. These contactors are used for switching capacitors mentioned above and are protected against contact welding for a prospective current of 200 x I e . i.e. 200*72 Amps. Contactors have magnetically switched early make contacts and damping resistors. These reduce the inrush current to <70 x I e Contactor I e rating = 100 Amps
Switch - Fuses - ( Protects and isolates Capacitor Steps ) Standards - IEC947-3 Fully shrouded fused isolators are used to isolate and protect either the Power Factor Correction system and/or the individual steps. These are bus bar mounted and contain DIN fuses suitably rated for protection of each capacitor step and connecting cables (125 Amp for 50kVAr and 63 Amp for 25kVAr steps). Switching ratings - -Step Switch-Fuse - 160 Amp - Making Capacity - 40kA - Impulse Voltage - 8kV
Reactive Control Relay - (Monitors power factor and controls capacitor steps). The reactive control relay is mounted on the front door of the cubicle and monitors the incoming voltage and current from the main switchboard. Based on target power factor and actual switchboard power factor, it switches capacitor steps in or out of circuit ensuring that connection and reconnection times are met. Reactive Controller Features • Microprocessor Based • Digital Display of Power Factor, step Number operating and all setup information. • Circular switching i.e. all capacitor steps are equal duty shared. • Zero Voltage Tripping i.e. On mains failure, all steps are switched out and, upon mains restoration capacitors are switched in again only after the correct blocking delay • High resistance to faults due to mains harmonics i.e. input circuits have a band pass filter. • Alarm output and indication of (a) Failure to achieve target power factor. (b) Mains failure, capacitor failure detection and alarming (c) Temperature alarming and monitoring. (d) Harmonic levels (voltage and Current) (e) Voltage and Current levels (f) Display of Volts, Amps, Kw, KVA, KVAr, Harmonics, temperature, contactor switching and duration of contactor operation (g) All maximums data logged for future reference Options - serial output RS485 RS232 (profiBus and ModBus )Front Panel protection - IP 54 Harmonic Detuning Reactors - (Where fitted, Tunes Capacitor Bank below Harmonics) Standard - AS 1028 Harmonic detuning reactors are placed in circuit prior to capacitors to *detune* the capacitor bank to below harmonic frequencies e.g. 5th (250Hz) 7th (350Hz) 11th (550Hz) etc. which are usually caused by power electronic switching devices e.g. Variable speed drives, UPS Systems, Arc Furnaces and switch mode power supplies etc. Type-Dry Type, Air Cooled Tuned Frequency-189 Hz (7%) detuning Current Rating (Min)-70 Amps I1, 51 Amps I5, 86 Amps I total, 100A Flux Density-< 0.80Tesla Winding Temp rise-Not more than 40ºC Q factor-38 Insulation Class-Class H - 180°C Dielectric Strength-3kV for 1 Minute to IEC 76/3 Core Type-High Permeability silicon Grain Oriented Laminated Core Losses-86Watts/50kVAr Step Mounting Wiring to reactors is via single flexible lugged cables, rated for the step protection. Cubicle Construction - (To house all components and provide environmental protection)
Standard - AS3439.1 - IP31 standard, IP54 Optional. Cubicle construction is sheet steel minimum thickness 2mm, powder coated X15 orange to AS2700 (any other colour to AS2700 powder coat available). Features • 75mm heavy duty Galvanized Plinth • Floor mounted. • Screened vents to allow large amounts of cooling air to flow. • Three(3) point locking on doors above 1200mm • Gland plate, 3mm thick, non-magnetic fitted to roof of cubicle positioned over incoming connections. Bottom cable entry available • Dustproof seals are mounted on all doors Testing and Commissioning Before dispatch, all power factor correction systems are tested as follows •Insulation check – 2,000 Volt for 15 Seconds ph-ph and phase to Earth •All connections and joints checked •Capacitance and wiring check of each step, readings recorded •Reactive relay setup and test •Full load current check of each step including harmonic checks •Completion of test/commissioning report.
Case Study of APFC
The power supply to KDIMPE is 3800kVA at 0.85. The requirement is to increase the
power factor to 0.99, using a capacitor bank type APFC, in order to save the penalty
charges by the power corporation.
So,
kW= kVA*p.f. = 3800*0.85 =3230 kW
Cos φ1=0.85
Cos φ1=0.99
Leading kVAR taken by condenser bank= P(tan (cos-1 φ1)- tan (cos-1 φ2))
=3230(tan (cos-1 0.85)- tan (cos-1 0.99))
=1541.63 kVAR
Leading kVAR taken by each of three sets (delta connected)= 1541.63/3=513.88kVAR
Conclusion
APFC systems bring about huge efficiency in power supply systems and
save costs arising due to penalty by the power supply company. Though
they are initially expensive to install, they recover their costs within 12-18
months of optimal operations. Therefore they are recommended for
institutions and customers with large power usages and varied appliances.
Most modern APFC units are sleek, convenient and easy to operate;
requiring no specialised workforce and automatically operate across varied
power factors. Since they have no moving parts, their maintenance is also